# data[].attributes.headline
This article talks about the impact of the collapse of Observatory in Puerto Rico, since it had facilities that allowed collecting information about the planets

# data[].attributes.subject
This article talks about the impact of the collapse of Observatory in Puerto Rico, since it had facilities that allowed collecting information about the planets

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico Collapses (Published 2020)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Astronomers and residents of Puerto Rico mourned as an eye on the cosmos shuttered unexpectedly on Tuesday morning.

# data[].attributes.headline
This video is about an interesting marine exploration done to the east of the Guayanilla Canyon in Puerto Rico

# data[].attributes.subject
This video is about an interesting marine exploration done to the east of the Guayanilla Canyon in Puerto Rico

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Guayanilla Canyon, East Wall: Exploring Puerto Rico’s Seamounts, Trenches, and Troughs 2015

# data[].attributes.headline
This article provides information about the different vehicles that exist to explore the sea and talks about the function of each of them.

# data[].attributes.subject
This article provides information about the different vehicles that exist to explore the sea and talks about the function of each of them.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
What are underwater vehicles?

In order to understand the ocean, scientists often find they have to get themselves or their instruments into very specific parts of it. Traditionally, researchers have used ships to photograph the depths, to drop floats and drifters into the currents, and to collect samples of water, rock, and marine life. In recent years, the spectrum of available observing tools has grown to include human-occupied submersibles, remote-controlled vehicles, and autonomous robots.

Human Occupied Vehicles (HOVs)

HOVs take small teams of scientists and engineers directly to the seafloor for limited periods of time. They usually accommodate three people and are built to withstand the extreme pressure thousands of meters below the surface of the ocean and permit scientists to make detailed observations, collect specific samples, and place, retrieve, or conduct experiments on the seafloor and in the deep ocean. In addition to the vehicle's manipulator arm, cameras, sensors, and collection instruments, the HOV also carries another important data-gathering device: the scientists' own eyes and knowledge of the deep, which is a key advantage of using the vehicles, despite the additional complexity of designing and deploying them.

Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs)

ROVs are tethered robots that allow researchers to make observations, collect samples, and conduct experiments while controlling the vehicle from the surface. The vehicles can remain below the surface for a day or more at a time, and can hover like a helicopter over a seafloor target or survey a wide area. The tether sends and receives control signals, vehicle sensor data, and images and allows the pilot to control the vehicle's manipulator arm in real time to carry out targeted surveys and collections, and help carry out detailed experiments in the deep ocean.

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs)

AUVs are programmable, robotic vehicles that, depending on their design, can drift, drive, or glide through the ocean without real-time control by human operators. Some AUVs communicate with operators periodically or continuously through satellite signals or underwater acoustic beacons to permit some level of control. AUVs allow scientists to conduct other experiments from a surface ship while the vehicle is off collecting data elsewhere on the surface or in the deep ocean. Some AUVs can also make decisions on their own, changing their mission profile based on environmental data they receive through sensors while under way.

Hybrid Remotely Operated Vehicle (HROVs)

HROVs combine design advantages of two types of vehicles in a single platform. An HROV can operate as a free-swimming autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), flying through the ocean like an aircraft to survey and map large areas with onboard sonar, sensors, and cameras. It can also be converted aboard ship into a remotely operated vehicle (ROV), connected to a surface ship via a lightweight, micro-thin fiber-optic tether that permits scientists and operators on the surface to control the vehicle and its manipulator arm to carry out targeted surveys and collections, and help carry out detailed experiments in the deep ocean.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Underwater Vehicles - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In order to understand the ocean, scientists often find they have to get themselves or their instruments into very specific parts of it. Traditionally, researchers have used ships to photograph the depths, to drop floats and drifters into the currents, and to collect samples of water, rock, and marine life.

# data[].attributes.headline
This resource talks about the contributions made by these brilliant minds

# data[].attributes.subject
This resource talks about the contributions made by these brilliant minds

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Throughout history, there have been plenty of successful military leaders. However, a select handful stands out from the multitude, famous for their courage, brilliance, and remarkable leadership - those whose innovations in combat helped shape the society we live in today.

From Alexander the Great to Napoleon Bonaparte, these great generals have achieved feats that have changed the course of history and warfare itself and proven that numbers don't necessarily win wars.

This article will explore the lives, legacies, and leadership styles of some of the greatest generals in history.

Here we go!

