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a category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter

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a film gauge used in filmmaking, and the film standard

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a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length. One of the lenses is the photographic objective or "taking lens", while the other is used for the viewfinder system, which is usually viewed from above at waist level

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a darkened box with a convex lens or aperture for projecting the image of an external object onto a screen inside

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the most commonly used chemical process in black-and-white photography, and is the fundamental chemical process for modern analog color photography

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a keeper or custodian of a museum or other collection

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a public display of works of art or items of interest, held in an art gallery or museum or at a trade fair

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a room or building for the display or sale of works of art

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a building in which objects of historical, scientific, artistic, or cultural interest are stored and exhibited.

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a business owned and represented by one or more photographers, possibly accompanied by assistants and pupils, who create and sell their own and sometimes others’ photographs

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An element of art defined by a point moving in space. Line may be two-or three dimensional, descriptive, implied, or
abstract

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An element that is two dimensional, flat, or limited to height and weight

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An element of art that is three-dimensional and encloses volume; includes height, width AND depth (as in a cube, a sphere, a pyramid, or a cylinder). Form may also be free flowing

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The lightness or darkness of tones or colors. White is the lightest value; black is the darkest. The value halfway between these extremes is called middle gray

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An element of art by which positive and negative areas are defined or a sense of depth achieved in a work of art

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An element of art made up of three properties: hue, value, and intensity. • Hue: name of color • Value: hue’s lightness and darkness (a color’s value changes when white or black is added) • Intensity: quality of brightness and purity (high intensity= color is strong and bright; low intensity= color is faint and dull)

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An element of art that refers to the way things feel, or look as if they might feel if touched.

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Any element placed on a page carries a visual weight. It can range from form to size, color, and texture. In order to make a design feel stable or have balance, the elements need to have a certain scale.

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Using repeated elements on a layout can be pleasing to the viewer. Repetition is repeating a single element through the design. In principles of design, pattern is the repetition of more than one design element. While repetition focuses on a single element being repeated, pattern refers to multiple elements repeated throughout a design.

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Variety in the principles of design is about creating visual interest that will keep viewers engaged with your design. Holding their attention and guiding them through the composition will create a powerful user experience.

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Proportion in the principles of design is the sense of unity created when all the elements in a composition relate well with each other. Proportion is mostly about scale and size when two elements are compared.

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Rhythm, a principle of design, has more complexity than the previous principles of repetition and pattern. Repetition and pattern are applied to the same element throughout a design. Rhythm is the visual tempo of a combination of elements when used repeatedly, and with variation, it gives the feeling of organized movement. Movement in the principles of design refers to the path the viewer’s eye takes through a composition. In an image, every element can affect how the eyes move. Important elements will lead to secondary elements and so on. Movement  in a composition creates interest and dynamism that keeps the viewer engaged.

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Unity in the principles of design is the harmony produced by all the elements in a design piece. For instance, using similar colors that match and integrate elements organically makes it appear as if they belong together and are not just put on a page.

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Contrast refers to the level of difference between design elements in order to create visual hierarchies. The variation makes certain elements stand out more than others. You can apply contrast by using colors, textures, sizes, and shapes. Emphasis is a strategy to get the viewer’s attention to a specific design element. This can be in any form: a button, a website, or an image. The purpose is to create something that will stand out from the rest of the page. You can use different elements to highlight a specific part of your design, like lines, color, positive/negative relationships, and many more.

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symmetry around a central axis, as in a starfish or a tulip flower

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the quality of being made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis

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lack of equality or equivalence between parts or aspects of something; lack of symmetry

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the fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect

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existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence

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any color that is calm or soothing in nature. Cool colors are not overpowering and tend to recede in space. For this reason, cool colors typically make a space seem larger

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any color that is vivid or bold in nature. Warm colors are those that tend to advance in space and can be overwhelming

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muted shades that appear to lack color but often have underlying hues that change with different lighting

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Complementary colors are pairs of colors that contrast with each other more than any other color, and when placed side-by-side make each other look brighter.

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Monochromatic colors are all the colors of a single hue. Monochromatic color schemes are derived from a single base hue and extended using its shades, tones and tints

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a directional change in the intensity or color in an image.

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Constructive criticism focuses on providing constructive feedback supported by specific examples, to help improve in some area. Constructive criticism should be offered in a friendly manner with good intentions

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the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own

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relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these

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Subjective: based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions. Objective: (of a person or their judgement) not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts

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Copyrights primarily protect the rights of people who create literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works (like history tests, and software code). Trademarks protect the use of a company's name and its product names, brand identity (like logos) and slogans

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a composition guideline that places your subject in the left or right third of an image, leaving the other two thirds more open

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a compositional technique where human-made or natural lines lead the viewer's eyes through a photograph to the subject or the heart of the image

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a ratio of approximately 1.618 to 1. artists have used this ratio for centuries to create works of art from paintings to architecture

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it emphasizes not just the subject, but the empty space around the subject.

