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American Counseling Association | A professional home for counselors. (n.d.). https://www.counseling.org/

Cht, A. B. P. D. (2022, July 12). What Is the Hierarchy of Needs? Verywell Health. https://www.verywellhealth.com/hierarchy-of-needs-maslow-s-five-categories-of-needs-5220468#:~:text=Maslow%27s%20hierarchy%20of%20needs%20is%20a%20psychological%20theory,find%20love%2C%20self-esteem%2C%20or%20reach%20their%20full%20potential.

HEALTH AND SAFETY CODE  CHAPTER 611. MENTAL HEALTH RECORDS. (n.d.). https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/HS/htm/HS.611.htm#611.004

SAMHSA - Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (n.d.). SAMHSA - the Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration. https://www.samhsa.gov/

Texas Family Code Section 261.101 - Persons Required to Report;  Time to Report. (n.d.). https://texas.public.law/statutes/tex._fam._code_section_261.101

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This assignment reminded me of Maslow's Hierarchy of needs. After a natural disaster, focusing on physiological needs is the most important, especially after losing a house or a loved one. Safety and security such as knowing people are there to care for you when you may be separated from your family. Love and belonging such as reaching out to someone isolated and crying to make sure they are ok and not pushing by asking what happened. After these are met, helping someone find comfort in their situation.

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The hierarchy of needs is a theory developed by a famous psychologist, Abraham Maslow, and initially published in 1943. This theory is based on the belief that human behavior is motivated by 5 groups of needs that need to be met in order-physiological needs, safety, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization.

This article discusses the hierarchy of needs, including how a person progresses through the hierarchy, and criticisms of Maslow's theory.

The Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is often represented as a pyramid, with more basic needs on the bottom (physiological needs) and higher needs (self-actualization) on the top. Maslow believed that a person's basic needs must be met before higher needs can be addressed.

The first four levels of needs in the pyramid are sometimes called "deficiency needs." This means that a person is deprived of something and is motivated to get it. For example, if a person goes without food, they are motivated by hunger. Once that hunger is satisfied, the motivation for food decreases.

The highest level-self-actualization-is referred to as a "growth" need. As needs are met at this top-level, a person becomes even more motivated for personal growth.

Physiological Needs

Physiological needs are at the base of the pyramid of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. These basic needs have to be met for a person to survive. These include:

Safety Needs

Safety and security are the next level of human needs. Many aspects of life are included in this level:

Financial security

Job security

Physical and emotional health

Safety from physical danger

Law and order in society

Love and Belonging Needs

Maslow believed that all people have a need to love and be loved. He also believed that depression, anxiety, and loneliness were caused by unmet needs in this level of the hierarchy. The third level of needs, called love and belonging, includes:

Esteem Needs

The fourth level of the hierarchy is esteem needs. These needs include how a person views themselves ( self-esteem), and the way they are seen by others. Esteem needs include:

Self-Actualization Needs

Self-actualization needs are at the top of Maslow's hierarchy of needs pyramid. This level represents personal growth or reaching your full potential. These needs are specific to each person and can include things like being a great parent, an accomplished athlete, a professional artist, or an excellent student. This category is personal to your particular goals in life.

Expanded Hierarchy of Needs

Progressing Through the Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow initially stated that a person had to progress through the hierarchy of needs in order. However, later in his career, he stated that the hierarchy of needs could differ from person to person, based on individual circumstances. For example, a person might have a stronger need for recognition by others (level four need) than feeling loved by others (level three need).

Criticism of the Hierarchy of Needs

One of the biggest criticisms of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is related to self-actualization needs. Maslow initially based his idea of a "self-actualized" person on the qualities demonstrated by 18 mostly Caucasian, highly-educated men from Western backgrounds. His findings were not based on the general population.

In later years, Maslow included research on self-actualized women, but these individuals were also from a "higher class" and lacked ethnic diversity. Maslow has also been criticized for including sex as a basic need of all people.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a psychological theory based on the idea that human behavior is motivated by levels of needs. These needs must be met in order-basic needs, such as food, water, and shelter, must be met before a person can find love, self-esteem, or reach their full potential.

Maslow's theory has been criticized based on its rigidity and lack of diversity. For some people, higher-level needs might be more important than needs in the "basic" level of the hierarchy.

