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1) Improve my vocabulary.

2) Raise my level.

3) Parse all the grammar and use them correctly.

4) improve my speaking

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Passive Voice

Passive voice is the sentence structure where the subject becomes the receiver of the action, and the doer (if mentioned) comes after the verb with the preposition “by.” it is often used when the doer is unknown or less important than the action itself.

Examples:

1. Present Simple:The cake is being baked by Mary.

2. Present Continuous:The report is being written by the team.

3. Present Perfect:The movie has been watched by them.

4. Past Simple:The car was driven by John.

5. Past Continuous:The song was being sung by the choir.

6. Past Perfect:The book had been read by me.

7. Future Simple:The project will be completed by tomorrow.

8. Future Continuous:The house will be being painted by the crew.

9. Future Perfect:The meal will have been cooked by the time we get home.

Task: Change the following sentences from active to passive !

1. The dentist pulled out my tooth.
My tooth was pulled out by the dentist.

2. Who delivered that parcel ?
Who was that parcel delivered by ?

3. The police are questioning him now.
He is being questioned now by the police

4. The waitress serves breakfast at 7 o’clock.
Breakfast is served at 7 o’clock by the waitress.

5. Who did they give the prize to?
Who was the prize given to ?

6. The news seemed to have shocked him.
He seemed to have been shocked by the news.

7. You should take these tablets before meals.
These tablets should be taken before meals.

8. The teacher has sent him out of the classroom.
He has been sent out of the classroom by the teacher.

9. You must wash coloured clothes separately.
Coloured clothes must be washed separately.

10. The mayor will open the new sports centre next month.
The new sports centre will be opened by the mayor next month.

11. Many parents influence their children strongly.
Children are influenced strongly by most parents.

12. They were pulling down the building when I walked by.
The building was being pulled down when I walked by.

13. Somebody has stolen Jack's car recently.
Jack’s car has been stolen recently.

14. He expects people to show him more respect.
He expects to be shown more respect.

15. Has anyone collected the rubbish yet ?
Has the rubbish been collected yet ?

16. Nobody has seen the Queen since July.
The Queen has not been seen since July.

Link: PA020 - Active to Passive Sentences (english-grammar.at)

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First conditional tense

first conditional sentences: if +present simple, will /won't+ infinitive

We use first conditional sentences to talk about a possible / probable future situation and its consequence.

1 We use the present tense (NOT the future) after if in first conditional sentences.

2 We can also use an imperative instead of the will clause.

3 We can use unless +present simple.

4 We use the present tense (NOT the future) after when, as soon as, until, before, and after to talk about the future.

For example:

1 If you work hard, you'll pass your exams.

2The teacher won't be very pleased if we're late for class.

3 Come and see us next week if you have time.

4 Alison won't get into university unless she gets good grades.

5 I won't go unless you go too.

Task:

1.James ... some books if he ... to the library.

a) will borrow / goes

b) borrows / will go

2. I ... my teacher some questions if I ... the lesson.

a) ask / will not understand

b) will ask / don't understand

3.If you ... some eggs, | ... some

a) will cook / make

b) cook / will make

4. If we ... hungry later, we ... some

coffee.

a) are / will order

b) will be / order

Reference: English Corner — Zero and First Conditionals | by The Life and Times of Ben Weinberg | Medium

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These are the first two types of conditionals to be aware of when it comes to studying this particular grammar topic of conditionals. The 'zero' conditional is formed when it comes to discussing general truths and things that can happen under certain circumstances. It's important to know how to form the 'zero' conditional, and how to create sentences using it.

The second type of conditional to study is the 'first' conditional and is used for discussing possibilities that can occur in the present or in the future. I will be writing about the first conditional and how its' made along with its' usage in English grammar. The 'zero' and 'first' conditionals are the most frequently used and it's important to be aware of how to use them and when to use them in sentences.

When you form a 'zero' conditional sentence, there are two parts or clauses to it that make it a complete sentence. The first clause in the sentence is the 'if' clause and the second clause is the main clause that completes the sentence. The 'if' clause usually begins at the beginning of the sentence followed by the main clause. It's important to note that you don't need to begin the 'if' clause with if but rather use 'when' instead to start the sentence.

