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Japan joined APEC in 1989, and its economic ties with the region have since become highly significant.

The annual APEC Economic Leaders Meeting, involving leaders, ministers, and officials, plays a crucial role in promoting cooperation. APEC emphasizes open regional cooperation on a global scale, preventing regional divisions. This engagement extends across various fields, with almost all Japanese ministries participating. Notably, APEC has facilitated discussions on topics such as trade, finance, education, environment, and more.

Japan actively supports APEC activities through various ministries, and the budget for such endeavors comes from the Foreign Ministry, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, and the Ministry of Finance. The Japanese government, particularly the Foreign Ministry, plays a central role in formulating consensus and preparing policy options, ensuring a cohesive approach to APEC engagement.

“MOFA: What Is APEC for Japan?” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Jan. 2003, www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/apec/what.html. Accessed 22 Feb. 2024.

“What Is APEC?” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 14 Jan. 2022, www.mofa.go.jp/ecm/apec/page24e_000286.html. Accessed 22 Feb. 2024.

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Relationship between EU and Austrailia - Neo

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Relationship between EU and Austrailia - Neo

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In 2022, the European Union consisting of 27 members took third place in being Australia's trading partners and second place in owning foreign investment stocks. Australia and the EU find themselves involved in nearly every level of international cooperation on a range of global issues, from climate change to energy to biodiversity to human rights to gender equality to public health to keeping the rules-based international trade system and addressing cyber and security threats, particularly in response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Since its inception in 1981 the Delegation of the European Commission, today known as the Delegation of the European Union, has been working with Australia to give the high EU representation. Its mandate ranges from promoting bilateral relations to delivering expert analysis on political, economic, trade, and development matters relating to Australia for the EU, to protecting and safeguarding EU interests and values in Australia and as well as dissemination and raise awareness of the EU in Australia.

“European Union Brief.” Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, www.dfat.gov.au/geo/europe/european-union/european-union-brief. Accessed 22 Feb. 2024.

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In 1958, France signed up to be a European Union member. Thus, France started to use the euro which is the EU currency. France benefits from the EU's single market, which allows for the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people within the EU. The EU is France's largest trading partner, and membership in the EU provides French businesses with access to a market of over 400 million consumers.

Intra-EU trade accounts for 54% of France’s exports (Germany 15%, Italy 8%, and Belgium and Spain 7%), while outside the EU 8% go to the United States and 6% to the United Kingdom.

In terms of imports, 66% come from EU Member States (Germany 17%, Belgium 10%, and the Netherlands 9%), while outside the EU 7% come from China and 5% from the United States.

Work Cited

“France – EU Member Country Profile.” European Union, European Union, european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/country-profiles/france_en. Accessed 22 Feb. 2024.

What are some disadvantages or challenges in this relationship?

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Japan became a member of the WTO on January 1st, 1995, and has maintained trading partnerships with many other WTO member countries. Its exports primarily consist of manufactured products. Japan had exported 756032 million US dollar and which the exported manufactured product had reached 647958 million US dollar.

Japan is one of the important members of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), with high status and influence. Under the multilateral trading system of the WTO, Japan defends its economic interests and international trade order by participating in various trade negotiations and rule-making.

In the field of digital trade, Japan plays an important role in the WTO. Japan has participated in the formulation of a large number of bilateral and multilateral digital trade agreements and has implemented some important digital trade principles in the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), such as the free flow of data across borders, the prevention of data localisation, and the prevention of mandatory disclosure of proprietary source codes.

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MEMBER INFORMATION

This page gathers key information on Japan's participation in the WTO. Japan has been a WTO member since 1 January 1995 and a member of GATT since 10 September 1955.

Share

Acceptance of multilateral instruments

Membership of plurilateral agreements

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MEMBER INFORMATION This page gathers key information on Japan's participation in the WTO. Japan has been a WTO member since 1 January 1995 and a member of GATT since 10 September 1955.

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There is a link between France and the BRICS countries to a certain extent, and although France is not a member of the BRICS countries, it has economic, political and diplomatic relations with them.

1. economic cooperation: France has a developed economy, and its economic relations with the BRICS countries help to further the economic development of both sides.

2. Political and Foreign Relations: Political and foreign relations also exist between France and the BRICS countries. France has common benefits in cooperation with these countries in international organizations such as the United Nations, WTO, and so on.

