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2. What is the mechanism of its therapeutic effect? Is this drug a member of an established class, or is it a brand new form of therapy?
Rizatriptan is grouped in a class known as selective serotonin receptor agonists. Its mechanism is to narrow down blood vessels in the brain and stop pain signals from being sent to the brain, blocking the release of certain natural substances that cause pain, nausea, and other symptoms of migraine.

4. What are the manufacturer's claims for the drug? Does the data support any claims that it is more effective or safer than the comparator (be specific)? Are these data from properly designed trials and published in peer-reviewed journals?
Rizatriptan is only available only with a doctor's prescription due to the fact that it can cause serious side effects in some people, especially people who have heart or blood vessel disease. However, it can be safe and effective as long as one only takes it as needed to improve migraine symptoms.

5. What is the cost to the patient (per treatment or per time period, if appropriate)? Do you think it is worth the price? Why or why not?
The cost for rizatriptan oral tablets in 5 mg is around $130 for a supply of 12 tablets, all depending on the pharmacy you visit, not necessarily being worth it in my opinion. It can be very effective but seems expensive for the given supply.

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Drug: quinapril
1. FDA approved quinapril for the treatment of hypertension, unapproved indications for chronic heart failure and slowing renal disease.
2. It is an ACE inhibitor, meaning it blocks the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme. The mechanism of its therapeutic effect is relaxing the blood vessels and lowering blood pressure.
5. It costed $20.51 for 30 20mg of quinapril. This sounds like a fairly reasonable price since it's less than a dollar for each pill, although recently it was actually discontinued due to the presence of  N-Nitroso-Quinapril impurities.

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2) Quinapril is a angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that works by blocking a substance in the body that causes blood vessels to tighten.  With this, the blood vessels relax and the heart receives more blood and oxygen. Blood pressure is also decreased.

4) The only manufacturer company that used to sell quinapril was Lupin Pharmaceuticals Inc. until the recall in September 2022. There are no other manufacturing companies to compare the drug to.

5) For a supply of 30 oral 20mg quinapril tablets, it costed around $20-$30. However, a majority of quinpril tablets have now been recalled and stopped being produced entirely.

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1. FDA-approved indications for caspofungin include febrile neutropenia, invasive candidiasis, candidemia, intra-abdominal abscesses, peritonitis, pleural space infections, esophageal candidiasis, and invasive aspergillosis. Non FDA-approved indications for caspofungin include candida spp. osteomyelitis, infectious arthritis, oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush), endocarditis, suppurative thrombophlebitis, candidiasis prophylaxis, and aspergillosis prophylaxis.
2. Caspofungin prevents the synthesis of β-glucan in the fungal cell wall via noncompetitive inhibition of the enzyme 1,3-β glucan synthase. This drug falls in the established class of anti-fungal drugs called echinocandins.
5. The cost for caspofungin intravenous powder for injection 50 mg is around $106. Although expensive, it is worth buying since it effectively treats fungal infections.

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2. The drug is an inhibitor of COMT (Catechol-O-methyltransferase), which is an enzyme that degrades neurotransmitters.

3. It's claimed to be used as an adjunct to levodopa therapy to treat Parkinson's disease; it has been tested as the data suggests it's not a very effective treatment for the disease, along with it causing some side effects.

5. The cost of entacapone is extremely expensive, starting at $35 per supply of 30; for such a poorly rated medicine with very little proof of effectiveness.

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1. Quinapril is indicated for the treatment of hypertension in order to lower blood pressure, reducing the risk of cardiovascular events like strokes and myocardial infarctions. It is also used for the management of heart failure along with methods of conventional therapy. it is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to quinapril.
3. Quinapril can be compared to other ACE inhibitors like Lisinopril, Alsace, and Enalapril.
5. Quinapril costs approximately $20-$25 for 90 tablets of 40mg. Since it is usually prescribed for daily use, I believe this is a reasonable price for about 3 months of medication to treat high blood pressure.

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1. What are the "FDA-approved" and "unapproved" indications for this drug?
- Tyloxapol is approved for congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases plus abnormalities.
2. What is the mechanism of its therapeutic effect? Is this drug a member of an established class, or is it a brand new form of therapy?
- It is used for respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn. It blocks plasma lipolytic activity and the breakdown of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. The drug is a member of nonionic liquid polymer of the alkryl aryl polyether alcohol type.
5. What is the cost to the patient (per treatment or per time period, if appropriate)? Do you think it is worth the price? Why or why not?
- For 500 mg, it costs around $55 and some may cost up to a few thousand dollars depending on the quantity, dosage, and seller. This amount of money is not worth it as most of the general public cannot access this drug.