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any part of the photo that jumps out from its surroundings (includes your subject)

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to illuminate from behind

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light that scatters over the crop from all sides. it can be easily obtained by reflecting light from a white surface

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a soft light that is reflected off the ceiling

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an effect of contrasted light and shadow created by light falling unevenly or from a particular direction on something

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the dark shape and outline of someone or something visible against a lighter background, especially in dim light

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diptychs are a set of two photos you can use to tell a story and emphasize contrast. Or you can create one composition using two entirely different images

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a triptych is a group of 3 separate images displayed together. But crucially, the 3 images are more than just 3 photographs set out next to each other - they work together to create something more than that

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a view that ignores the perspective distortion we see in real life objects

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a type of distortion wherein lines that are straight in real life appear to curve inwards (like the walls of a barrel)

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pincushion distortion causes straight lines to curve outwards from the center of the image

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a camera setting that will brighten or darken a photo

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an arbitrary rating of film speed; that is, the sensitivity of the film to light

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a sensor that detects and conveys information used to make an image. It does so by converting the variable attenuation of light waves into signals, small bursts of current that convey the information

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film grain or granularity is the random optical texture of processed photographic film due to the presence of small particles of a metallic silver, or dye clouds, developed from silver halide that have received enough photons

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noise refers to auditory disruptions, in photography, the term digital noise refers to visual distortion. Noise looks like tiny colored pixels or specks in your photograph, and sometimes resembles the grain that you may see in film photography

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a hole in the lens that controls how much light gets into your camera

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stands for the focal length of the lens. f-stop is about how much light you allow to hit the sensor via the aperture opening

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determined when the lens is focused at infinity. Lens focal length tells us the angle of view—how much of the scene will be captured—and the magnification—how large individual elements will be

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the distance between the nearest and furthest elements in a scene that appear to be "acceptably sharp" in an image

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"blur" or the way the lens renders out-of-focus points of light

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when the camera chooses the optimum shutter speed, aperture, ISO and flash settings for your shot

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the camera selects and sets both the shutter speed and the aperture

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full manual control of Aperture and Shutter Speed. In this mode, you can manually set both the aperture and the shutter speed to any value you want

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a setting on cameras that allows the user to choose a specific shutter speed while the camera adjusts the aperture to ensure correct exposure

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the photographer selects a specific aperture value and the camera autoselects the proper shutter speed based on how much light it detects

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the speed at which the shutter of the camera closes.

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an exposure setting that is used when seeking to use a shutter speed of more than 30 seconds

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a long exposure photography technique that lets you convey the feeling of movement or action in a still image

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accessories designed to support a camera. a tripod has three legs and a monopod is a camera support that has one leg

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a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images

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using a long-duration shutter speed to sharply capture the stationary elements of images while blurring, smearing, or obscuring the moving elements

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a technique in which the frequency at which film frames are captured is much lower than the frequency used to view the sequence

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the art of creating photos by setting long exposure times on a camera and using a moving light source to “paint.”

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panning photography freezes objects in motion in a still frame

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is a shooting mode in still cameras where several photos are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down

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the camera takes a measurement from a single point or spot

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covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject

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evaluates the light in the middle of the frame and its surroundings and ignores the corners

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the default metering mode on most cameras. It ensures that the camera will automatically adjust to the right exposure setting even when the ambient lighting shows greater contrast

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the “mid-point between black and white on a logarithmic or exponential curve.” Think of it this way; it is simply halfway between black and white

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the result of the relationship between the subject's location and the direction of the light source

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one that is neither very dark nor very light

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the lightest elements in an image

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a darker border - sometimes as a blur or a shadow - at the periphery of photos

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a chemical process that converts the metallic silver in the emulsion of a photographic print into a silver sulfide compound

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a specific part of the frame where the camera is able to focus on something

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the process of shooting the same image, shot, or scene multiple times using different camera settings resulting in different exposures

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a number that combines aperture and shutter speed

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a technique for adjusting the exposure indicated by a photographic exposure meter, in consideration of factors that may cause the indicated exposure to result in a less-than-optimal image

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the process of removing unrealistic color casts, so that objects which appear white in person are rendered white in your photo

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a preset layout for the various elements that make up Photoshop's interface

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where Photoshop holds the many tools we have to work with

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groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image

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where you'll access different commands to use in Photoshop

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a horizontal menu at the top of the main Photoshop window that lets you customize a tool