Here are some examples of how to form and put the zero conditional into action:

Example:

If you cool water to 0 degrees Celsius, it freezes.

When you use the 'if' clause first, you're going to have to put a comma there before using the main clause which in this case is 'it freezes.'

However, if you were to put the 'if' clause second in the sentence, you don't need to use a comma at all to connect the sentence's clauses together.

Example:

Water freezes if you cool water to 0 degrees Celsius.

When it comes to the grammatical basis for an 'if clause' sentence, you're going to want to follow this formula of formation.

'if clause' - 'if' + subject + simple present verb = complete sentence

'main clause' - subject + simple present verb = complete sentence

Now that you know how to form the 'zero' conditional, it's important to see some other examples in order to get a better sense of how this particular conditional is used.

Examples:

If you heat the snow, it melts.

If it rains a lot, the flowers get wet.

Forest fires don't start if there is no drought.

If you cross time zones, the time changes.

When it comes to the first conditional, you have to make sure to follow a similar formula to the zero conditional but with keeping a few differences in mind. The first conditional or conditional type 1 is used for talking about current possibilities or those that are possible to happen in the near future. Similar to the zero conditional, the first conditional has a basic structure that should be memorized.

A first conditional sentence has two clauses which consist of the 'if' clause and the main clause. Instead of simply addressing the simple present tense as the zero conditional does, the first conditional can reference the future with the simple future tense in its' sentences. The 'if' clause can either come first or second in the structure of a first conditional sentence; it's really up to your personal preference as the learner. You can have the main clause go first instead or have it come second after the 'if' clause. The most important thing to remember is that the first conditional must address the future primarily and not the present as the zero conditional does.

Here below are a few examples of the first conditional in action:

Example:

If you do your homework, you will pass the class.

The 'if' clause goes first in this sentence followed by the main clause and the use of the future simple tense with 'will.'

Example:

You will catch the train if you run fast.

In this first conditional sentence, the main clause goes before the 'if' clause, and there is also no comma used because of this change in the sentence structure. You should notice that 'will' and the simple future tense is still being used regardless of which clause is used first or second.

Example:

For this particular example, you should note that there are two different verbs being used for their respective clauses. 'Dance' comes with the main clause while 'hear' goes with the 'if' clause for the second part of the sentence. Since the sentence begins with the main clause, you don't need the comma to make a complete sentence.

Now that you know how to form the 'first' conditional, it's important to see some other examples in order to get a better sense of how this particular conditional is used.

Examples:

If you drop the glass, it will break.

If the airplane is full, I will leave.

We will not go to the movies if the tickets cost $12 each.

They will not leave Disneyland if they do not get a refund.

Conditionals are a popular English grammar topic and it's important to know how and when to use them with your sentence. The zero and first conditionals are only the first two types of conditionals that can be used in English. For the next 'English Corner' blog post, I will be focusing on the other types of conditionals that are sure to come up in your English grammar studies. Study the examples above and you should start seeing some progress with this particular grammar topic!

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English Corner - Zero and First Conditionals

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These are the first two types of conditionals to be aware of when it comes to studying this particular grammar topic of conditionals. The 'zero' and the 'first' conditional are important to know about.

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Modal verbs of deduction

1) must- 90-100% I am sure it is true.

Example: She must be in the garden.

2) can not -90-100% I am sure it is not true.

Example: She can not be his daughter.

3) might may- 30-50%- Perhaps it is true.

Example: He might take the next train.

4) might not, may not-30-50%-Perhaps it is not true.

Example: She might not be home yet.

Task: Choose all the correct modal verbs of deduction for each gap below. In some sentences there are TWO possible correct answers.

