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Lin Biao killed in plane crash

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end of the cultural revolution

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mass gathering and protest triggered by the death of Premier Zhou Enlai earlier that year; Some people strongly disapproved of the removal of the displays of mourning, and began gathering in the Square to protest against the central authorities

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Liu Shaoqi died in prison

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During The Chinese Revolutions, the Chinese Communist had exported the ideology to the Southeast Asian countries, activley supporting financialy and militarly the communist parties in Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar and in particular, the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia which was responsible for the Cambodian genocide. China went to war with the USSR in 1969. “Sino-Soviet border dispute” ended in favour of China, which successfully granted control over Tarabarov Island (Yinlong Island), Zhenbao Island, and around 50% of Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (Heixiazi Island), near Khabarovsk.

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1972: “Criticise Lin Biao and Confucius” campaign began

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1972: “Criticise Lin Biao and Confucius” campaign began

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political propaganda campaign; academic attempt to interpret Chinese history according to Mao's political theories; o criticise Lin Biao, who had allegedly attempted to assassinate Mao; to indirectly criticise China's Premier, Zhou Enlai, and other senior Chinese leaders

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were a mass student-led paramilitary social movement mobilized and guided by Chairman Mao Zedong in 1966 through 1967, during the first phase of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, which he had instituted.

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The period of reforming and changing China into new, fully communist society from 1966 and 1976, thus from “Yangzi Swim '' and Mao’s death. After the cult of Mao had been established in the 1960s, his fears of being overthrown expanded, thus he decided to launch the mass camping to secure his authority, implement and root ideology and eliminate enemies

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The period of reforming and changing China into new, fully communist society from 1966 and 1976, thus from “Yangzi Swim '' and Mao’s death. After the cult of Mao had been established in the 1960s, his fears of being overthrown expanded, thus he decided to launch the mass camping to secure his authority, implement and root ideology and eliminate enemies

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1968-71 “Cleansing the class ranks”campaign

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1968-71 “Cleansing the class ranks”campaign

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movement was to eliminate class enemies who have sneaked into the revolutionary organisation and "stubborn bourgeois power holders"

1971: Lin Biao killed in plane crash

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1967-72 “Up to the mountains and down to the villages” campaign

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1967-72 “Up to the mountains and down to the villages” campaign

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certain privileged urban youth would be sent to mountainous areas or farming villages to learn from the workers and farmers there; In total, approximately 17 million youth were sent to rural areas

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Central Cultural Revolution Group (CCRG)

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Central Cultural Revolution Group (CCRG)

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It consisted mainly of radical supporters of Mao, including Chen Boda, the Chairman's wife Jiang Qing, Kang Sheng, Yao Wenyuan, Zhang Chunqiao, Wang Li and Xie Fuzhi. The CRG played a central role in the Cultural Revolution's first few years, and for a period of time the group replaced the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) as the de facto top power organ of China. Its members were also involved in many of the major events of the Cultural Revolution.

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Chinese cmmunist official who is considered to have been one of the three or four most powerful individuals in the government during the Cultural Revolution

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The Four Olds were to be destroyed. That was the statement of the revolutionists. That is why all the Old Habits, Old Customs, Old Culture and Old Ideas were brutally persecuted. As a result, countless relics of the past were being destroyed, either by the paramilitary groups (which called themselves the ‘Red Guards’), or later burned down publically on huge piles. In the process, countless sculptures, ancient scrolls, city walls, relics and books were destroyed, effectively erasing millennia of historical sources of knowledge.

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a group of hard-line leftists radicals, who believed in the harshest measures being taken against those who opposed Mao.

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they were accused of trying to persuade the party to follow policies that ran counter to Mao’s wishes (LIU: held high positions in Chinese leadership, originally considered as a successor to Mao, antagonised Mao before the cultural revolution; DENG: )

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she was best known for playing a major role in the Cultural Revolution and for forming the radical political alliance known as the "Gang of Four", as well as the “The Shanghai Forum”. Jiang served as Mao's personal secretary in the 1940s and was head of the Film Section of the Communist Party's Propaganda Department in the 1950s.

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The Cultural Revolution was supported by Mao, who was reported to address the Red Guards that they should ‘bomb the staffs’. This encouraged especially the youth to attack the local authorities if they tried to protect the cultural heirloom in Beijing and other Chinese cities. Furthermore, Mao published the photos of himself swimming across the Yangtze River, which showed he still was strong and he channelled Thad strength to support the revolution.

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was an informal committee established in the People's Republic of China in early 1965 to explore the potential for a "cultural revolution" in China.

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an author of the important document to the Mao cult, called “The Diary of Lei Feng”. It was him who was projected by Maoists as the embodiment of the loyalty of the ordinary Chinese people.

