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Who governed, how government works, who can participate in government, key laws in government?

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Who governed, how government works, who can participate in government, key laws in government?

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What were the experiences of social groups throughout the revolution? What rights did social groups have?

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What were the experiences of social groups throughout the revolution? What rights did social groups have?

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How did art, literature, education, religion & fashion change?

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How did art, literature, education, religion & fashion change?

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What were the economic challenges for France, nature of work, taxes, wages and food distribution/issues?

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What were the economic challenges for France, nature of work, taxes, wages and food distribution/issues?

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4th August, 1789
- Display of Patriotic Delirium, where deputies felt obliged to commit self-sacrifice for the people
11th August, 1789
- National Assembly attempted to "abolish the feudal system entirely"
- Caused temporary pacification of peasants
- Abolished feudal roles required compensation despite economic situation
- 19 decrees were passed by the NA during this time.

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-Assignats
-Paper money
-Interest from loans paid off of church land assisted in the economic crisis

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-Church land was nationalised (bought by government and no longer belonged to the church)
-Pope no longer allowed to appoint bishops, could only be made in consultation with the Pope or at least with the church,  this was due to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (12th July 1790), forcing French bishops and priests to put the revolution before their religion under the Clerical Oath (November 1790)
-The Pope responded to this through an aggressive 'Papal Bull: Charitas' - this was essentially a letter from the Pope condemning the CCC and treatment of priests
-Once this 'Papal Bull' was released, Louis took back his endorsement of the CCC and Clerical Oath
-In some regions such as a the Vendee and other countryside areas, the percentage of non refractory priests (priests refusing to take the oath) was 90%
-National Constituent Assembly and Louis created laws which forced non refractory priests to obey the law by January 1791 or receive punishments (Louis took this back)
-Andre Latrielle understood the CCC as a "tragic error"

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-the Phrygian cap and revolutionary cockade become unofficially mandatory during National Convention days
-rumour of Louis’ stomping on the cockade caused riots
-simplistic fashion became the norm because extravagant clothing and outfits was symbolic of the bourgeoisie and ancien regime
-sans culottes (where the name derived from) did not wear particular types of pants which generally nobility and bourgeoisie wore to make a statement against the ancien regime and moderate values of 1789

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The titles given to people based on their social class were abolished due to the National Constituent Assembly.
- Titles such as 'Duke', 'Duchess', and 'Sir' were dissolved
- Men were named Citizen/s
- Women named Citizeness/es.

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- Jacques-Louis David
- Portrayed Marat as patriotic hero of the revolution
- Hang in the Assembly above the 1789 DORMAC to remind French citizens of the Republic of virtue, "Liberty of death"

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20th-21st of June 1791
Louis XVI and Marie Antionette were concerned for their safety among the people so they attempted to flee to Austria to Marie's family (Emperor Leopold II)

After their failed attempt to flee Louis & co were seen as traitors to the revolution and to France.

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- affordable food regulated by the Government

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-moderate politicians
-initiated war (pro war while others were not)
-deputies got expelled and some executed from the convention in June 1793

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-Girondins were pro war, they believed that it would unite the people of France
-Montagnards (Jacobins & Cordeliers) were mainly against war as they feared it would crush the revolution
-Louis wanted the war because foreign powers may crush the revolution and reestablish his power

-6000 (60%) trained French army people left the country (emigres) leaving the French army depleted

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- Lived in a sewer in poverty
- President of the Jacobins (public figure)
- Killed in bathtub by Charlotte Corday
- San Culottes no longer had a 'leader' & became less radical
-Marat was the dirct reason the Girondins lost most of their power as the Girondins tried to impeach Marat and failed.
-Marat's journals and publications stirred up the working class -> directly contributed to the September Massacres when he said "let the blood of traitors flow"

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- Law of the General Maximum (29th September 1793)
-Food riots over food shortages and prices of every goods soaring lead to this new law
-Sans culottes and the enrages (very radical working class groups) of mainly women broke into food stores and markets and demanded prices be adjusted
-Robespierre and the Jacobins approved of this after a few months of the riots

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- Calling everyone citizen and citizeness to promote equality during the National Constituent Assembly onward
-Titles removed from nobility as a result of the August Decrees and Louis signing DORMAC (Aug 1789)
-People of all classes able to work their way into the military
-Judges needed a minimum 6 years experience and were voted in every 5 years to promote merit and utility (an idea from DORMAC)

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- Riots broke out across Paris due to the increased prices of goods like soap, coffee, sugar, and, of course, food.
- Shortages and inflation made the riots angrier, riots that were mainly populated with working-class women who vandalised in order to force store owners to set certain prices of produce.
- As a result, the Law of Maximum was established to set costs of products.

