# data[].attributes.headline
1865 - End of the American Civil War/Start of Reconstruction

# data[].attributes.subject
1865 - End of the American Civil War/Start of Reconstruction

# data[].attributes.body
As the Civil War ended, the Southern States had to reconstruct government and society. The political and social rights of the millions of newly freed Americans would become an important part of the post-war period.

# data[].attributes.body
On December 6th, 1865, slavery was abolished with the 13th Amendment.

# data[].attributes.body
On July 9, 1868, those who had been freed from slavery were granted citizenship and promised that their civil liberties were protected just as any other citizen due to the 14th Amendment.

# data[].attributes.body
On February 3, 1870, African American men were permitted the right to vote under the 15th Amendment.

# data[].attributes.body
The Plessy v. Ferguson case decided that facilities could be "separate but equal." From then on, black and white people each had their own designated bathrooms, water fountains, pools, entrances, and much more. Facilities meant for black people were often of lower quality than the ones meant for white people.

# data[].attributes.body
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was created after a deadly race riot in Springfield, Illinois in 1908. The group was founded on February 12th, 1909 for the purpose of fighting against lynching and violence against black people. They were criticized for working to rigidly with the system. They fought for civil liberties though peaceful protests, courtroom and congressional victories, and influencing politicians or political issues.

# data[].attributes.body
The summer of 1919 was known as the Red Summer, an outbreak of racial violence. During July in Chicago, Eugene William was playing on a raft with his friends when it drifted towards the white beach. White people started throwing rocks and the black men thought it was a game, so they threw rocks too. Eugene got hit with a rock and died. The policemen refused to arrest the murderer and arrested a black man instead. This sparked the start of the Chicago Race Riot of 1919.

# data[].attributes.body
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was founded in 1950, and co-worked with the SCLC. They used nonviolent strategies such as supporting other organizations, organizing sit-ins and protests, and attracting students in order to promote civil rights. They played a large part in the freedom rides, directed the black vote registration drives, and participated Martin Luther King Jr.'s marches.

# data[].attributes.body
Oliver Brown, a father living in Topeka, Kansas, wanted his young daughter, Linda Brown, to attend the all-white school that was close to their home, but the Jim Crow laws required her to attend the all-black school that was farther. Brown sued the Board of Education and argued that the segregation laws were unconstitutional and unjust; Facilities that are separate can not be equal. Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, declared the schools should be desegregated to comply with the 14th amendment.

# data[].attributes.body
Emmett Till, a black 14 year-old from Chicago, allegedly whistled at a white woman which led to Emmett being taken in the night and horribly mutilated and murdered by two white men who never faced charges. When Emmett's body was found, his mother insisted on having an open casket funeral to show the world what happened. This brought attention to the issue of segregation and the works to end it and, in doing so, sparked the Civil Rights movement.

# data[].attributes.body
The Montgomery Bus Boycott started on December 5, 1955, when Rosa Parks would face trial for refusing to give up her seat on a bus for a white passenger. Claudette Colvin had done the same rebellious act months before, but Rosa Parks still became the face of the movement because she "looked the part" by being older, light-skinned, well-dressed, and respected. The boycott lasted 381 days and was maintained by organized community efforts, such as night meetings and a black taxi service. Notable figures in the organization process include Martin Luther King Jr., Jo Ann Robinson, and E.D. Nixon. Bus segregation was deemed unconstitutional in December of 1956 after it was brought to the Supreme Court with the help of Thurgood Marshall.

# data[].attributes.body
In September of 1957, nine Black students attended Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. Each of the students had to go through tolerance tests in order to determine if they were capable of dealing with the malice and hatred they'd have to face while attending the school. Under the orders of Governor Orval E. Faubus, the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the students from entering the high school. One of the students commented that most of the hostility came from parents.

# data[].attributes.body
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference was founded in 1957, in Atlanta, Georgia, as an offshoot of the Montgomery Improvement Association. They were a non-violent group that mostly consisted of local organization affiliates and ministers from churches. They're goal was to better Civil Rights protest activities in the South, and some members included Martin Luther King Jr., Bayard Rustin, and Ralph Abernathy.