1)Paul is behaving in a very unusual way. I think he ______ again.

a.can't drink

b.can be drinking

c.might be drinking

2)I think there ______ a mistake in your tax return. You should check it. Choose TWO correct options

a.can't be

b.might be

c.may be

3)If Suzan said that, it ______ true. She never lies.

a.might be

b.must be

c.can be

4)Sorry, but I'm not Connor. You ______ me for someone else.

a.might be confusing

b.must confuse

c.must be confusing

5)I'm not sure I trust Peter. He ______ the person we think he is.

a.might not be

b.can't be

c.must not be

6)You have walked for ten hours. You ______ exhausted.

a.can be

b.can't be

c.must be

7)He ______ his son, they look completely different.

a.might be

b.can't be

c.must not be

8)There's a bit of traffic, so I ______ arrive in time. Choose TWO correct options

a.might not

b.must not

c.may not

9)He ______ be very proud of you right now. You disappointed him.

a.must not

b.can't

c.might

10)I wouldn't swim in this river if I were you. It ______ dangerous. Choose TWO correct options

a.might be

b.may be

c.can be

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Exercises Explanation Downloads

Modal verbs of deduction - must, may, might, could, can't

Exercise 1

Choose all the correct modal verbs of deduction for each gap below. In some sentences there are TWO possible correct answers.

Modal verbs of deduction - Grammar chart

May, might

We use may and might to talk about things that are possibly true, but we don't know for sure.

He says Betty is his friend, but I think she may be his girlfriend.

We use may not or might not to talk about things that are possibly not true, but we don't know for sure.

You should call her. She might not know where you are. (=perhaps she doesn't know)

can

We don't use can as a modal of deduction.

He might/may be at home now. (NOT He can be at home now)

Must, can't

We use must when we are sure, or quite sure, that something is true.

But we use can't (NOT mustn't) when we are sure, or quite sure, that something is not true.

We've been walking for hours. It can't be far from here. (NOT It mustn't be far)

+ be -ing

After may, might, must or can't we can use be + -ing, when we are talking about actions in progress.

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Modal verbs of deduction - must, may, might, could, can't - Test-English

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Modal verbs of deduction - must, might, could, can't. Modal verbs to talk about deduction and probability. English intermediate grammar exercises.

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Infinitive

The to-infinitive structure is used to express someone’s purpose. To make the negative form, we add not before to-infinitive.

Zero inf: base form of the verb

To-inf: base form of the verb preceded by to-

For example:
— “I have to find an excuse to go to the cinema with them.” = The subject expresses his/her aim to go to cinema.
— “I have to find an excuse not to go to the cinema with them.” = The subject expresses his aim not to go to the cinema.

Gerund

Gerunds in English are special verbs that are also nouns.

A gerund is one of three classes of verbs — words that are based on verbs and express an action or a state of being but serve another grammatical function.

We make gerunds in English by adding +ing to the infinitive form of the verb.

Example: sleep+ing=sleeping

They look the same as the present/past continuous form of verbs but they are different as gerunds are verbs used as nouns.

Example:

1. My love for baking was immediate and immense.

2. Harry’s favorite activity is painting.

3. Jaswinder’s occupation is writing.

Task

1 a)fish b) to fish c)fishing

_______used to be my favourite hobby at your age. (We use the gerund when the verb is the subject of a sentence.)

2 a)to travel b)travelling c)travel

We talked about ______ together next summer.(We use the gerund when the verb is placed after a preposition or a phrasal verb.)

3 a)be b)being c)to be

I remember _____ here when I was a child (After remember, use the gerund if you remember something from the past (memory), and use to infinitive when there's something you must remember to do.)

4 a)to lock b)lock c)locking

I think I didn't remember________ the door when we left.(After remember, use the gerund if you remember something from the past (memory), and use to infinitive when there's something you must remember to do.)

5 a)call b) to call c)calling

If she doesn't answer, try _____ her mobile.(We say try doing something (gerund) when we do something as an experiment to see if it helps to solve a problem that we want to solve. In this sentence, someone wants to contact a person and in order to achieve that, they can do something (call) to see if it works.)

6 a)to keep b)keeping c)keep

I tried _______my eyes open, but I eventually fell asleep.

(We say try to do something when we make an effort to achieve something that we maybe we will or will not accomplish.)