A Word From Verywell

Whether you agree with Maslow or not, the hierarchy of needs can provide insight into the needs that can influence human behavior. This information can also help you prioritize your personal goals to help you reach your full potential.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the purpose of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Maslow's hierarchy of needs states that human behavior is motivated by the desire to have needs met, from basic to more complex.

How does someone progress through the hierarchy of needs?

As a person's basic needs are met, they are able to progress to the next level of the hierarchy. For example, once a person has their physical and emotional needs met, they are able to work on personal goals and reaching their full potential.

What are the shortcomings of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Maslow's hierarchy of needs assumes that all people put the same amount of value on different needs. However, for some people, finding love (level three need) might be more important than financial security (level two need). In addition, the hierarchy of needs does not take cultural differences into consideration.

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The hierarchy of needs is a theory developed by a famous psychologist, Abraham Maslow, and initially published in 1943. This theory is based on the belief that human behavior is motivated by 5 groups of needs that need to be met in order-physiological needs, safety, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization.

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Learning about Roger's situation the phrases counselors use was helpful in this course. Being attentive while a client is telling their story is important to build rapport. Open ended questions let the counselor gain more information that is important to the client. Closed ended questions help clarify for understanding and reflecting on what was discussed to help work through some of the issues/feelings.

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As a counselor, there are some limits to confidentiality including any time suspected abuse or neglect of a child/adult. This report must be made within 48 hours from the time the professional was made aware. Counselors in Texas must be careful when disclosing confidential information. Counselors are legally protected when reporting to medical or law enforcement in the event of “imminent physical injury by the patient to the patient or others or there is a probability of immediate mental or emotional injury to the patient.

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HEALTH AND SAFETY CODE



TITLE 7. MENTAL HEALTH AND INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY



SUBTITLE E. SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO MENTAL ILLNESS AND MENTAL RETARDATION



CHAPTER 611. MENTAL HEALTH RECORDS



Sec. 611.001. DEFINITIONS. In this chapter:


(1) "Patient" means a person who consults or is interviewed by a professional for diagnosis, evaluation, or treatment of any mental or emotional condition or disorder, including alcoholism or drug addiction.


(2) "Professional" means:


(A) a person authorized to practice medicine in any state or nation;


(B) a person licensed or certified by this state to diagnose, evaluate, or treat any mental or emotional condition or disorder; or


(C) a person the patient reasonably believes is authorized, licensed, or certified as provided by this subsection.


Added by Acts 1991, 72nd Leg., ch. 76, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1991.


Sec. 611.002. CONFIDENTIALITY OF INFORMATION AND PROHIBITION AGAINST DISCLOSURE. (a) Communications between a patient and a professional, and records of the identity, diagnosis, evaluation, or treatment of a patient that are created or maintained by a professional, are confidential.


(b) Confidential communications or records may not be disclosed except as provided by Section 611.004, 611.0041, or 611.0045.


(b-1) No exception to the privilege of confidentiality under Section 611.004 may be construed to create an independent duty or requirement to disclose the confidential information to which the exception applies.


(c) This section applies regardless of when the patient received services from a professional.


Added by Acts 1991, 72nd Leg., ch. 76, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1991. Amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 903, Sec. 1.11, eff. Aug. 30, 1993.


Amended by:


Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 633 (H.B. 549), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2021.


Sec. 611.003. PERSONS WHO MAY CLAIM PRIVILEGE OF CONFIDENTIALITY. (a) The privilege of confidentiality may be claimed by:


(1) the patient;


(2) a person listed in Section 611.004(a)(4) or (a)(5) who is acting on the patient's behalf; or


(3) the professional, but only on behalf of the patient.


(b) The authority of a professional to claim the privilege of confidentiality on behalf of the patient is presumed in the absence of evidence to the contrary.


Added by Acts 1991, 72nd Leg., ch. 76, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1991.