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE) was a monarch of the ancient Greek state of Macedon, known throughout history as the man who nearly conquered the world. He was a great strategist and charismatic leader who, with a relatively small army, built a vast empire stretching from modern-day Greece to India.

Alexander the Great was born in Macedonia in 356 BC and ascended to the throne at age 20. Shortly after his succession, he launched his military campaign, invading Persia, the world's largest empire at the time.

His first victory came almost too easily. Using never before seen tactics that his enemies were unguarded against, he rapidly captured the Persian regions of Syria, Phoenicia, and Egypt. Finally, he defeated the Persian ruler Darius III at the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BCE after crossing the Euphrates and Tigris rivers.

Despite having conquered the most powerful empire in blood and fire, the great general didn't relent. He carried on his expedition to conquer Mesopotamia, Armenia, and the Indus Valley. He eventually reached the edge of the Indian subcontinent, where he fought several battles against the Indian king Porus.

During his conquests, the youthful conqueror was famed for his daring and aggressive combat style, and he was regarded as a master of flanking maneuvers and surprise attacks. He invented siege warfare tactics and pioneered combining land and naval forces.

His understanding of logistics enabled him to adequately supply and move his troops, ensuring that he and his men could fight at full strength even when they were far from home.

Alexander's troops eventually became exhausted after years of military engagements. His charisma could no longer motivate his men to fight longer. By then, Alexander had conquered the majority of the known world of his day with his intellect and inventive approach to combat. This achievement has yet to be replicated even today.

Alexander died on his way back to Babylon in 323 BC at 33 after a brief illness. Despite his short life, Alexander left a legacy that molded much of the ancient world's cultural landscape, and his influence is still felt today, inspiring generations of leaders and thinkers.

Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar was a renowned military leader best known for his military campaigns in the Gallic Wars and the subsequent civil war that eventually led to his rise to power.

Swiftness and calculated efficiency were the trademarks of Caesar's military campaigns. He is said to have ingeniously incorporated a combination of the Roman legion system, strategy, and tactics into his style, resulting in a newer, better, and more efficient combat methodology that was the most devastating in its time.

Caesar's military career began in 88 BC, with the military campaign of consuls Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla, which resulted in a Marian victory. In 85 BC, the young warrior was made a military tribune. And in 83 BC, he became a commander who commanded a sizable legion.

Of all Caesar's military campaigns, his Gaul conquests are perhaps his most famous and illustrious, as he managed to conquer the entirety of Gaul in just eight years. His tactics included surprise attacks, swift marches, and mobile artillery. In the civil war against Pompey, where he crossed the Rubicon, Caesar employed various tactics, including marches, ambushes, and psychological warfare.

In the ancient world, he was infamous for his ability to win wars even when outnumbered. The famous saying in literature and pop - Veni, vidi, vici ("I came, I saw, I conquered") - originated from the infamy of the Roman general's tactical prowess. It was also his armada's motto.

In addition to his military strategies, Caesar was known for motivating and inspiring his troops. He was a great orator who could rally his troops with stirring speeches, encouraging them to fight for him even in the grimmest circumstances.

Overall, Julius Caesar was a remarkable military leader who was able to conquer vast territories with a combination of strategy, tactics, and motivation. He was a master of offensive and defensive warfare and could win battles even when facing overwhelming odds. Caesar's military campaigns are still studied in military schools today, and his legacy is one of the most enduring in military history.

Hannibal

If you're an ancient Roman reborn, chances are you'll hate the name Hannibal with passion. Dubbed Rome's "public enemy number one," Hannibal was a great Carthaginian general who stormed ancient Rome with his innovative combat philosophies.

Born in 247 BC in Carthage, Hanibal was trained in warfare by his father, Hamilcar Barca, from a young age. His first major campaign was in Spain in 218 BC, where he achieved numerous victories against the Romans.

After his successes in Spain, Hannibal, in an audacious move, marched his troops to invade Italy and was surprisingly largely successful in conquering the ancient land. He fought three majorly decisive battles against the Romans at Trebia, Lake Trasimene, and Cannae in his campaign. Hannibal's forces were significantly outnumbered at each battle, but he won three.

Hannibal's most famous campaign was his march across the Alps with his army in 218 BC, where he ingeniously led a force of approximately 50,000 soldiers and 37 elephants across the mountains. With the element of surprise and his non-traditional elephant Cavalry, he could lay waste to the Roman forces at minimum cost.

The absolute brilliance of the Carthaginian general shone through at the famous Battle of Cannae in 216 BC when he destroyed the Roman legions and killed an estimated 70,000 Roman men. The fight is frequently considered one of the bloodiest in ancient history.