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Infliximab

Infliximab is used to treat certain types of arthritis like rheumatoid arthritis, certain bowel diseases like Crohn's Disease, and a certain severe skin disease named chronic plaque psoriasis. The FDA has approved infliximab for all indications to treat rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's Disease.

The mechanism of infliximab is being a TNFa inhibitor, and it acts by blocking TNFa.

The cost for infliximab is $510 for an injection of 100mg.  I think that it is expensive, but it helps to treat serious diseases like arthritis and Chrohn's disease.

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Tramadol
1. Tramadol is approved to treat moderate to moderately severe pain in adults. It is a type of opioid, a narcotic medicine.
2. Tramadol is used to relieve moderate pain. It is in a class of medications called opiate analgesics. It relieves pain by changing the way the brain and nervous system respond.
5. Tramadol is more on the expensive side and is about $12 for a supply of 9 tablets. It is not OTC but is taken about every 4 to 6 hours. I don't think this drug is very worth it because similar pain relievers such as Tylenol, Ibuprofen, and naproxen work just as effectively with a smaller cost.

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1. What are the "FDA-approved" and "unapproved" indications for this drug?
It is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension), heart failure, and to improve survival following a heart attack.

Unapproved uses for ramipril may include treatment for diabetic kidney disease, stroke prevention, and reducing the risk of heart attack and other cardiovascular events.

2. What is the mechanism of its therapeutic effect? Is this drug a member of an established class, or is it a brand new form of therapy?
The therapeutic effect of ramipril is achieved by inhibiting the activity of the ACE enzyme, which reduces the production of a hormone called angiotensin II. This hormone can cause blood vessels to constrict, leading to increased blood pressure and increased workload on the heart. It is part of the ACE drug class.

3. What is the cost to the patient (per treatment or per time period, if appropriate)? Do you think it is worth the price? Why or why not?
The cost to the patient for a one-month supply of generic ramipril can range from $10 to $50, while the brand-name version, Altace, can cost $100 or more. I believe that the cost is worth it especially for the generic brands because of the rarity of the solution. When looking if its worth it you should look for the patients status, the benefits, and alternatives.

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FDA Approved Drug: Entacapone

1. This drug is indicated as an adjunct to levodopa/carbidopa to treat the end-of-dose "wearing off" effect in patients with Parkinson's disease.

2. It works by inhibiting the effect of an enzyme that breaks down levodopa, extending the effects of the other drug. The drug belongs to a class of drugs called Antiparkinson Agents, COMT Inhibitors.

5. Entacapone can cost around $35 for a supply of 30 200mg tablets, but can also be much more expensive. I think the price of $35 isn't too bad, however, the drug does not work all by itself and needs to be paired with levodopa/carbidopa, which can get more expensive.

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1. Sermorelin is an injection drug that is FDA-approved for the treatment of growth hormone deficiency in children, but it is also sometimes perscribed by physicians to adults.
2. This drug causes the release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland. Rather than actually being growth hormone, like a steroid, the drug ups the body's natural production. It belongs to a class of drugs called Somatropin, which are human growth hormone analogs.
5. 2 mg of a sermorelin injection is sold for $33, which provides 20 doses for someone who takes 100 mcg per day, or $1.65 per day. I believe that this is worth it because human growth hormone is necessary, especially in children, and a less than $2 cost a day is worth it to those who need a boost in the hormone.

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2. Perindopril is in a class of medications called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. It makes blood flow more smoothly by preventing the production of certain natural chemicals that tighten the blood vessels.
3. Perindopril can be compared to enalapril, captopril, ramipril and lisinopril. ACE inhibitors relaxes and widens the blood vessels. This lowers your blood pressure and makes it easier for your heart to pump blood around your body. This can improve the symptoms of heart failure.
5. Perindropil costs around 45 dollars per medication, and the pros outweigh the cons. You may feel mild dizziness for the first few days after starting perindopril. This should get better over time as your body adjusts to your new (lower) blood pressure. Lowers your risk for heart attack and other heart-related deaths, lower-cost generic is available, typical dose is once daily, first-choice treatment for high blood pressure for most people are some of the pros.