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Relationship between WTO and France. #Kevin

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Relationship between WTO and France. #Kevin

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France has been a member of WTO since January, 1, 1995. As the ninth biggest exporter and the sixth biggest importer, joining WTO very much helped the country to fill up some the deficites. In addition, more than 60% of the GDP of France are the result of trading, so joining WTO ensures the country to be able to stablize the general income.

1. Access to a larger market: By being a member of the WTO, France gains access to a larger market for its goods and services, as it can trade with other member countries on a more favorable basis.

2. Protection of trade rights: The WTO provides a framework for resolving trade disputes and ensures that France's trade rights are protected, helping to prevent unfair trade practices.

3. Increased foreign investment: Membership in the WTO can attract foreign investment to France, as it signals a commitment to international trade rules and regulations.

4. Economic growth: By participating in the global trading system facilitated by the WTO, France can experience economic growth through increased trade opportunities and market access.

5. Enhanced competitiveness: Being part of the WTO encourages France to improve its competitiveness by adhering to international trade standards and regulations, leading to greater efficiency and innovation in its industries.

Overall, joining the WTO can benefit France by promoting economic growth, enhancing trade opportunities, and ensuring a level playing field in the global marketplace.

Work Cited: “WTO: News, Videos, Reports and Analysis.” France 24, www.france24.com/en/tag/wto/. Accessed 23 Feb. 2024.

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Even though France is not the member of APEC, France has significant economic relationships with the APEC region. The  imports from APEC region is at €154 billion, which 26% of France’s global impact, and exports at €110 billion, contributing 22% of France’s global export. Further, from 2016~2021, APEC conducted 2517 investment projects, generating 76,791 jobs, which offered various job opportunities in the region.

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1.Japan has achieved economic development in the post-war period through free and fair trade, based on the principles of GATT/WTO()

2.Japan active participation in upholding the multilateral trading system including its contribution to the MC12 outcomes, its participation in WTO reform.(https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/japan_e.htm#goodsSchedule)

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Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan 2-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8919, Japan MAP Japan Corporate Number(JCN): 9000012040001

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Australia supports economic cooperation and capacity-building activities to benefit APEC developing economies, some prioritized accomplishments, specifically in 2024:

-supporting the multilateral trading system and the WTO

-promoting trade and investment liberalisation, including supporting trade in environmental goods and services, promoting

services competitiveness and mutual recognition of professional qualifications in APEC

-advancing APEC's digital trade agenda

-leading work on structural reform

-promoting inclusive and sustainable growth, including through capacity building initiatives on gender data and women's

access to markets and supporting indigenous business internationalisation.

Citaton:

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. “Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) | DFAT.” Dfat.gov.au,

2018, www.dfat.gov.au/trade/organisations/apec/asia-pacific-economic-cooperation-apec.

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David

How do those accomplishments make trade fair for all?

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BRICS

1.     Against sanctions

2.     National economic interests

3.     The real property market

4.     the New Development bank (NDB)

5.     further market reforms

6.      public intervention

7.     multilateral trade agreements

8.     Tariffs reduction

9.     Trade barriers

10.   Advocate equity

AKKAŞ, Veli Can. “Russia’s Foreign Policy in the BRICS Framework - Ankasam: Ankara Center for Crisis and Policy Studies.” ANKASAM, 4 Sept. 2023, www.ankasam.org/russias-foreign-policy-in-the-brics-framework/?lang=en.

Mozias, Petr. “Russia as a Country of BRICS: Issue of Identification.” BRICS Journal of Economics, Faculty of Economics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 12 Sept. 2023, brics-econ.arphahub.com/article/98255/element/4/45//.

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Australia is not included in the European Union, however, the EU and Australia have had a solid partnership since the 1960s. In 2017 the EU member states and Australia signed the EU Australia Framework Agreement. This Agreement builds on existing cooperation to enable the further expansion of the relationship between the two countries. European Union and Australia have a partnership relationship. They are highly connected politically, economically and militarily. Furthermore, they cooperate across a wide variety of environmental agreements and focus on environmental issues, including climate change.

The EU and Australia came up with the negotiations for a political Framework Agreement which contains several economic and trade cooperation arrangements on 22 May 2018. The trade negotiations aim to remove trade barriers, promote sustainable development, more opportunities for European companies doing business or exporting with countries signed up for Trans-Pacific, protect distinctive regional EU food and drink products from imitations in Australia, and allow EU companies to better participate in government procurement in Australia.

