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A great serf revolt in Russia was led by Stepan Razin. They advocated for freedom from landlord control. The revolt was then extinguished by tsarist troops.

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This ended the Time of Trouble! Michael Romanov established internal order within the divided Russian empire. He drove out foreign invaders, resumed the expansionist policy of predecessors, and expanded boundaries as far as the Ottomans.

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Ivan IV died without an heir. This led to Russian boyars attempting to use the vacuum of power left by the death to re-establish their authority. This ended with the selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613.

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Moscow was freed of payment from the Mongols, and Russia was under the control of Ivan III, the prince of the Duchy of Moscow. Moscow was later sacked by Mongols as late as 1571.

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During the Song Dynasty, many officials called scholar-gentry were appointed based on familial relations and civil service tests. These officials worked in the bureaucracy and were the source of most of China's accomplishments. They also oversaw the construction of bridges, irrigation systems, water mills, canals, and roadways. The scholar-gentry also helped devise many of China's new inventions which significantly helped China advance technologically.

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As many as 200 languages were spoken, and a variety of cultures incorporated Indian culture to ecological systems. Agriculture had also been spread far throughout the Americas, and some cultures combined it with hunting and fishing. Slash-and-burn agriculture led to the creation of more villages.

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1520s: Just before the Europeans arrived, a system of royal multiple marriages was established. This created alliances, which led led to rivalries for power and civil war.

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Russia under Ivan III broke free from Mongol control.

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Over the course of the slave trade, 9.5 million slaves were taken out of Africa and brought to the Americas. Many of these slaves were used for various types of cheap labor. When the slaves were brought to the Americas, they went through the Middle Passage, a horrific journey were slaves were packed tightly into boats, causing many of them to die.

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The Columbian Exchange led to a lot of diseases entering the New World and many new types of crops and livestock between the Old and New World.

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A time of great philosophical development, also known as the "Age of Reason." Philosophes would begin to meet and debate over new philosophies. Wealthy rulers served as patrons to these philosophers.

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Following Columbus' arrival in the New World, many European countries began to send their own sailors to the Americas. The French, English, Dutch, Spanish, and Portuguese all sent their own explorers to the New World to try and discover new things and new routes to India.

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Time of great scientific focus and developments.

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Christopher Columbus reached the New World after being funded by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Castile and Aragon. Following his voyage to the Americas, man y Europeans began to follow in suit.

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The Renaissance was a cultural and political movement that started in Italy. The Renaissance featured more secular literature and art and moved society away from the church. Many artists during that time tried to portray the life of ordinary people which was very different from the art before that. Some developments include new painting mediums and painting techniques. Some great Renaissance artists include Michael Angelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci

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1488: The Portuguese pass the Cape of Good Hope

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1488: The Portuguese pass the Cape of Good Hope

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As the Portuguese attempted to reach India through an oceanic route, they tried to sail around the tip of Africa and were finally successful in 1488.

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Dominant empire in Africa.

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Empire of farmers, herders, and fishers in central Niger valley. Thrived as a gold source and trading center.

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The powerful nobles of England forced King John to sign the Magna Carta which was a document that limited royal power by forcing the rulers to ask nobles for permission to raise taxes and agreement from church officials. The Magna Carta also called for a council of nobles as a check and balance for the ruler.

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During the fourteenth century, the Black plague began to spread around Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. The plague eventually killed roughly one-third of the population.

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The Mongols were successfully able to capture two major Russian cities which caused the Russians to start hating the Mongols and calling them Tartars. Although the Mongols were hated they were very influential and the Russians began to adopt Mongol ideas and culture.

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In 1382, the Ottomans crossed the Strait of Dardanelles and reached the Balkans. They later fought the Serbs and took over the area.

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Many of the Hindu believers felt that Islam posed a threat to them so they tried to get rid of all Muslim influences within India and tried to convince Indian Muslims to convert. After seeing what the Hindus were doing, Muslims began to work to strengthen their contacts with other Muslim areas and ensure that the Indian Muslims were unified. After a while, they were able to gain converts and establish strong connections.

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Ottoman dynasty founded
Turkic speakers of Central Asia
Islamic civilization

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Chinggis Kahn’s encampment was attacked by a rival tribe; he was locked and humiliated, but then made a midnight escape to reunite with his family in the mountains. After being reunited, he worked with other nomads to get revenge. Less than a decade after that, he was elected khagan (a supreme leader).

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Chinggis Khan was born into a splinter clan that fought for survival after the fall of the Mongol alliance

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The Mongol decline led to a loss of interregional contacts which pushed many countries to take the initiative and start creating their own contacts and networks.

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1095-1291: The Crusades and their impacts

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1095-1291: The Crusades and their impacts

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The Crusades led to the intensification of Europe's borrowing from the Muslim World. This led to aspects of the Muslim world being adapted and brought into Europe. Things like coffee, dates, chess, and yogurt were integrated into the elite and popular cultures in Europe.

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1258-1287: Mongol Invasions into Vietnam

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1258-1287: Mongol Invasions into Vietnam

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Mongol campaigns were launched in an attempt to make Vietnam a vassal and prevent the Vietnamese from supporting the deteriorating Chinese dynasty. The Vietnamese turned to guerrilla warfare, ambushes, and hit-and-run style attacks. They would also burn all crops from the areas that they were retreating from to prevent the Mongols from having enough food to feed their army. These wars significantly destroyed the peasant towns so to prevent further damage, the ruler accepted defeat and agreed to become a vassal.

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A series of wars lasting for 5 years between two powerful families in Japan; the Taira and the Minamoto. Their feud turned into a war on the island of Honshu that brought great suffering to the peasantry. The Minamoto eventually won the war.

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Following a period of political instability, warlords began to amass power through their estates and for some, aristocratic origins. Samurai began to develop and govern their own small kingdoms. The failure of the state to conscript a government led the samurai to gain power and the emergence of a warrior class.

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1368: Start of the Ming Dynasty following the revolts against Mongols

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1368: Start of the Ming Dynasty following the revolts against Mongols

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Religious sects such as the White Lotus society began to lead revolts against Mongol rule. This led to the Yuan Dynasty falling apart and the Mongols escaping into Central Asia. Zhu Yuanzhang, a military commander from a peasant family, led the restoration of peace and order. He also began the start of the Ming Dynasty.

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1206-1227: Rule of Chinggis Khan (Temujin)

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1206-1227: Rule of Chinggis Khan (Temujin)

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Under Chinggis Khan's rule, the Mongols conquered parts of Asia and the Islamic world. Chinggis Khan also consulted with scholars to improve his military. His rule also allowed art to flourish.

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1325: Tenochtitlan established by Aztecs

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1325: Tenochtitlan established by Aztecs

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Tenochtitlan was established near Lake Texcoco and had a sophisticated irrigation system involving floating islands for agriculture to support their population of around 100,000. The capital also featured many amazing bridges, canals, and pyramids that later amazed Spanish Conquistadores.

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1258: Mongols take Baghdad and end Abbasid Dynasty

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1258: Mongols take Baghdad and end Abbasid Dynasty

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The Mongols had long been chipping away at the empire by capturing and sacking cities. Eventually, the Mongols were able to reach the capital of Baghdad and depose the Abbasid caliph, which signaled the end of the Abbasid empire.

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Timur-i Lang, a leader of Turkic nomads, led his forces to conquer Central Asia, West Asia, and India. His army reached Delhi and killed the sultanate and the many inhabitants while destroying the city. The fall of Delhi led to warring kingdoms all throughout the Indian subcontinent.