Sec. 611.004. AUTHORIZED DISCLOSURE OF CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OTHER THAN IN JUDICIAL OR ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDING. (a) A professional may disclose confidential information only:


(1) to a governmental agency if the disclosure is required or authorized by law;


(2) to medical, mental health, or law enforcement personnel if the professional determines that there is a probability of imminent physical injury by the patient to the patient or others or there is a probability of immediate mental or emotional injury to the patient;


(3) to qualified personnel for management audits, financial audits, program evaluations, or research, in accordance with Subsection (b);


(4) to a person who has the written consent of the patient, or a parent if the patient is a minor, or a guardian if the patient has been adjudicated as incompetent to manage the patient's personal affairs;


(5) to the patient's personal representative if the patient is deceased;


(6) to individuals, corporations, or governmental agencies involved in paying or collecting fees for mental or emotional health services provided by a professional;


(7) to other professionals and personnel under the professionals' direction who participate in the diagnosis, evaluation, or treatment of the patient;


(8) in an official legislative inquiry relating to a state hospital or state school as provided by Subsection (c);


(9) to designated persons or personnel of a correctional facility in which a person is detained if the disclosure is for the sole purpose of providing treatment and health care to the person in custody;


(10) to an employee or agent of the professional who requires mental health care information to provide mental health care services or in complying with statutory, licensing, or accreditation requirements, if the professional has taken appropriate action to ensure that the employee or agent:


(A) will not use or disclose the information for any other purposes; and


(B) will take appropriate steps to protect the information; or


(11) to satisfy a request for medical records of a deceased or incompetent person pursuant to Section 74.051(e), Civil Practice and Remedies Code.


(a-1) No civil, criminal, or administrative cause of action exists against a person described by Section 611.001(2)(A) or (B) for the disclosure of confidential information in accordance with Subsection (a)(2). A cause of action brought against the person for the disclosure of the confidential information must be dismissed with prejudice.


(b) Personnel who receive confidential information under Subsection (a)(3) may not directly or indirectly identify or otherwise disclose the identity of a patient in a report or in any other manner.


(c) The exception in Subsection (a)(8) applies only to records created by the state hospital or state school or by the employees of the hospital or school. Information or records that identify a patient may be released only with the patient's proper consent.


(d) A person who receives information from confidential communications or records may not disclose the information except to the extent that disclosure is consistent with the authorized purposes for which the person first obtained the information. This subsection does not apply to a person listed in Subsection (a)(4) or (a)(5) who is acting on the patient's behalf.


Added by Acts 1991, 72nd Leg., ch. 76, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1991. Amended by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 856, Sec. 8, eff. Sept. 1, 1995; Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. 1264, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1999.


Amended by:


Acts 2005, 79th Leg., Ch. 138 (H.B. 741), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2005.


Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 633 (H.B. 549), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2021.


Sec. 611.0041. REQUIRED DISCLOSURE OF CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OTHER THAN IN JUDICIAL OR ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDING. (a) In this section:


(1) "Patient" has the meaning assigned by Section 552.0011.


(2) "State hospital" has the meaning assigned by Section 552.0011.


(b) To the extent permitted by federal law, a professional shall disclose confidential information to the descendant of a patient of a state hospital if:


(1) the patient has been deceased for at least 50 years; and


(2) the professional does not have information indicating that releasing the medical record is inconsistent with any prior expressed preference of the deceased patient or personal representatives of the deceased patient's estate.


(c) A person who receives information from confidential communications or records may not disclose the information except to the extent that disclosure is consistent with the authorized purposes for which the person first obtained the information.


Added by Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1088 (H.B. 1901), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2019.


Sec. 611.0045. RIGHT TO MENTAL HEALTH RECORD. (a) Except as otherwise provided by this section, a patient is entitled to have access to the content of a confidential record made about the patient.


(b) The professional may deny access to any portion of a record if the professional determines that release of that portion would be harmful to the patient's physical, mental, or emotional health.


(c) If the professional denies access to any portion of a record, the professional shall give the patient a signed and dated written statement that having access to the record would be harmful to the patient's physical, mental, or emotional health and shall include a copy of the written statement in the patient's records. The statement must specify the portion of the record to which access is denied, the reason for denial, and the duration of the denial.


(d) The professional who denies access to a portion of a record under this section shall redetermine the necessity for the denial at each time a request for the denied portion is made. If the professional again denies access, the professional shall notify the patient of the denial and document the denial as prescribed by Subsection (c).


(e) If a professional denies access to a portion of a confidential record, the professional shall allow examination and copying of the record by another professional if the patient selects the professional to treat the patient for the same or a related condition as the professional denying access.


