# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The neuro-cognitive consequences of bilingualism | Dr Mirjana Bozic

# data[].attributes.headline
The four language skills are framed in two dimensions:

# data[].attributes.subject
The four language skills are framed in two dimensions:

# data[].attributes.body
As mentioned in previous points, there are mainly 2 dimensions in which language skills are framed sizes in which these four skills are framed.

On the one hand, are receptive and productive skills; and on the other are oracy and literacy.

# data[].attributes.headline
Intellectual competencies: additive, neutral, and subtractive bilingualism: 

# data[].attributes.subject
Intellectual competencies: additive, neutral, and subtractive bilingualism: 

# data[].attributes.body
The level of development of each language determines the type of bilingualism and its effect on cognitive development.

For example, it will be additive if all cognitive skills are developed in both languages; and it will be neutral and subtractive if the skills are developed unevenly.

# data[].attributes.headline
Different types of bilingualism, according to age and environment:

# data[].attributes.subject
Different types of bilingualism, according to age and environment:

# data[].attributes.body
There are diffeent types of bilingualism depending on age and environment.

# data[].attributes.body
The subset hypothesis says that the languages are stored in a single extended system, but the elements of each language were considered separate subsystems of the larger system or neurofunctional system of the language.

# data[].attributes.body
Paradis (1978) proposed a single set of mental representations but organized them in different ways depending on the extent to which L1 and L2 function cognitively in speaking or decoding either language

# data[].attributes.body
Bilingual language acquisition refers to the (more or less) simultaneous acquisition of two languages beginning in infancy (or before the age of three years.

# data[].attributes.headline
Bilingualism-related aspects of first language development and cognition

# data[].attributes.subject
Bilingualism-related aspects of first language development and cognition

# data[].attributes.body
The subsystem theory hypothesis

States that in the bilingual brain, there is a larger system that contains each language in smaller subsystems.

# data[].attributes.body
The Tripartite System

Affirm that in the bilingual brain, there are as many as many systems as there are languages known to bilingual people.

# data[].attributes.body
The Dual System

This theory states that the bilingual brain has two different systems, one for each language.

# data[].attributes.body
The Unitary System
This theory states that all languages known to bilinguals are stored in a common place.
The main scholars are Volterra and Taeschner (1978).

# data[].attributes.body
There are four theories:

# data[].attributes.body
It is simultaneous when a child is introduced to a second language before the age of three.

# data[].attributes.body
Successive bilingualism is when a child is introduced to a second language after the age of three.

# data[].attributes.body
There are two types of bilingualism depending on the context of acquisition: simultaneous and successive.

# data[].attributes.body
Unbalanced forms are those in which one language dominates the other.

# data[].attributes.body
Balanced bilinguals have approximately equal abilities in both languages.

# data[].attributes.body
There are two types of bilingualism according to proficiency: balanced or unbalanced.

# data[].attributes.body
A bilingual person can be considered early or late.

This can be the result of L2 acquisition in a natural environment.

People who learned a second language before the age of six are early bilinguals.

Those who did so after the age of twelve are late bilinguals.

# data[].attributes.body
According to the context of acquisition

# data[].attributes.body
According to competence

# data[].attributes.body
According to age

# data[].attributes.body
There are three types of bilingualism.

# data[].attributes.headline
The exposure of babies to a second language at the same time.

# data[].attributes.subject
The exposure of babies to a second language at the same time.

# data[].attributes.body
Genially link

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Learning two different languages at the same time, also known as simultaneous bilingual acquisition of the first language.

7

1

2

3

10

8

9

4

5

6

The youngest infants have the ability to differentiate between two sounds that are phonemes in any language in the world.

According to a 1970 article: All the grammar, all the vocabulary, for both languages would be grouped together in the baby's mind and then they would have to figure it out later.

Learning two languages at an early age makes it easier to learn new languages later in life.

Young children have no trouble telling which words and sentences should go where, and they build grammars for both languages very well.

Linguists think that bilingual children have two different grammars for their two different languages.

Study says that young children keep the two languages separate in their heads.

As adults, learning a new language can seem really intimidating.

New parents often worry a lot about how their baby will cope with language acquisition when exposed to more than one at a time.

Children can distinguish the phonemes of each language from the first year of age.

Consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.

There was a lot of concern about what happened to infants who were learning two different languages at the same time, also known as simultaneous bilingual first language acquisition.

17

11

12

13

20

18

14

15

16

For a bilingual adult the code combination depends on who they are talking to, what they are talking about, how good they are at both languages, how formal they are, and other factors.

Young children who learn two languages together from the beginning learn without explicit learning and without any of the difficulties that adults have in learning new languages.

Younger children know the correct place for negation. They already separated the syntax of English and French, so they know where "no" should go.

There is evidence to suggest that learning 2 languages at an early age makes it easier to learn new languages later in life.

Learning multiple languages as a baby or toddler is a total win.

Even if kids mix up the code a bit, it doesn't mean they're confused about their different grammars.

Bilingual children have two different grammars for their two different languages.

19

Spanish babies, as they grew up, no longer cared: to them, [e] and [ɛ] were the same sound. And the Catalan babies always cared.

A 2003 study looked at infants learning Spanish and Catalan. Catalan is concerned with the difference between the two vowels [e] and [ɛ], but Spanish is not.

Consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The exposure of babies to a second language at the same time

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learning two different languages at the same time, also known as simultaneous bilingual acquisition of the first language. 7 1 2 3 10 8 9 4 5 6 The youngest infants have the ability to differentiate between two sounds that are phonemes in any language in the world.