7 a)come b)to come c)coming

My mum doesn't let me ______with you. (We say make/let + someone + do something (infinitive without to).

8 a)cut b)to cut c) cutting

Your hair needs ______. It's too long. (We use the form need doing when the meaning is passive. Something needs doing.= 'Something needs to be done.
Your hair needs cutting.= 'Your hair needs to be cut. )

9 a)to take b)take c)taking

I'd prefer _______my own car if you don't mind. (After like, love, hate, or prefer, we can use both the gerund or to + infinitive (the gerund is more common in British English).But after would like, would love, would hate or would prefer, we should use to infinitive.)

10 a)find b)finding c)to find

They had trouble ______ our house. (We use the gerund after certain expressions such as have trouble, have difficulty (in), have a hard/difficult time, etc.)

References: Gerund or infinitive – verb patterns - Test-English

All you need to know about Gerunds in English | by English Medium | Medium

Infinitive - Books for English - Medium

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Exercises Explanation Downloads

Gerund or infinitive - verb patterns

Exercise 1

Choose the correct gerund or infinitive form for each gap below.

When to use gerund or infinitive

In the table below, you can see when to use gerund or infinitive.

Verbs that take gerund or infinitive with a change of meaning

Forget

Forget to do something: Used to talk about things that we need to do, and we forget to do them.

Forget doing something: It's normally used in negative sentences. Used to talk about memories, normally about things that we did in the past and that we will not forget.

Remember

Remember to do something: You remember first and then you do something. Used to talk about things we need to do.

Remember doing something: Used to talk about memories. We remember things from the past.

Try

Try to do something: When we try to do something, we make an effort to achieve something that maybe we will or will not accomplish.

Try doing something: Used when we want to achieve something and try something as an experiment to see if it help us achieve what we want. We try a method (one of the many we could try) in order to achieve something.

Stop

Stop to do something: Used when we stop doing an activity so as to start doing a different one.

Stop doing something: It means to finish doing something that we are doing.

Need

Need to do something: It's necessary to do something

Something needs doing: It has a passive meaning. It means that something needs to be done.

Your car needs cleaning. (=Your car needs to be cleaned.)

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Gerund or infinitive - verb patterns - Test-English

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Gerund or infinitive. Verb patterns. Upper-intermediate English grammar. The use of gerunds or infinitives after certain nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.

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Quantifiers are words that indicate the amount or quantity of something. They can specify large quantities, small quantities, or amounts that are not precisely defined.

1) much-used with uncountable nouns

For example:There isn’t much water left in the bottle

2) many-used with countable nouns

For example: She has read many books on the subject.

3) a Lot of and lots of

a Lot of lots of

These expressions are versatile and can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns to indicate a large amount or number.

For example:

Uncountable noun- There’s a lot of snow outside.

Countable noun-She has lots of friends.

4) few-used with countable nouns to indicate a small number of items.

Example: There are few apples left in the basket.

5) little-used with uncountable nouns to indicate a small quantity of something.

Example: There is little interest in the proposal.

Reference: https://medium.com/app-to-learn-english/quantity-expressions-much-many-a-lot-of-few-and-little-7894c3e90

Task: Choose the correct word or phrase.

1) My sister only had LITTLE time before her train departed.

2) Can I ask you for SOME advice?

3) I have a FEW books I don't need any more.

4)MOST people in Switzerland speak at least two languages.

5)I'll get back to you in  FEW minutes.

Reference: https://www.grammarly.com/a?utm_source=gdn&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=grammarlyatwork&utm_content=68

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You can find (just about) anything on Medium - apparently even a page that doesn't exist. Maybe these stories will take you somewhere new?

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When we say one speaker’s statement to another person, we use reported speech. Reported speech is also known as indirect speech. An example can make it clear.

Direct Speech: I like fish and rice.
Reported Speech: She says that she likes fish and rice.

present-past

will-would

past simple-past perfect or present perfect

can-could

may-might

must-had to

tomorrow-the next day

here-there

this-that

In reported questions we can add if or whether

Example: She said, “I always drink tea.”

She said that she always drank tea.