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1. The FDA-approved indication of the drug Zaleplon is the short-term treatment of insomnia. However is has not been shown to decrease the amount of times you wake up in your sleep nor does it guarantee that you will sleep for longer.
2.  The mechanism of Zaleplon to help insomnia is by increasing the "GABA-mediated Cl− " into the cell which inhibits neurotransmission and helps with sleeping. This is an established class drug because it has been approved by the FDA since August 13, 1999.
5. The average cost of Zaleplon is typically around $98.31 for 30, 10MG Capsule. This would be the brand name Sonata. I think it is worth the price, especially if your insurance covers part of the cost, good sleep is essential to a good life :D

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Dofetilide:
1) Dofetilide was officially approved from the FDA on October 1st, 1999. The drug was meant to help with patients that dealt with sinus rhythm problems. Patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter which is a problem dealing with irregular heartbeats use this drug the most.

2) Dofetilide is classified under the oral medication with antiarrhythmic agents that regulate heartbeats. It is considered a class III and has been used for many decades now. The mechanical action works once the drug blocks the cardiac ion channel from carrying rapid agents that mess with the heartbeat and circulation.

5) Dofetilide can be found at a local pharmacy and have a starting price of around $100 for 60 capsules. On average, this calculates to around $1485 for 180 capsules. I think that this medication was put at a reasonable price since the drug does provide a lot of relaxing agents that are meant to help the body.

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1. TNKase® (Tenecteplase) is indicated for use in the reduction of mortality associated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Treatment should be initiated as soon as possible after the onset of AMI symptoms (see CLINICAL STUDIES). The most common complication encountered during TNKase therapy is bleeding.

2. TNKase® (Tenecteplase) is a single-bolus thrombolytic, or clot-busting agent, approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in mortality reduction associated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

5. TNKase (tenecteplase) is a member of the thrombolytics drug class and is commonly used for Heart Attack. The cost for TNKase intravenous powder for injection 50 mg is around $7,779 for a supply of 1 powder for injection. As a new drug, I don't think it's worth the price and I'm sure there are other cheaper options that are available for patients.

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Drug: Zanamivir
1. Zanamivir is an inhalation powder for oral inhalation approved for treatment of acute uncomplicated illness due to influenza A and B viruses.
2. Zanamivir helps fight against viruses that cause influence A and B and is used in adults and pediatric patients aged 7 years or older who have been symptomatic for no more than 2 days. It is part of the already established "antiviral" family, which are used to treat infections caused by viruses.
5. Zanamivir prices begin at around $80 USD for around 5 mg of the drug. I do not think that this is worth the price for such a small amount of the drug; I believe that it is severely overpriced.

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1. Meloxicam FDA-approved indication is that it is an anti-inflammatory drug indicated for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. However there are cardiovascular and gastrointestinal risks increases.
5. The cost of meloxicam varies depending on whether or not you have insurance, but usually costs between $5-$30 per 30 15mg tablets depending on store. I think over $20 is too much and I think insurances and doctors should be able to specially prescribe it for free.
3. It can be compared to ibuprofen because both drugs relieve tension and relieve swelling in the area.

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Meloxicam

1. Meloxicam's appropriate standard against which to compare it is Celebrex since they are both in the class of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-flammatory drugs. The comparator is another drug.

2. Meloxicam costs around 13 dollars for 100 tablets, depending on the pharmacy you visit. Meloxicam is considered more expensive than other medications since it is able to treat more than one issue, such as arthritis, osteoarthritis, etc.

3. The FDA's approved indication for Meloxicam carries little to no risk of being addictive on its own, one danger of abusing the drug is that it might be used in conjunction with other substances. The painkilling properties of meloxicam raise the possibility of the drug being used as the body metabolizes other drugs out of a patient’s system.

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Drug: Ramipril
1.  Ramipril is administered to people 55+ years old who are at risk due to medical istory of dealing with stroke, coronary heart disease, etc. Typically used for hypertension and prevention of heart failure. Any other uses are not approved by the FDA.
2. It widens/ relaxes your blood vessels so that the heart can pump blood easier to all parts of the body. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.
3. Olmesartan is another drug that has similar uses as ramipril and proved more effective in a study for hypertension in elderly. Both are used to lower blood pressure.

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Mezlocillin
1. This drug is FDA approved for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and unapproved for Bite wounds, Empyema, Febrile neutropenia, Gynecological infections, Hysterectomy prophylaxis, Lower respiratory tract infections, and Pelvic inflammatory disease.

2. This drug is active against both Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria because it can be considered a beta-lactam antibiotic.

3. Piperacillin is comparable to Mezlocillin but Mezlocillin is much more cost effective compared to it while being less active towards isolates of pneumoniae.