(f) The content of a confidential record shall be made available to a person listed by Section 611.004(a)(4) or (5) who is acting on the patient's behalf.


(g) A professional shall delete confidential information about another person who has not consented to the release, but may not delete information relating to the patient that another person has provided, the identity of the person responsible for that information, or the identity of any person who provided information that resulted in the patient's commitment.


(h) If a summary or narrative of a confidential record is requested by the patient or other person requesting release under this section, the professional shall prepare the summary or narrative.


(i) The professional or other entity that has possession or control of the record shall grant access to any portion of the record to which access is not specifically denied under this section within a reasonable time and may charge a reasonable fee.


(j) Notwithstanding Section 159.002, Occupations Code, this section applies to the release of a confidential record created or maintained by a professional, including a physician, that relates to the diagnosis, evaluation, or treatment of a mental or emotional condition or disorder, including alcoholism or drug addiction.


(k) The denial of a patient's access to any portion of a record by the professional or other entity that has possession or control of the record suspends, until the release of that portion of the record, the running of an applicable statute of limitations on a cause of action in which evidence relevant to the cause of action is in that portion of the record.


Added by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 903, Sec. 1.12, eff. Aug. 30, 1993. Amended by Acts 2001, 77th Leg., ch. 1420, Sec. 14.806, eff. Sept. 1, 2001.


Sec. 611.005. LEGAL REMEDIES FOR IMPROPER DISCLOSURE OR FAILURE TO DISCLOSE. (a) A person aggrieved by the improper disclosure of or failure to disclose confidential communications or records in violation of this chapter may petition the district court of the county in which the person resides for appropriate relief, including injunctive relief. The person may petition a district court of Travis County if the person is not a resident of this state.


(b) In a suit contesting the denial of access under Section 611.0045, the burden of proving that the denial was proper is on the professional who denied the access.


(c) The aggrieved person also has a civil cause of action for damages.


Added by Acts 1991, 72nd Leg., ch. 76, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1991. Amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 903, Sec. 1.13, eff. Aug. 30, 1993.


Sec. 611.006. AUTHORIZED DISCLOSURE OF CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION IN JUDICIAL OR ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDING. (a) A professional may disclose confidential information in:


(1) a judicial or administrative proceeding brought by the patient or the patient's legally authorized representative against a professional, including malpractice proceedings;


(2) a license revocation proceeding in which the patient is a complaining witness and in which disclosure is relevant to the claim or defense of a professional;


(3) a judicial or administrative proceeding in which the patient waives the patient's right in writing to the privilege of confidentiality of information or when a representative of the patient acting on the patient's behalf submits a written waiver to the confidentiality privilege;


(4) a judicial or administrative proceeding to substantiate and collect on a claim for mental or emotional health services rendered to the patient;


(5) a judicial proceeding if the judge finds that the patient, after having been informed that communications would not be privileged, has made communications to a professional in the course of a court-ordered examination relating to the patient's mental or emotional condition or disorder, except that those communications may be disclosed only with respect to issues involving the patient's mental or emotional health;


(6) a judicial proceeding affecting the parent-child relationship;


(7) any criminal proceeding, as otherwise provided by law;


(8) a judicial or administrative proceeding regarding the abuse or neglect, or the cause of abuse or neglect, of a resident of an institution, as that term is defined by Chapter 242;


(9) a judicial proceeding relating to a will if the patient's physical or mental condition is relevant to the execution of the will;


(10) an involuntary commitment proceeding for court-ordered treatment or for a probable cause hearing under:


(A) Chapter 462;


(B) Chapter 574; or


(C) Chapter 593; or


(11) a judicial or administrative proceeding where the court or agency has issued an order or subpoena.


(b) On granting an order under Subsection (a)(5), the court, in determining the extent to which disclosure of all or any part of a communication is necessary, shall impose appropriate safeguards against unauthorized disclosure.


Added by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 856, Sec. 9, eff. Sept. 1, 1995.


Sec. 611.007. REVOCATION OF CONSENT. (a) Except as provided by Subsection (b), a patient or a patient's legally authorized representative may revoke a disclosure consent to a professional at any time. A revocation is valid only if it is written, dated, and signed by the patient or legally authorized representative.


(b) A patient may not revoke a disclosure that is required for purposes of making payment to the professional for mental health care services provided to the patient.