According to the European Commission, the EU is Australia's third largest trading partner, accounting for 60.9 billion AUD which is 8.7% of Australia's total goods trade. 15.8% of Australian goods imports, worth 48.7 billion AUD were from the EU, while 3.1% of Australia's goods exports worth 12.2 billion AUD, were destined for the EU. It made Australia the eighth-biggest customer of goods.

Works Cited

“EU Trade Relations with Australia.” Trade, European Commission, policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/australia_en. Accessed 22 Feb. 2024.

“The European Union and Australia.” EEAS, www.eeas.europa.eu/australia/european-union-and-australia_en?s=163. Accessed 22 Feb. 2024.

Feb 27th, thur

Australia's trade in goods, commodities, and services, and how does it get regulated by the EU?

Australia's major trade in commodities are Iron ore( $153 billion in 2020–2021), coal and natural gases ($39 billion and $30 billion in 2020–2021), etc. Also for services, Australia's major service export is travel services ($ 40 billion in 2019-2020 before COVID disruptions).

Fuel exports were valued at $3.3 billion and accounted for 16.4 per cent of Australia's total goods exports to the EU, with exports being dominated by Coal. Manufacturing exports were valued at $4.7 billion and accounted for 23.3 per cent of total goods exports to the EU. The EU has a power to open up the trade market for Australian goods, and services.

There is a Mutual Recognition Agreement between the EU and Australia, which helps to facilitate industrial trade and removes technical barriers.

Works Cited

Australia, Government. “Australia’s Goods Trade with the EU.” STATISTICS SECTION, OFFICE OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS INVESTMENT AND ECONOMIC DIVISION, www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/australias-goods-trade-with-the-eu.pdf. Accessed 27 Feb. 2024.

corporateName=Commonwealth Parliament; address=Parliament House, Canberra. “Australian Trade in Figures.” Home – Parliament of Australia, corporateName=Commonwealth Parliament; address=Parliament House, Canberra, ACT, 2600; contact=+61 2 6277 7111, 27 Sept. 2022, www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook47p/AustralianTradeFigures. Accessed 27 Feb. 2024.

“EU Trade Relations with Australia.” Trade, European Commission, policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/australia_en. Accessed 22 Feb. 2024.

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The EU and Japan signed an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) that entered into force on February 1, 2019.

The EU-Japan EPA negotiations officially began on March 25, 2013, following the publication of the Sustainability Impact Assessment for the Future Economic Partnership Agreement in July 2012.

There is more trade in goods than services between Japan and the EU.

Japan is the EU's second largest trading partner in Asia after China. At the same time, Japan is the EU's seventh largest partner in exports and imports of goods.

Imports from Japan to the EU include machinery, automobiles, chemicals, optical and medical devices, and plastics.

EU exports to Japan are chemicals, automobiles, machinery, optical and medical equipment, food and beverages, etc.

“EU Trade Relations with Japan.” European Commission, policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/japan_en. Accessed 22 Feb. 2024.

Question:

How much percentage does EU contributes to Japan’s economy?

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Australia trades, goods and services;APEC

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Australia trades, goods and services;APEC

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Australia’s goods and services exports to the APEC region:

The value of exports to the APEC region fell 5.5 per cent to $246.1 billion in 2015 – since 2010, export values have increased by 3.5 per cent per annum. • Primary products decreased 13.2 per cent to $133.6 billion. • Manufactured products (including both STM and ETM) rose 0.9 per cent to $32.7 billion. • Other goods increased 3.4 per cent to $38.5 billion. • Services rose 11.8 per cent to $41.3 billion.

Australia’s goods and services imports from the APEC region:

The value of imports from the APEC region increased 8.1 per cent to $240.6 billion in 2015 – since 2010, import values have risen by 5.4 per cent per annum. • Primary products decreased 15.9 per cent to $37.4 billion. • Manufactured products (including both STM and ETM) rose 15.5 per cent to $148.2 billion. • Other goods increased 16.5 per cent to $11.7 billion. • Services rose 9.4 per cent to $43.3 billion.

Composition of Australia’s services exports to the APEC region:

Australia’s major services exports to the APEC region in 2015 were – Education-related travel services – up 8.1 per cent to $11.4 billion – Other personal (excluding education-related) travel services – up 16.3 per cent to $10.3 billion. – Other business services6 – up 9.9 per cent to $6.4 billion – Transport services – up 2.1 per cent to $4.1 billion – Business travel services – up 5.0 per cent to $2.9 billion.