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What are the "FDA-approved" and "unapproved" indications for this drug?

Venlafaxine is an FDA approved drug designed to help treat symptoms related to depression, anxiety, and cataplexy.

What is the cost to the patient (per treatment or per time period, if appropriate)? Do you think it is worth the price? Why or why not?
The typical price of a box of 30 75mg capsules of the drug would be around $22.

What is the mechanism of its therapeutic effect? Is this drug a member of an established class, or is it a brand new form of therapy? Venlafaxine is classified as an anti depressant. The drug  works by increasing the levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain.

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Tyloxapol:
2. When injected, the drug blocks plasma lipolytic activity, and thus the breakdown of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. This aids liquefaction, removal of mucopurulent (containing mucus and pus),  and bronchopulmonary secretions. It is a member of  is a nonionic liquid polymer of the alkyl aryl polyether alcohol type.
4. Tyloxapol has been claimed to be safe. According to the National Library of Medicine, only 11 patients in a clinical study have had complications, indicating that the drug is relatively safe.
5. For 500mg of the drug, it costs about $55, some may cost up to a few thousand depending on the quantity, dosage, and seller. I think $55-$1000s is definitely not worth it because the cost makes it difficult to access by the general population.

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Benazepril
1. Lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions.
2. Inhibitor that inhibits the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in humans and animals
3. You need to compare the results with RAS and in different dosages due to the fact that it may have adverse effects depending on the concentration of dosage.

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Mometasone

It is a nasal spray that controls symptoms of hay fever and allergies. It can also reduce skin irritation. Mometasone is included in the class of medications called corticosteroids.

Mometasone typically costs around 14 dollars for 15 grams, depending on the pharmacy patient's visit.

Mometasone is an FDA-approved drug. Some FDA-approved indications include how it is prophylaxis of asthma in patients for patients over four years or older.

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1) FDA approved: treat primary hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia
Non-Approved: none
4) effective in treating high cholesterol issues; the drug is not safer because it was taken off the market from drug-related deaths with Cerivastatin; yes, 52 deaths from rhabdomyolysis and its resultant kidney failure
5) $22.89 for 90 tablets and there is a high dependency so over time, the cost with gradually build; not worth it for patients because of the gruesome side effects and high dependency

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Moxifloxacin
What are the "FDA-approved" and "unapproved" indications for this drug?
This drug is approved for the treatment of bacterial infections.

What is the mechanism of its therapeutic effect? Is this drug a member of an established class, or is it a brand new form of therapy?
It functions by inhibiting DNA gyrase, it uses enzymes necessary to separate bacterial DNA, thereby inhibiting cell replication. Moxifloxacin is in a class of antibiotics called fluoroquinolones

What is the cost to the patient (per treatment or per time period, if appropriate)? Do you think it is worth the price? Why or why not?
It is around $21 for a supply of 3 milliliters. It is a good drug for infections however it is more expensive than alternative antibiotics.

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1. FDA - approved Tramadol is indicates with a boxed warning known as the "blackbox warning". Unapproved Tramadol do not carry the same assurance of safety and effectiveness labled by the FDA.

2. Tramadol is used as pain relief for sever to extreme pain. It is labeled class IV according to the FDA.

5.There are more benefits than disadvantages when taking tramadol. The cost would be dizziness, tiredness, and low energy for the benefit of pain relief.

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2. Quinapril is used to treat high blood pressure. It is an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. It blocks a substance in the body that causes blood vessels to tighten.
3. Quinapril can be compared to atenolol when looking at the intended purpose of the drug. In a test on 40 patients that had severe hypertension, both drugs were able to alleviate ambulatory BP, but atenolol had a significantly greater decrease on patients' diastolic blood pressure.
5. Quinapril costed around $29 for 30, 20mg tablets when it was being sold. Now A majority of quinapril tablets have been recalled and have stopped being produced entirely.

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What are the "FDA-approved" and "unapproved" indications for this drug? Miglitol was approved by the FDA in 1999. It is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

What is the mechanism of its therapeutic effect? Is this drug a member of an established class, or is it a brand new form of therapy? Miglitol belongs to classes called Antidiabetics and  Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors.

What is the cost to the patient (per treatment or per time period, if appropriate)? Do you think it is worth the price? Why or why not? For 50mg of Miglitol with 180 tablets, the price is $131.98. I do not think it is worth it because some people need it but cannot afford it.