Hannibal's tactics were revolutionary, and his military genius has been studied ever since. Through his rampage in ancient Rome and Italy, he was infamous for his ability to use the terrain and weather to his advantage and his innovative use of tactics such as feigned retreats and ambushes.

Following his victory at Cannae, Hannibal continued to harry the Romans for another fourteen years before being defeated by Scipio Africanus at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC. Despite his eventual defeat, Hannibal's military exploits exemplified tactical genius and substantiated audacity.

Napoleon Bonaparte

If we're talking about whose conquests are most dissected and studied by modern-day military experts and tacticians, then it'd be Napoleon - for both good and bad reasons.

His accomplishments in his lifetime were more than enough to earn him a lasting place in history as one the greatest generals of the time. Moreover, his genius for warfare was so overwhelming that his combat philosophies style changed the course of history.

Wars fought following the Napoleonic Wars had to adhere to an unwritten norm established by his accomplishments. The man single-handedly altered the way wars were fought since his time.

Napoleon's rise to power began with his success at the Battle of Lodi in 1796, where he commanded a small French force to victory against a larger Austrian army. This victory earned him the recognition of the French government and set him on a path to military greatness.

In 1803, he declared himself Emperor of France. He launched a series of ambitious military campaigns known as the Napoleonic Wars, during which he achieved numerous victories, including the sweeping triumph at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805 and the decisive win at the Battle of Wagram in 1809.

Napoleon conquered much of continental Europe and established the first French Empire. He famously adopted a "scorched earth" policy in some of his campaigns, effectively denying resources to his enemies and ensuring his success. His most famous victory was at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805 when he decisively defeated an Austrian-Russian joint force of 95,000 men with only 68,000 men.

Napoleon's career was not without defeats, however. In 1812, his invasion of Russia ended in disaster. His eventual defeat in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo marked the beginning of his final exile.

Despite his defeat, Napoleon's legacy lives on. He was an innovator in warfare and a masterful military strategist. His contributions to the art of warfare are still studied today, and he is remembered as one of the greatest generals in history.

Genghis Khan

Throughout history, there are countless records of ambitious warlords who wage wars to fuel their ambitions and lofty goals, but few were as successful as Genghis Khan can, and even fewer - maybe none- were as ruthless as he was.

Born Temujin in 1162, the son of a Mongol chieftain, Ghenghis was an oddball combination of military brilliance and unemphatic coldness.

The Mongol warlord was a skilled and effective leader who used various military tactics, diplomacy, and psychological warfare to achieve his goals. He was relentless in his pursuit of conquest, and he would often pursue his enemies for months or even years until they were defeated or surrendered.

He rose to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia and creating a powerful military force. He brought all Mongol tribes together and created a powerful and unified nation.

The unification of his country, which could count as some other iconic figure's ultimate achievement, was merely the opening chapter of his story.

Using the strength of his united Mongolian power, he conquered Asia and Europe, extending his dominion from Central Asia to the Middle East and Eastern Europe, creating one of history's largest empires.

Through his campaigns, his insight as a strategist overwhelmed his enemies every step of the way.

The terror he instilled in his enemies ensured he had already won half the war before deploying the first soldier. He understood the importance of psychological warfare and perfectly exploited this aspect of combat to his advantage.

Genghis Khan was also known for his strict discipline and insistence on loyalty and obedience from his followers. He would often punish those who disobeyed him, sometimes by ordering the execution of their entire family. He also enforced strict rules of conduct, such as forbidding the looting of conquered cities.

Genghis Khan's legacy has endured for centuries. He is remembered as one of the most successful conquerors in history, and his name is still associated with ruthlessness.

Khalid ibn al-Walid

Khalid ibn al-Walid was a military commander who lived in the 7th century. He is considered one of the greatest military generals in history, with an almost unparalleled record of victories.

Born in Mecca in the year 585, Khalid was the son of al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, a prominent member of the Banu Makhzum, a powerful clan of the Quraysh tribe. He grew up in a time of great political and social upheaval in Arabia, as the various tribes and clans of the region were locked in a series of conflicts and power struggles.

Despite his youth, Khalid quickly emerged as a talented military commander and played a key role in many battles and skirmishes during this time. He was known for his tactical genius and his ability to adapt to changing circumstances on the battlefield, and he was able to inspire great loyalty and devotion in his troops.

One of the key moments in Khalid's career came in 624 when he fought in the Battle of Badr against Muhammad's Muslim forces. Although Muslims ultimately defeated the Meccans, all recognized Khalid's tactical brilliance and bravery. This turning point also helped lead him to convert to Islam.

Throughout his career, Khalid participated in many other battles and campaigns and was eventually responsible for many early Muslim conquests.

Georgy Zhukov

Georgy Zhukov was a Soviet military commander who played a key role in the Allied victory in World War II. He is widely considered one of the greatest military generals in history, and his tactical brilliance and leadership skills were instrumental in the defeat of Germany.

Zhukov was born in 1896 in Russia and began his military career during World War I, where he served as a junior officer. After the war, he continued to rise through the ranks of the Soviet military, and by the time World War II began, he was a well-respected commander.

During the war, Zhukov played a crucial role in several significant battles, including the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Kursk. His tactical genius and leadership skills were instrumental in these victories, and he gained overall command of the Soviet forces on the Eastern Front.

After the war, Zhukov remained a prominent figure in the Soviet military, eventually becoming Marshal of the Soviet Union.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Throughout history, there have been plenty of successful military leaders. However, a select handful stands out from the multitude, famous for their courage, brilliance, and remarkable leadership - those whose innovations in combat helped shape the society we live in today.

# data[].attributes.headline
This article talks about great influencers and what each one did in history

# data[].attributes.subject
This article talks about great influencers and what each one did in history

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The 10 most influential 20th century diplomats

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The list below comprises of the ten most influential diplomats of the twentieth century. These people held positions and accomplished achievements which influenced the lives of millions, the fate of countries and peoples and eventually changed the history of the last century. This list of the most r…

# data[].attributes.headline
This source of information talks about several inventions that revolutionized history such as the compass, the calendar and others.

# data[].attributes.subject
This source of information talks about several inventions that revolutionized history such as the compass, the calendar and others.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
19 Great Inventions That Revolutionized History

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
If you want to learn who invented the steam engine, the telegraph, or the computer you can check out this article.

# data[].attributes.headline
This video shows us how conservationists help the island recover and animals can have a better environment thanks to this.

# data[].attributes.subject
This video shows us how conservationists help the island recover and animals can have a better environment thanks to this.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Puerto Rican conservationists restore the environment | Puerto Rican conservationists are working on rebuilding the natural wonders destroyed after the strongest storm that hit the island in nearly a century. | By Hindustan Times | Facebook

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
6.5K views, 21 likes, 2 loves, 0 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Hindustan Times: Puerto Rican conservationists are working on rebuilding the natural wonders destroyed after the...

# data[].attributes.headline
Here is a video that provides information about the puerto rican crested toad and its importance. Talk about their habitat and how it is being affected to the point that it is critically endangered.

# data[].attributes.subject
Here is a video that provides information about the puerto rican crested toad and its importance. Talk about their habitat and how it is being affected to the point that it is critically endangered.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Detroit Zoo | Conservation- Puerto Rican Crested Toad

# data[].attributes.headline
Here they present a video about the things these people are doing to save the Puerto Rican parrot

# data[].attributes.subject
Here they present a video about the things these people are doing to save the Puerto Rican parrot

# data[].attributes.headline
This video shows how the lizard is dangerous animals in Puerto Rico

# data[].attributes.subject
This video shows how the lizard is dangerous animals in Puerto Rico

# data[].attributes.headline
This video resource shows the different wildlife in Puerto Rico

# data[].attributes.subject
This video resource shows the different wildlife in Puerto Rico

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Wildlife In Puerto Rico: Discover Amazing Puerto Rican Animals!

# data[].attributes.headline
This video shows the risk of living and staying in Puerto Rico with natural disasters

# data[].attributes.subject
This video shows the risk of living and staying in Puerto Rico with natural disasters

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A week after Hurricane Fiona hit Puerto Rico, residents are struggling to pick up the pieces with very little help. Hundreds of thousands remain without electricity and water. Deepak Lamba-Nieves is the research director at The Center for A New Economy in Puerto Rico. He joined American Voices live from the island to discuss humanitarian efforts happening on the ground and what more needs to be done.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Puerto Rico's Think tank says the people of Puerto Rico are becoming resistant

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A week after Hurricane Fiona hit Puerto Rico, residents are struggling to pick up the pieces with very little help. Hundreds of thousands remain without electricity and water. Deepak Lamba-Nieves is the research director at The Center for A New Economy in Puerto Rico.