Composition of Australia’s services imports from the APEC region:

Australia’s major services imports from the APEC region in 2015 were – Other personal (excluding education-related) travel services – up 7.5 per cent to $15.1 billion – Transport services – up 3.3 per cent to $9.3 billion. – Other business services7 – up 24.1 per cent to $7.6 billion. – Intellectual property (IP) charges – up 5.6 per cent to $2.6 billion – Business travel services – down 2.6 per cent to $2.2 billion.

Major goods and services export markets:

Australia’s major export markets in the APEC region in 2015 were – China – down 6.2 per cent to $85.6 billion – Japan – down 16.0 per cent to $42.2 billion – United States – up 19.3 per cent to $22.1 billion – Republic of Korea – down 9.2 per cent to $20.0 billion – New Zealand – up 3.4 per cent to $12.6 billion.

Major goods and services import sources:

Australia’s major import sources from the APEC region in 2015 were – China – up 18.3 per cent to $64.2 billion – United States – up 14.3 per cent to $48.1 billion – Japan – up 14.3 per cent to $22.7 billion – Republic of Korea – up 21.7 per cent to $16.1 billion – Thailand – up 20.0 per cent to $15.5 billion.

Source:

https://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/resources/trade-at-a-glance/Documents/top-goods-services.html

class work Esther

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Relationship between WTO and the Russian Federation _ Luan

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Relationship between WTO and the Russian Federation _ Luan

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To reduce the price of imported goods, effectively curb inflation. On December 16, 2011, Russia officially joined the WTO.

The Russian Federation became the 156th member of the WTO on 22 August 2012. Accession to the WTO cleared the way for Russian goods to enter the international market.

However, because of the Russia-Ukraine war, Russia's membership in the WTO will limit Russia's ability to engage in actions that are inconsistent with WTO trade rules.

2022， if Russia refuses to accept the changes suggested by WTO, then a three-fourths vote could expel the Russian Federation from being a member of WTO.

James, Bacchus. “Boot Russia from the WTO.” Cato. Org, 28 Feb. 2022, www.cato.org/commentary/boot-russia-wto.

“Russia’s Accession to the World Trade ...” RUSSIA’S ACCESSION TO THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION: WHY ACCESSION BENEFITS THE U.S. ECONOMY, ustr.gov/sites/default/files/Factsheet on Why Accession Benefits the US Economy_0.pdf. Accessed 22 Feb. 2024.

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Australia's economy relies on a strong global trading environment. The Australian Government is strongly committed to the WTO and its framework of rules, which helps promote and protect the open global trading system. Australia's membership in the WTO means that they benefit from its trade rules and have a process to settle disputes if other trade partners breach these rules.

The WTO operates by consensus. And all Members must agree before a decision can be made.

Australia also commits on reforming the WTO to ensure it can function more effectively, and continues to meet the needs of Members and business in today’s modern global trading environment.

“World Trade Organization.” Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, www.dfat.gov.au/trade/organisations/wto/Pages/the-world-trade-organization. Accessed 23 Feb. 2024.

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The relationship between WTO regulations and trade in Russia.  

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The relationship between WTO regulations and trade in Russia.  

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Russia's membership in the WTO will limit Russia's ability to engage in arbitrary actions that are inconsistent with WTO trade rules. For example, for all industrial, consumer, and agricultural goods, Russia will have maximum or “bound” tariff rates that will apply to all products. when Russia imports the goods or commodities, Russia gets the low tariff. Also, If Russia demand the goods or commodities for other country, they should pay the maximum tariff because Russia happened the war to the Ukrania. Thus, WTO decided to apply the regulation for Russia.

“Russia’s Accession to the World Trade ...” RUSSIA’S ACCESSION TO THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION: WHY ACCESSION BENEFITS THE U.S. ECONOMY, ustr.gov/sites/default/files/Factsheet on Why Accession Benefits the US Economy_0.pdf. Accessed 27 Feb. 2024.

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Relationship betweeb EU and Russia -Evan-

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Relationship betweeb EU and Russia -Evan-

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Russia and the EU are both members of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The EU and Russia are currently implementing the common spaces and negotiating to replace the current Partnership and Cooperation Agreement to strengthen bilateral trade.

The EU still relies on Russia for about 10% of its gas, most of which is imported via seaborne tankers as liquefied natural gas (LNG). However, some member states, including Austria and Hungary, rely heavily on Russian supplies.

“Conditions for Membership.” European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations (DG NEAR), neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/enlargement-policy/conditions-membership_en. Accessed 22 Feb. 2024.