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1. What are the "FDA-approved" and "unapproved" indications for this drug?
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the use of citalopram to treat major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). However, some medical professionals may also prescribe medication outside of its approved uses for other disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

2. What is the mechanism of its therapeutic effect? Is this drug a member of an established class, or is it a brand new form of therapy?
A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), citalopram functions by raising serotonin levels in the brain. A chemical called serotonin controls mood, anxiety, and other processes. Citalopram assists in reducing the signs and symptoms of anxiety and depression by raising serotonin levels. A well-known class of antidepressants that has been in use for many years is the SSRIs.

3. What is the cost to the patient (per treatment or per time period, if appropriate)? Do you think it is worth the price? Why or why not?
Depending on the dosage, the drugstore, and the patient's insurance status, the price of citalopram may change. Costs for a 90-day supply range from $10 to $24. Citalopram is a useful treatment for anxiety and depression, both of which can have a big influence on a person's quality of life. However, it's crucial to balance the costs and costs-possible advantages against potential hazards and side effects. There might occasionally be less expensive options or different forms of treatment that are equally as efficient.

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1. Tiagabine is approved by the FDA as an adjunctive treatment for partial seizures in individuals ages 13 and up. It can also be prescribed off-label by physicians to treat anxiety disorders and panic disorder.
2. Tiagabine exerts its antiseizure effect is unknown, although it is believed to be related to its ability to enhance the activity of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
5. The average cash cost of Tiagabine Hcl without health insurance is $421.84 per 60, 4MG Tablet though you can get a discount using a SingleCare Tiagabine Hcl coupon to pay only $25.69 for 60, 4mg Tablet of Tiagabine Hcl. I think this is worth the price because if you are in financial need, there are ways to get it for cheaper.

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2. This drug is a member of an established class: treatment for high blood pressure. It is very similar to other drugs already on the market, such as lisinopril.
3. It is appropriate to compare it to lisinopril, as they are both used to treat high blood pressure. Fosinopril which is more lipophilic exhibits a plasma protein binding of more than 90% whereas lisinopril which is the least lipophilic exhibits minimal protein binding.
5. The average retail price is $91.05 for 90 tablets. I believe that it is not worth the price, because it is ~$1 per tablet, compared to lisinopril's ~$0.41 per tablet.

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1) Nizatidine is "FDA approved" indicated for 12 weeks for the treatment of endoscopically diagnosed esophagitis, including erosive and ulcerative esophagitis, and associated heartburn due to GERD, as well as for up to 8 weeks for the treatment of active benign gastric ulcer. The "unapproved" indications are potential contamination with N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) above levels established to be safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It is also a probable human carcinogen.

2) As a mechanism, nizatidine inhibits the binding of histamine to H2-receptors on the gastric basolateral membrane of the parietal cells, which reduces basal and nocturnal gastric acid secretions. Nizatidine belongs to an established class of drugs called the Histamine H2 Antagonists.

5) The cost for a nizatidine oral capsule 150 mg is around $73 for a supply of 60 capsules, depending on the pharmacy that you visit. I believe that nizatidine is worth the price. According to the reviews, there have been few to no negative experiences from those who used the drug. The drug has an average rating of 8.6 out of 10 from a survey of reviews. 75% reported a positive experience, while 0% reported a negative experience.

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1. Nizatidine is "FDA approved" indicated for 12 weeks for the treatment of endoscopically diagnosed esophagitis, including erosive and ulcerative esophagitis, and associated heartburn due to GERD, as well as for up to 8 weeks for the treatment of active benign gastric ulcer. The "unapproved" indications are potential contamination with N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) above levels established to be safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It is also a probable human carcinogen.
2. Nizatidine inhibits the binding of histamine to H2-receptors on the gastric basolateral membrane of the parietal cells, which decreases the secretion of basal and nocturnal gastric acid. It also belongs to a class of drugs that are established as Histamine H2 Antagonists.
3. I believe that nizatidine is worth it because Nizatidine has an average rating of 8.6 out of 10 from a survey of reviews for the treatment of GERD. 75% of reviewers reported a positive experience, while 0% reported a negative experience. The cost for an oral capsule of 150 mg is $73 for a supply of 60 capsules, depending on the visited pharmacy. For the price, it is an affordable and efficient treatment for GERD.

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Drug: benazepril
Benazepril is approved for the treatment of hypertension, either alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents. The drug's unapproved indications are not stated.

The price for 40 mg of benazepril is around $11.50 per 30 tablets. I feel that this price is reasonable and not too expensive for patients because it would mean that a single tablet is worth around 38 cents.

Benazepril inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in human subjects and animals and is in a class of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors