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The disorientation of color by the lens; the lens failure to focus all colors present.

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The conversion of a number of tones to a select few of tones; simplifying the subject's form.

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A form of distortion in an image where the digital camera has trouble translating a pattern. (Moiré Pattern: the distortion; Aliasing: the process)

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A blocky distortion of an image that occurs from digital compression into the JPEG file format where "un-essential" data is discarded.

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A type of image distortion where lines that are straight in real life appear to curve inwards from the edges of the image.

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A type of image distortion where lines that are straight in real life appear to curve outwards from the center of the image.

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(Advanced Photo System) no longer in use image sensor of 25.1 x 16.7 mm with an aspect ratio of 3:2.

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(36 mm by 24 mm) a full-frame sensor has a large surface area while providing a wider angle of view and shallower depth of ﬁeld.

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An electronic device that converts an optical image into an electronic signal.

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The ratio of a camera sensor's size to a 35mm film frame; it calculates effective focal lengths and compares lenses between DSLRs.

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A unit of memory size.

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Compiling different photographs of the same (or similar) subject(s) but with different angles to create an abstraction of reality.

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(Extreme) simplicity, represented by a small number of subjects and use of negative space; composition technique used for strong emphasis.

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(popular art) Transforms portraits/photographs into colorful collages, of duo tone silhouettes and/or comic book elements.

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Innovative and experimental; rejecting the norms; desire to stand out.

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Dreamlike and it taps into people's subconscious; different, recognizable elements put together unexpectedly and strangely; defying reality.

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The intentional borrowing, copying, and alteration of existing images and objects.

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A technique that layers two different exposures on a single image, combining two photographs into one.

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A genre that depicts (uninteresting, everyday) inanimate objects or subject matters.

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Photos taken for the purpose of being used for a business or publication.

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Any photograph taken from the air.

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A graphical representation of the tonal values of your image.

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Art that challenges the existing accepted definitions of art.

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Art that is made by assembling disparate elements – often everyday objects

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(Neutral Density Filter) a filter that reduces or modifies the intensity of all wavelengths, or colors, of light equally, giving no changes in hue of color rendition.

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(Xpro) the processing of photographic film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film.

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A grid filter similar to a honeycomb that is placed over a light source to create a focused beam with little diffusion.

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A photographic lighting device that uses a parabolic reflector to distribute light towards a focal point.

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A tube/similar object that fits over a studio light/portable flash and allows the photographer to control the direction and radius of the light beam.

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A light modifier that confines light from an artificial source into a wire framed box and releases it through a layer of diffusion; a soft source of light that minimizes harsh shadows.

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A self-contained studio flash, which allows the fitting of light modification attachments such as umbrellas.

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("eye light") The light reflected in a subject's eye, the glimmer that comes from an external light source.

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(Curves Tool) Similar to levels, but it gives you more power to control shadows, highlights, and midtones separately.

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(Levels Tool) Can move and stretch the brightness levels of an image histogram. It has the power to adjust brightness, contrast, and tonal range by specifying the location of complete black, complete white, and midtones in a histogram.

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A circular light that is often operated with a camera lens in the center to take photographs.

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The tilt effect alters the focal plane of the image, but the shift effect alters an image's perspective.

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(Straight Out Of the Camera) The absence of post-processing with an image editing program; the image is untouched.

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Comprises an underexposed glass negative placed against a dark background, in order to make a positive image.

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(Image Transfer) A technique used to develop a peel-apart film picture on to a different material, like drawing paper; the image is peeled apart prematurely and the negative is placed down on a desired material.

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An image produced from a photographic negative transferred to a metal plate and etched in.

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A photographic printing process that produces blue prints using coated paper and light.

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Photographic images are developed on natural leaves through the action of photosynthesis. This organic technique does not use chemicals since the photographs are exposed directly to the sunlight on plants or trees leaves

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Lighting technique that lights up half of a subject's face while leaving the other half in a shadow, essentially “splitting” the face. (perpendicular light source angle to subject)

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A single light source placed on a 45 degree offset from the subject, about 5 feet away. (hits the side of the face that is farthest away from the camera, creates a slimming effect)

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A lighting pattern that creates a circular shadow on the subject's face just under the nose.

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A lighting pattern used in portrait photography where the key light is placed above and pointing down on the subject's face. (dramatic shadow under the nose and chin creates a "butterfly")

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A portrait lighting pattern where the portion of the subject's face that is turned toward the camera is lit most brightly. ("broad" side of the face)

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The far side of a subject's face is lit relative to the camera; leaves the near side of the face darker or entirely shadowed.

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Creates a photographic image on a thin sheet of metal or iron that has been coated with a dark lacquer or enamel.

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(immobile shot) A shot that is devoid of camera movement; it is the opposite of a dynamic shot. It appears lifeless to the viewer.

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A measure of the force that an element exerts to attract the eye; visual impact of composition.

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(processing/loading) The application of algorithms to a digital image file which convert the image information contained within the file into a viewable format on a viewing device.

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Photographing three-dimensional images in relatively two-dimensional presentations. It is the establishment of creating one vertical plane behind another.

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The first completely abstract kind of photograph (kaleidoscopic repetitions of forms; photographing objects through a triangular arrangement of three mirrors).

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(scanner photography) The process of capturing digitized images of objects for the purpose of creating printable art using a flatbed "photo" scanner with a CCD (charge-coupled device) array capturing device.

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A single photograph or more commonly a body of photographic work, that shares a high level of consistency. (subjects, environment, photographic process, and presentation or direction of the subject)

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A scene—usually a landscape—is photographed as if it were being surveyed from afar.

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The art of long exposure photography that captures of the image of the sun moving across the sky. These exposures can last days, months, even years.

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Represents the temperature of light directly correlated with the color of the burning carbon at that temperature. (you are manually adjusting the camera's white balance to match that of the Kelvin temperature in the room)

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The blocking of unwanted natural light to create a natural three-dimensional quality to the lighting of people outside. (gobos or flags are used to block unwanted light).

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The comparison of key light (the main source of light from which shadows fall) to the fill light (the light that fills in the shadow areas). (higher the lighting ratio = higher the contrast of image; lower the ratio = lower the contrast of image)

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(International Color Consortium) A set of data that characterizes a color input or output device.

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Even front lighting of a subject, producing little contrast, no shadows, and no (3-D) modeling.

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The habit of checking every photo on the camera display (LCD) immediately after capture.

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(closest lens to the human eye) A fast 50mm lens. (“nifty” = very wide aperture—under f/1.8; “fifty” = focal length)

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Short name for a "photographer."

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When a photoshop file has "hundreds" of unnamed layers.

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Appearance of print in which tone reproduction is low in contrast, lacking deep blacks or brilliant whites. Colors blend together (muddy).

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Dust points on the camera's sensor. They are hard to get rid of, and they create marks on your digital images.

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A result of capturing or processing an image where the intensity in a certain area falls outside the minimum and maximum intensity which can be represented.

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A less powerful light that sits opposite the primary key light; fills in the high-contrast shadows that the key light creates on a subject's face.

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The purpose of the key light is to highlight the form and dimension of the subject; the primary light source for your scene.

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The process of capturing images while your camera is connected to your computer, which allows your photos to instantly upload to the computer.

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Photography using film with an emulsion that is sensitive to infrared light, enabling it to be used in misty weather, in darkened interiors, or at night.

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The use or combination of two or more different images to create a new one (how surrealistic photographs are made).

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A style of portrait/people photography which aims to capture and document real-life events, situations, or milestones in an artistic manner and the art of the everyday.

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The art of finding old and abandoned buildings and locations, exploring them, and taking photos as you go.

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The use of photography in astronomy; the photographing of celestial objects and phenomena.

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(ND filters) They reduce the intensity of all wavelengths, or colors, of light equally from entering the camera, in measured amounts; allows the photographer more control in selecting shutter speed and aperture combinations.

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(circular polarizer/linear) A glass attachment that can reduce the glare from reflected surfaces.

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(color fringing) A color distortion that creates an outline of unwanted color along the edges of objects in a photograph; appears on metallic surfaces, high contrast between light and dark objects.

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Cameras that capture images without the use of a mirror in the camera body; mirrorless cameras often use electronic viewfinders (EVF) to display images digitally.

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A logo, piece of text or signature superimposed onto a photograph.

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Two frontal light sources to illuminate the subject, helping to minimize shadows and often giving a glowing effect.

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(Doubleback lighting) A creative two-light setup that helps to emphasize shadows which adds angles to the face and body.

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Entirely very bright with very little or no dark shadows present. (brightly lit subjects/more fill light/softer shadows)

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Accentuates shadows, high contrast, and dark tones.
(achieved by using hard sources/key lights with minimal/no fill light)

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A focused, often bright light (camera flash) that casts harsh shadows and draws attention to a specific part of a photo.

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An optical effect which limits the total resolution of your photography (causes image to blur) — no matter how many megapixels your camera may have. (light begins to disperse/"diffract" when passing through a small opening (camera's aperture))

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(In-Plane Switching) It uses liquid crystals to produce the richest colors. (monitors have shifting patterns of liquid crystals to create better viewing angles for photographs)

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Designed with additional glass elements that squeeze the image horizontally, allowing photographers/filmmakers to capture a wider field of view than the film or digital sensor would ordinarily allow.

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(All The Gear, No Idea) This phrase refers to a person who has all the camera equipment you can think of but has no idea how to use it.

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Changes or transitions in a characteristic or quality of a part of an image. (lightness, texture, density; either within an area of the image or between one area and another)

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A digital image processing technique which combines multiple images taken at different focus distances (resulting image with a greater depth of field than any of the individual source images).

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On sunny days, at an aperture of f/16, your shutter speed is the inverse of your ISO value (ex. aperture f/16 and ISO 100, shutter speed should be 1/100 seconds). (This is one of the easiest photography rules to remember.)

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Any non-traditional or non-commercial photographic printing process.

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The moment when all the elements in a photograph come together perfectly to create a meaningful image.

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To set your camera in a fast burst mode, shooting several photos per second, and then to simply hold down the shutter button while hoping to capture the perfect image.

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A simple, inexpensive film camera.

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The style is shot quickly and spontaneously; it typically features apparently ordinary and boring everyday subject matter and off-centered framing.