“Russia–European Union Relations.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 9 Feb. 2024, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations.

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 Trade statistics data of Russia from WTO

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 Trade statistics data of Russia from WTO

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Goods (2021):

Exports: Agriculture - 43804 million US dollar

Manufacture - 108929 million US dollar

Fuels and Mining - 248868 million US dollar

Total - 494350 million US dollar

Imports: Manufacture - 10812 US dollar

Agriculture - 34729 million US dollar

Manufacture - 234074 million US dollar

Total - 304013 million US dollar

Services (2022):

Exports: Goods related services - 2224 million US dollar

Travel - 5531 million US dollar

Transport - 15513 million US dollar

Other commercial services - 25018 million US dollar

Imports: Goods related services - 2237 million US dollar

Travel - 20258 million US dollar

Transport - 14182 million US dollar

Other commercial services - 33051 million US dollar

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Australia's trade in natural resources, specifically iron ore, and its regulation within the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC).

Australia, a major iron ore exporter, engages in global trade, with China being a significant importer.

APEC promotes regional economic integration and trade liberalization.

Australia, as an APEC member, aligns its trade policies with the organization's principles,

fostering cooperation and addressing trade barriers. The Australian government, in conjunction with APEC initiatives,

regulates iron ore trade to ensure fair practices and sustainable economic development within the Asia-Pacific region.

“Asia-Pacific Economic (APEC)” Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade,https://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/organisations/apec/asia-pacific-economic-cooperation-apec. Accessed 27 Feb.2024

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What goods and services are regulated by WTO in japan (Export)

-Trade in goods

-Agriculture products

-Transparent and fair opportunities

-Transportation

-Travel

https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/japan_e.htm#gdSchd

Commodities

Major Japanese exports include electronic equipment and cars. Trade with other countries is therefore very important to Japan. The goods that Japan has exported have changed over time, from agricultural products to manufactured goods, textiles, steel, and cars.

Goods are physical products, while services are non-physical activities. Goods can be seen, touched, and stored, whereas services are consumed at the time of production. Goods are manufactured or produced, while services are performed.

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U.S. Mission to International Organizations in Geneva

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- As Delivered -

Thank you, Chair.

On behalf of the United States, I am honored to participate in Japan's thirteenth Trade Policy Review. I would like to welcome the Japanese delegation, led by Mr. Tomochika UYAMA. We thank the Japanese delegation for collaboration at the WTO on a daily basis, and thank you also for Japan's work to provide answers to our written question. I would also like to recognize the Secretariat's excellent work in the preparation of its report, as well as the efforts of the Government of Japan in explaining Japan's trade policy considerations and developments since the last Japan Review. And we appreciate the remarks by our discussant, Ambassador Braithwaite.

Japan is a vital strategic and economic partner to the United States, and a key nation in world trade. As the Secretariat Report notes, Japan is the world's fourth-largest exporter and importer of goods and services. President Trump and Prime Minister Abe held their first official meeting in Washington DC last month and in their Joint Statement affirmed their strong determination to strengthen the U.S.-Japan economic relationship. They noted that "the United States and Japan represent 30 percent of the world's GDP and share an interest in sustaining a strong global economy, ensuring financial stability, and growing job opportunities." The leaders "emphasized that they remain fully committed to strengthening the economic relationships between their two countries and across the region, based on rules for free and fair trade." Also, they "reaffirmed their intent to continue cooperation in regional and global fora."

Within the WTO, the United States highly values its close working relationship with the Government of Japan. In the two years since the last Trade Policy Review, Japan has continued to undertake structural reforms to boost domestic growth to the benefit of Japan and the entire global trading community. The United States applauds these efforts. But, unfortunately, Japan's economic performance has remained sluggish, with real GDP contracting by 0.03% in 2014 and expanding only by 0.5% in 2015, as noted in the Secretariat's Report. Likewise, despite efforts to attract foreign investment, in 2015 the stock of inward foreign direct investment remained at about four percent of GDP, which continues to be low compared to other major developed economies. The Japanese government has set a goal of doubling inward foreign direct investment by 2020 that, while certainly ambitious, may prove difficult to achieve.

Meaningful structural reforms in Japan will help address global trade imbalances. In this regard, the U.S. goods trade deficit with Japan was $68.9 billion in 2016, second only to China. This ongoing goods deficit remains of serious concern to the United States.

Prime Minister Abe has highlighted a number of areas for reform, including ones relating to corporate governance, medical care, and labor markets. We remain hopeful that the Abe administration will continue to undertake ambitious domestic regulatory reforms to create new economic opportunities and further open Japan's economy.