(c) A patient may not maintain an action against a professional for a disclosure made by the professional in good faith reliance on an authorization if the professional did not have notice of the revocation of the consent.


Added by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 856, Sec. 9, eff. Sept. 1, 1995.


Sec. 611.008. REQUEST BY PATIENT. (a) On receipt of a written request from a patient to examine or copy all or part of the patient's recorded mental health care information, a professional, as promptly as required under the circumstances but not later than the 15th day after the date of receiving the request, shall:


(1) make the information available for examination during regular business hours and provide a copy to the patient, if requested; or


(2) inform the patient if the information does not exist or cannot be found.


(b) Unless provided for by other state law, the professional may charge a reasonable fee for retrieving or copying mental health care information and is not required to permit examination or copying until the fee is paid unless there is a medical emergency.


(c) A professional may not charge a fee for copying mental health care information under Subsection (b) to the extent the fee is prohibited under Subchapter M, Chapter 161.


Added by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 856, Sec. 9, eff. Sept. 1, 1995.

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HEALTH AND SAFETY CODE CHAPTER 611. MENTAL HEALTH RECORDS

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Attached is a link to Abilene's inpatient behavioral hospital. If a patient is struggling with immediate/urgent mental health needs, this would be an emergency referral.

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Oceans Abilene provides inpatient and outpatient mental health treatment for children, adults and seniors with depression, anxiety and other behavioral health challenges

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Attached is a link for Abilene's local substance abuse council. They have classes focused on parenting, case management, AA/NA groups, substance abuse assessments and can refer and connect clients to drug and alcohol treatment centers across the state of Texas.

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is received primarily from the Texas Health and Human Services Commission (HHSC). Additionally, our agency receives grants from service organizations and private corporations, funding from area counties, donors, and revenue from Council Offender Education programs.

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Attached is a link to Abilene's local mental health resources. I utilize this with parents who struggle with drug addiction and mental health concerns. If a client does not have insurance, they provide services at no cost to the patient.

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Attached is the link for the ACA Code of Ethics.

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This assignment showed me the negative outcomes of a childhood filled with trauma. It showed me that without support, an individual can end up in prison for the rest of their life for a mistake they made as a juvenile. When looking up websites to complete the ACE's test, I found the link above. It is an organization that advocates to stop child abuse, work with other organizations and policy makers to help address the problem of child abuse. This was my favorite assignment as it was a real life scenario and it generated critical thinking on my end.

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Answer these 10 questions from the CDC’s Adverse Childhood Experience Study and predict your health risks. What is your ACE score?

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The artifact above was very useful to me. Seeing the definitions for each type of trauma in one place, I was able to reflect on my past as well as "Justin" in I am A Killer. One thing I learned during this assignment was the outcomes of being exposed to multiple ACE's. This assignment showed me the need for proper support systems for children in care and children in general. It helped me reflect on how in my role, I can be exposed to vicarious trauma by constantly witnessing other people's. Ultimately, it showed me the need for self care so I do not experience burnout and leave the children I work with without proper support from their case manager.

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Reference Guide for Mental Health Disorders

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Reference Guide for Mental Health Disorders

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This assignment was eye opening as many of these disorders I was not familiar with. I enjoyed researching about different types of disorders and treatment for them. It allows me to have definitions and treatment I can use while in my current role and future role as an LPC. I am a very organized person so this will come in handy and is currently saved to my desktop.

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Reference Guide for Mental Health Disorders_012523_final

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This assignment allowed me to get to know my classmates as well as hear some of their stories. The research I found showed the need for mental health professionals and the lack of support some people may face depending on where they live. It reminded me that people still struggle with stigmas associated with mental health. The link I posted has links to find treatment for both mental health and substance abuse issues.

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SAMHSA - The Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration

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SAMHSA - Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

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SAMHSA.gov, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

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My name is Cameron Walker, I am enrolled in the Mental Health and Wellness Counseling Program.

A personal goal for this course is to learn more about my personal conditions and how to help when I am overwhelmed.

A professional goal for this course is to learn about crisis, trauma and mental health to assist me daily with the clients I currently serve. I am confident this will allow me to have empathy and compassion rather than judgement when working with families.

I enjoy spending time with my family and would not be who I am without them.