Example: John Said, “Her mother came on last Saturday.”
John said that her mother had come on last Saturday.

Task: There are 5 questions in this quiz. Choose the correct answer.

1) ‘I can swim really fast.’

a) He said me that he could swim really fast.
b) He told that he could swim really fast.
c) He said that he could swim really fast.

2 There was an accident outside the supermarket’.

a)He said there had been an accident outside the supermarket.
b) He said there were an accident outside the supermarket.
c) He said there has been an accident outside the supermarket.

3 Tom said ‘I’m going to London tomorrow.’
Five days later you say...

a)Tom said he was going to London tomorrow.
b) Tom said he is going to London the following day.
c) Tom said he was going to London the following day.

4 Which sentence is NOT correct?

a) James said he will help me.
b) Karen said she was going to be late.
c) Lisa said she didn’t have a map.

5 Which words complete the sentence?
Maria apologised for not coming. She said she had been busy ____.

a) the following day
b) that day
c) previous day

References: B1 Grammar: Reported Speech (examenglish.com)

What are the Rules of Reported Speech | by Education Help | Medium

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Grammar explanation and practice test at B1 level

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We use the third conditional (if + past perfect, would + have + past participle) to talk about something in the past that did not happen.

1)

This is the way we imagine how things could have been different in the past. If something had been different, something else would have happened. Notice that both the condition and the result are impossible now.

For example:

If I’d known, I would have worn something nicer. ( in this case ,Amy didn’t know about the party so she didn’t wear special clothes.)

2)

The next clause is imagining the result in the past, which didn’t happen, of course. The if clause can be at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

For example:

I definitely would’ve remembered if you’d told me!

3)

We can use negatives to talk about things that did happen in the past.

For example:

He wouldn’t have missed the bus if he hadn’t overslept.

4)

We also use could or might.

For example:

If they’d told me, I might have been able to help.

5)

We often use the third conditional to express regret or to complain about something.

For example:

It would’ve been even better if Alfie hadn’t ruined it!

Task:Choose the correct form to make third conditional sentences.

1) If you had trained more, you _______didn't losehadn't lost so easily.

a) wouldn't have lost

b) did not lose

c) had not lose

2) We wouldn't have spent all the money if you _______ on going to that boutique.

a) would not have instited

b) had not instited

c) did not insist

3) If you had told me that you were having problems, I c_______you.

a)could have helped

b) had helped

c) would help

4) If I _________ that she was in town, I would have called her.

a) would have known

b)had known

c) would know

5) If she had offered a better price for the car, I _______ it.

a) might have bought

b) had bought

c) would buy

6) There wouldn't have been so many problems if they ________the race a bit better.

a) had organised

b) would have organised

c) organised

7) We ________lost if you had asked for directions.

a)wouldn't have got

b)hadn't got

c)wouldn't get

8) We would never have met if you _______ us to each other at that party.

a) hadn't introduced

b)hasn't introduced

c)wouldn't have introduced

9) If she had embarrassed me in front of all my friends, I _______her for ever.

a) will hate

b)would have hated

c) had hated

10) I _______her life if I had paid more attention.

a) had saved

b) would save

c) could have saved

Reference: Third conditional – past unreal situations - Test-English

Conditionals Type 3 | Grammarkup

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Exercises Explanation Downloads

Third conditional - past unreal situations

Exercise 1

Choose the correct form to make third conditional sentences.

Third conditional - Grammar Chart

If clause and main clause

We use if + past perfect to talk about an imaginary or hypothetical situation in the past. And we use would have, could have or might have + past participle in the main clauseto talk about the result or consequence of that imaginary situation.

If the jacket had been a bit cheaper, I might have bought it.

Comma

As with all conditional types, we use a comma after the if-clause when it goes at the beginning of the sentence, but we don't use a comma when the if-clause goes at the end.

Unless

We can also use unless in conditional sentences to mean if ... ( not)

I wouldn't have arrived on time unless I had taken a taxi.

= I wouldn't have arrived on time had if I n't taken a taxi.

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Third conditional - past unreal situations - Test-English

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Third conditional - past unreal situations. If I had done ... I would have. Imagined situations in the past. English intermediate grammar exercises.

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A 1. If I hadn't seen the speed camera, I wouldn't have slowed down. I

Jon might have got the job if he'd been on time for his interview. F

She would have hurt herself badly if she'd fallen down the stairs. H

If Katy and Luke hadn't caught the same train, they wouldn't have met. E

What would you have studied if you'd gone to university. A

How would you have got to the airport if the trains had been on strike? J

If you'd worn a warmer coat, you wouldn't have caught a cold. B

Your parents would have enjoyed the trip if they'd come with us. G

Would you have been annoyed if she'd told you the truth? C

B

1. If you hadn't taken me to the station, I would have missed my train.

We wouldn't have won the match if the referee hadn't given us a penalty.

You would have enjoyed the weekend if you'd come with us.

If I hadn't bought the theatre tickets online, they would have been more expensive.

Mike would have forgotten his wife's birthday, if she hadn't reminded him.

If the police had arrived five minutes later, they wouldn't have caught the thief.

If you hadn't lent me the money, I wouldn't have been able to go away for the weekend.

That girl would have fallen in the river if you hand't caught her arm.

We wouldn't have found the hotel if we hadn't seen the signpost.

If I had known about the job, I would have applied for it.

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who-refer to people

which-refer to things or animals

that-refer to things or animals

whose -refer to possesion

whom-refer to a people used instead of who if who is object

where-refer to a places

when-refer to time

why-refer to reasons

There are two types of relative clause: defining and non-defining relative clause.

1. Defining relative clauses

Defining relative clauses add detail about a particular noun that is defined. They give essential/ important information about the people, things being referred to.

2. Non-defining relative clauses

Non-defining relative clauses give extra/ non-essential information about people or things. It does not affect the meanings of the whole sentence.

For example (clause after the object of the sentence):

I'm looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well.

She has a son who / that is a doctor.

We bought a house which / that is 200 years old.

I sent a letter which / that arrived three weeks later.

More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence):

The people who / that live on the island are very friendly.

The man who / that phoned is my brother.

The camera which / that costs £100 is over there.

The house which / that belongs to Julie is in London.

Reference:Relative Clauses (rslup.github.io)

Task :

1) Did you really understand ______I told you?

a) what

b) that

c) which

2) Mr. Dean, _______ had recently been fired, had a long list of misconducts.

a) that

b)which

c) who

3) The victims, most of _______ were adults, are being identified by the US authorities.

a) whom

b) which

c) who

4) I like the scene _______Dorothy meets Scarecrow.

a) what

b) where

c) which

5)This is the man ________I am in love with.

a) who

b) which

c) whom

6) I wasn't honest with Kenneth, _______ made him furious.

a) that

b) which

7)The chancellor, _______ sons were arrested in the corruption operation, resigned yesterday.

a) both of whose

b) both of whom

c) both whose

8)The police searched the vehicle________ the gun was found.

a) where

b) that

c) which

9) The driver, ________contract finishes at the end of the season, doesn't want to talk about his future.

a) who

b) whose

c) whom

10)Between 2000 and 2005, she wrote three novels, ________ was published.

a) either of which

b) none which

c) none of which

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We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences, or to give more information about something.

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Second conditional tense

1) second conditional sentences: if + past simple, would / wouldn't + infinitive.

2) We use the second conditional to talk about a hypothetical / imaginary present or future situation and its consequence.
If I had a job... (- I don't have a job, l'm imagining it)

3) We use the past simple after if and would / wouldn't +
infinitive in the other clause.

4) We can also use could instead of would in the other clause.After if, we can use was or were with l, he, and she.
We often use second conditionals beginning If I were you, I'd...to give advice. We don't normally use If I was you...

Examples:

1. If I had more free time, I would learn how to play the guitar.

2. If it rained tomorrow, I would stay indoors and watch movies all day.

3. If she studied harder, she would pass her exams with flying colors.

4. If you called me, I would come over and help you with your project.

Reference: Second Conditional. The second conditional is a structure… | by PMcFB | Medium

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1) Giving Advice: "If I were you, I would ... "

You imagine what you would do if you faced the same decision or situation as someone else.