Although Japan's industrial tariffs are generally low, significant non-tariff barriers remain. As a result, the United States continues to look to Japan to take new, bold steps to increase transparency, reduce unnecessary regulation, and remove other non-tariff barriers to trade.

In particular, the United States has expressed strong concerns for years about the overall lack of access to Japan's automotive market for U.S. automotive companies, due to non-tariff barriers. A variety of non-tariff barriers impede access to Japan's automotive market (such as issues relating to certification; unique standards and testing protocols; and hindrances to the development of distribution and service networks). These non-tariff barriers have had the long-term effect of excluding and disadvantaging U.S. manufacturers in the Japanese market. The United States urges Japan to remove non-tariff barriers that impede U.S. manufacturers' ability to compete on a level playing field with their Japanese competitors, both in the area of automobiles and beyond.

Another priority for the United States is agriculture. Although Japan is the fourth-largest single-country market for U.S. agricultural products, substantial market access barriers still remain. Prime Minister Abe has pursued serious reforms aimed at increasing the efficiency and competitiveness of this sector. Nevertheless, as the Secretariat Report observes, Japanese agriculture remains highly protected, with some of the highest import tariffs in this sector, and imports of certain key agricultural products are carried out by state trading enterprises.

Finally, the United States urges Japan to ensure transparent and fair opportunities for foreign companies to compete for government procurement contracts. According to the Secretariat Report, in 2014 foreign participation in Japan's government procurement remained only about three percent in value.

Notwithstanding the particular concerns we have raised, the United States acknowledges and welcomes Japan's broad support for expanding global trade and supports concrete measures by Japan to contribute to this goal by undertaking further, aggressive structural reform and further market opening at home. The United States looks forward to continued close cooperation with the Government of Japan in working towards these goals.

Thank you.

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U.S. Statement at the WTO Trade Policy Review of Japan

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As Delivered - Thank you, Chair. On behalf of the United States, I am honored to participate in Japan's thirteenth Trade Policy Review. I would like to welcome the Japanese delegation, led by Mr. Tomochika UYAMA. We thank the Japanese delegation for collaboration at the WTO on a daily basis, and thank you also for Japan's work to provide answers to our written question.

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2024,02.27

Japan trades in a commodity, good/service and is regulated by EU

EU-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement

The EU-Japan Economic Partnership agreement entered into force on 1 February 2019.

There are a number of regulations that stand in the way of trade between Japan and the EU.

-No alteration rule

Originating goods must be transported from the EU to Japan (or vice versa) without further processing in a third country.

Some operations may be performed in a third country if the product is under customs supervision.

Adding or affixing markings, labels, seals, or other documents to ensure compliance with certain domestic requirements of the importing country

Preserving the product in good condition

Storage

Partitioning a consignment

In addition, goods in Japan must include these:

Technical rules and requirements.

Health and safety rules and requirements, SPS

Environmental regulations applicable to imports.

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David- Commodity, goods and services  BRICS

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David- Commodity, goods and services  BRICS

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Russia is the world's biggest grain exporter. In the BRICS summit, Russia declared that they had more than 30 energy projects in African countries. Exports to Africa of Russian crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas have increased by 2.6 times. Russian fuel supplies would help African governments contain price rises. Russia aims to build up the BRICS group into a more influential group able to challenge the Western global economy.

Russian main exports are energy, oil and petroleum products, gas... The foreign countries receive from Russia over 300 million tons of oil and approximately 250 billion cubic meters of gas. Russia imports machinery and equipment, vehicles, consumer goods, foods, chemical products, industrial consumer goods.

The top services exported by Russia in 2020 were Miscellaneous business such as travel expenses bank charges, professional, and technical services ($11.1B), Air transport ($5.87B), Sea transport ($4.81B), Other transport ($4.73B), and Construction in the economy ($2.78B).

“Russia (RUS) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners.” The Observatory of Economic Complexity, oec.world/en/profile/country/rus. Accessed 27 Feb. 2024.

Putin to BRICS: Russia Is “reliable Partner” for Africa on Food, ..., www.reuters.com/world/putin-brics-russia-is-reliable-partner-africa-food-fuel-supplies-2023-08-24/. Accessed 27 Feb. 2024.

“Foreign Trade, Economy of Russia.” Advantour, www.advantour.com/russia/economy/trade.htm. Accessed 27 Feb. 2024.