# data[].attributes.body
In February of 1960 in Greensboro, North Carolina, four students from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College sat at a lunch counter, where they were denied service. The four students, Ezell Blair Jr., David Richmond, Franklin McCain, and Joseph McNeil, sat at the counter until closing then returned with 30 more people the next day. This continued until they had hundreds of supporters. The movement spread to 45 cities in 15 different states, and remained non-violent despite the harassment the protesters faced.

# data[].attributes.body
In July of 1964, President LBJ signed the Civil Rights Act in honor of former President Kennedy, who had fought for integration for a long time. The act outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in the workplace and public places and facilities.

# data[].attributes.body
Malcolm Little, more commonly known as Malcolm X, was assassinated on February 21st, 1965 by a group he was previously loyal to. Malcolm X believed black people had the right to defend themselves bring justice through any means necessary. Initially, he though white people to be the root of evil and that black people should separate from them. He spent 7 years in jail in the Nation of Islam for small petty crimes. After a holy pilgrimage to Mecca, Malcolm's views changed and he encouraged in integration and brotherhood. Despite being a controversial figure, he is still celebrated for his pursuit of racial justice.

# data[].attributes.body
March 7th of 1965 is known as Bloody Sunday, where Martin Luther King Jr. led a 50 miles march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama in demand of full voting rights. Governor George Wallace knew this would receive attention from across the nation, so he sent state troopers to block the march at the Edmund Pettus Bridge. The troopers proceeded to attack the hundreds of unarmed marchers with clubs and teargas.

# data[].attributes.body
After Bloody Sunday, Martin Luther King Jr. got permission to clergy and LBJ sent in 2,000 US troops, 100 members of the FBI, and 100 Federal Marshals to accompany them. This meant Governor Wallace could not stop the march, although MLK Jr. still turned it around at the bridge where they were previously attacked. Between March 21st and 25th, many people that partook in the march were killed which became known as a turning point in the Civil Rights Movement. On August 6th, 1965 LBJ signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 into law with multiple Civil Rights leaders there to witness, including MLK Jr. It set laws that protected voting rights for Black Americans. It was often ignored by local law enforcement, but it did give Black Americans the legal means to fight back and the ways they were denied the right to vote were addressed by President LBJ.

# data[].attributes.body
The Black Panther Party was founded on October 5th, 1966 by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. It was an organization that believed Black Americans had the right to defend themselves using any means necessary, including violence. They were a very involved group that challenged the police and politicians, spread supportive groups in various countries, and was later joined by Stokely Carmichael.

# data[].attributes.headline
April 4th, 1968 - Martin Luther King Jr.'s Assassination

# data[].attributes.subject
April 4th, 1968 - Martin Luther King Jr.'s Assassination

# data[].attributes.body
Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated on April 4th, 1968. He was famous Civil Rights Activist who stuck to a strict non-violence policy, since he believed it to be a powerful weapon and that violence was immoral and impractical. He delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech in August of 1963 and won a Nobel Peace Prize for his non-violent leadership in 1964. He was helped with numerous peaceful protests and marches for Civil Rights and inspired many with his powerful speeches, leading him to be a memorable activist during the fight for Civil Rights.

# data[].attributes.body
In June of 1969, at the Stonewall Inn, there was an aggressive raid by The Public Moral Squad in which gender checks took place. Over 100 people were lined up to be arrested while a crowd of 300 people formed outside the bar. A lesbian name Stormé DeLarverie shouted "WHY DON'T YOU GUYS DO SOMETHING?", which started the riot. The mob outside grew to over 1,000 people and began to fight back, one riot even using a meter as a battering ram. Over the next 4 days, there were riots, fights with police, graffiti, and angry articles in the newspaper. The event ended with the first ever ever pride parade and sparked the Gay Rights Movement