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Art and literature had been changed by the communistic regime, to maintain “clear image” by Mao, to get rid of all criticism. It led to persecution and death of writers and many people involved in theaters. Everything related to art had to be considered as appropriate by the government, in order to make sure that the piece of art is not criticizing the views of the party, which successfully was implemented into everyday culture.

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August 1966: first tiananmen square rally

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August 1966: first tiananmen square rally

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masses of people showed support for Mao

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helped Lin Biao with compiling the “Little Red Book”.

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Intellectuals and academics were highly persecuted, because many Chinese intellectuals were sent to rural labor camps, with the intention of humiliating them. Students were encouraged to defy, attack and sometimes even kill the teachers, so that the Four Olds would die (Old Habits, Old Customs, Old Culture and Old Ideas). The most brutal repressions took place in a city of Wuxuan, where even acts of cannibalism were noted (not out of hunger, but of hatred and with the intention of proving the intellectuals were an inferior species).

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it was him who helped Mao become a cult, mainly. He managed to write the 33-chapters “Little Red Book”, formally entitled as the “Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong”. It was soon compulsory for all the Chinese soldiers and remained present on a daily basis across the military sessions, schools, universities, shops, work, and others - basically in every life sphere. It was even referred to as the Chinese secular bible.

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Cultural revolution has also destroyed many aspects of  traditions, habits and ideas to establish new values, which lead to severe damage to Chinese culture as a result of the Cultural Revolution, and the practice of many traditional customs have weakened. Successfully, a mass student-led paramilitary social movement mobilized and guided by Chairman Mao Zedong under name “Red Guards”, which had done things like breaking into houses of wealthy people, destroying paintings, books, and furniture, because those were considered as an old cultural aspects of China, which had to be disposed of.

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May 1966: Central Cultural Revolution Group created

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May 1966: Central Cultural Revolution Group created

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subcommittee of Politburo; to direct the Cultural Revolution; dominated by the Gang of Four

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The Chinese cultural revolution has resulted in creation of labour camps and many imprisonments and deaths, Following over 10 million prisoners. Mao got rid of over 25 million prisoners during that period of time. By the year 1976, when Mao died, In China there were more than 10,000 labour camps that were spread across the country. Mao gained support from USSR's officials. It had quite huge economic advantage, which provided inexhaustible supply of slave workers.

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- were a threat to Mao's reputation
- could undermine his policies, such as the Great Leap Forward
- ended up leading the revolution, which was intended for peasants

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- claimed to be rightists, bureaucrats and corrupted
- abandoned the revolution ideas
- were to be overthrown by younger generation
- Mao wanted to re-establish his supremacy

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- easily manipulated by the ideals of Maoism
- peer-conformity
- rebellion against elders
- Red Guards conducted violence

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Central Cultural Revolution Group (CCRG), Red Guards, PLA, Gang of Four

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Central Cultural Revolution Group (CCRG), Red Guards, PLA, Gang of Four

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replacing old members of CCP with new, devoted to the Mao and revolution = war against party officials (“China should not become USSR”)

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replacing old members of CCP with new, devoted to the Mao and revolution = war against party officials (“China should not become USSR”)

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engagement and sacrifice to the Chinese communist ideas and values

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engagement and sacrifice to the Chinese communist ideas and values

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permanent revolution = revolution is constant and should be maintained and last after Mao’s death

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permanent revolution = revolution is constant and should be maintained and last after Mao’s death

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eliminating capitalistic, rightist, revisionist, bad, bourgeois elements, factions among CCP (purges)

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eliminating capitalistic, rightist, revisionist, bad, bourgeois elements, factions among CCP (purges)

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cutting and “canceling” the past by attacking “4 Olds” - old ideas, old culture, old customs, old habits

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cutting and “canceling” the past by attacking “4 Olds” - old ideas, old culture, old customs, old habits

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to keep the concept and models in Chinese society the same after/in case of his death

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to keep the concept and models in Chinese society the same after/in case of his death

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propaganda of development and abolishing old, unsuccessful and harmful habits, traditions, events

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propaganda of development and abolishing old, unsuccessful and harmful habits, traditions, events

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Mao's concern of the decreasing communist spirit of his comrades and party

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Mao's concern of the decreasing communist spirit of his comrades and party

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he needed to reorganize the structure of the party to more vigorous, and willing to fight

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to reach or surpass the level of development of the USSR due to their 'rivalry'

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to reach or surpass the level of development of the USSR due to their 'rivalry'

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after Stalin's death, the ways ussr and china went, split them; Mao was highly concerned about the direction in which it was aiming

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To obliterate the damaging record of the failure of the Great Leap Forward

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To obliterate the damaging record of the failure of the Great Leap Forward

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to preserve Mao in power by removing all possible sources of opposition

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to preserve Mao in power by removing all possible sources of opposition

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It is obvious that the Cultural Revolution was launched in China in 1966 by Communist leader Mao Zedong. However, there existed many groups, as well as individuals who remained faithful to their Chinese leader and brought about this event along with him.