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For a very long time the lower class people of France were struggling to find enough food to eat and provide for their families.

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- 75 surviving Girondins
- New political team is moderate
-> Have money and education
-> Terror didn't bother them but stirring up the working class seem dangerous

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-Political groups changed A LOT during 1789-1795.
-The National Constituent Assembly (October 1789-September 1791) was mainly lead by bourgeoisie "liberal" constitutional monarchists who supported Louis but believed his power should be limited.
-The Legislative Assembly (October 1791- August 1792) was lead mainly by constitutional monarchists, republican "moderates" such as the Brissotins/Girondins and some Montagnards (Jacobins & Cordeliers)
-The National Convention (September 1792 - August 1795) included the Girondins (who were expelled from government & punished) and then the government became increasingly radical with Jacobins leading, Cordeliers, Herbertists and even other factions later like Georges Danton's 'Dantonists'
-The Directory (August 1795 onward) were bourgeoisie and educated lead government with similar values and principles to National Constituent Assembly

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-To resist the Jacobin dominated era of plain clothing, people begun wearing more extravagant outfits.
-These included very high pointed collars to make a statement about the guillotine and Terror (was supposed to pretend to hide people's scars from the guillotine)
-Women of higher class also began wearing red ribbons around their neck as a symbol of the Terror
-The men who wore extravagant clothing, were called 'muscadins'

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-Land was nationalised (taken into government control – confiscated from the Church)
– 2 November 1789
-Used this land to alleviate the economic crisis pre 1789
-The church should surrender much of its wealth, to help alleviate the national debt -> tithes were removed as a tax

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-At first, workers had little power and were furious at the first Constitution (Sept 1791) excluding them from voting as they were considered "passive" citizens
-the Le Chapelier Law under the National Constituent Assembly "abolished guilds and associations" which stopped workers from discussing their concerns and rights in a group. Their right to protest was also taken away.
-Le Chapelier Law further took away economic rights of workers as they could no longer decide the output and input of goods and how much they would cost.
-Workers began protesting about the active passion citizen law which was seen at the Champ de Mars massacre (12th July 1791)
-During National Convention, workers' pushed against the Le Chapelier Law through their food riots and ensuring the Law of Maximum was formed
-Those killed by Terror: 31% working class, 28% peasants

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1.A new calendar was issued in October starting from the birth of the republic – three 10 day weeks in a month, 12 months in a year

2.Liberty was symbolised through a figure called ‘Marianne’ translating to ‘of the people’ – replaced the Virgin Mary

3.Churches & cathedrals were destroyed and robbed

4.Killing & persecution of priests continued

5.Religious holidays all replaced with revolutionary holidays

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-Robespierre, at this time is the President of the National Convention

-Proposed a decree – showing world France had a new civic religion that worshipped immortality of the soul and existence of a higher being ( not God, as it linked with old regime – some equivalent though)

-To honour this new religion Robespierre put in place a ‘Festival of Supreme Being’ on 8 June 1794

-A deputy muttered on the festival day “it is not enough for him to be master. He has to be God”

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-Contributed to many events mainly revolved around food and material grievances (October Days, Food Riots & Law of Maximum)
-National Convention banned women's political clubs and did not believe they should contribute to politics
-Told that the role of women should be to "have babies and raise good citizens" for the revolution (N.C)
-Olympe de Gouges was a leading feminist and theorist and published 'Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen' claiming women's rights to participate in politics
-She was executed in Nov 1793 by N.C

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-Killed frequently during the Terror
-Laws passed to execute and punish emigres who fled during war and pre war
-14% upper middle class, 10.5% lower middle class, 8.2% nobility

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-The Paris Commune which later became known as the Insurrection Commune was a smaller local government of Paris
-Lead mainly by workers (sans culottes)

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-Political power was given to the Committees of Public Safety & General Security towards the peak of the Terror (end of 1793) under the Law of Frimaire
-They had the power to execute laws going against the initial values and ideas of DORMAC

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The gabelle was abolished