2) Giving Reasons Why You Can't Do Something

Sometimes we need to say no when someone asks us to do something. Saying no to people is difficult, however, so we soften our replies or make excuses why we can't do something (why we didn't, couldn't, shouldn't, or wouldn't do something). When our lives do not go as we had expected, we tell ourselves the reasons why, or we make excuses.

If my health were better, I would spend more time volunteering.

If there were more hours in a day, I would gladly help with this project, but I have so much on my plate right now

I would love to catch up if I didn't have to work late this week. Let's make plans for next week.

3) A Different Reality

You can use the second conditional to imagine a different life for yourself, or a different life for other people.

4) Asking Hypothetical Questions

When you ask a hypothetical questions (imaginary or not real), you ask someone to imagine what she or he would do in certain situations. These situations are not real, there may be no possibility that these situations will happen in the future.

What would you do if you didn't have to work?

What would you do if you had a better job?

If you won the lottery, what would you do with the money?

5) For situations that are not real at the moment

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The second conditional is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the present or in the future. Use the second conditional when you want to imagine that the present, right now, is...

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1) wide- greatest size

2) to nod- the sign of agreement

3) chin-the lower part of face

4) narrow- small in length

5) to stare-looking at something or someone for a long time

6) toes- five fingers

7) shoulders- body between arms and neck

8) whistle- the sound that we made with our lips and teeth

9) thumb-thick finger

Sentences:

1) Anna drew wide steps in her house plan.

2) This person too begin to nod in response.

3) My friend complains that she has a second chin.

4) Narrow communication will lead to a better life.

5) Our gym teacher blew his whistle and we all lined up.

6) She put her head on mother's shoulder and told her how much she loved her.

7) If you nod, sign this please.

8) You shoud convey your mood with your thumb.

9) After a pedicure her toes became extremely sensitive.

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6A

1 scene-a place where actors play their roles.

2 on set- while filming the movie.

3 shot- filming

4 plot- the structure of film

5 cast- the main actors who are being in shot

6 sequel- the order of events in the movie

7 epics- a poem about heroes

8 the stars- well known actors

9 thriller-this is a genre where we can see crime or horror

10 a dubbed film- type of film that have voice in another language.

1) The two main characters Anna and John are playing on scene.

2)In movies, I like where the plot has a mysterious ending.

3) Emma said she would agree to star in the film if the cast was good.

4) Due to the weather getting worse, the shotting of the film has been postponed to tomorrow.

5)The sequel to this film will be next year.

6) There are a lot of epic films in Kazakhstan.

7) On set, one of the actors became ill.

8) There were stars in this movie.

9)Flashback is a thriller movie

10) Personally I am for the first time watching the dubbed film

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primary- school which start at the age of 5

nursery- kindergarten

secondary school-educational instituition like high school or gymnasium

state school- a school where students study for free and teach primary as well as secondary education

private school- a school that teaches in its own way and this school is independent of the government

boarding - children can study,eat and sleep(интернат)

pupils- we called like this the children at primary school

students- people who study at secondary or at university

head teacher- the person who controls everything that concerns the school and takes responsibility for everything ,manages the school

degree- a person who has finished university

to be expelled- to make someone leave from university

1) Our head teacher very positive and responsible person.

2) Anna graduated from university and enrolled in a master's degree program.

3) Tomorrow we will have an activity with students in the mountains.

4) This student missed a lot of classes so he has to be expelled from the university.

5) In nursery school provides the first education for children.

6)Children who have the skill to live an independent life study at the boarding school.

7)Last year I transferred to a private school to enter for university

8)All pupils lined up to sing the anthem.

9) I graduated from secondary school at the age of 17.

10) Miss Kayleigh, an primary school teacher, quit her job.

11) The state school is dedicated to all students who want to really learn.

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1) To protect the house, people put up a large gate.

2) The sun shone so beautifully into the wall .

3)All the necessary things for the house were stored in our basement.

4) For the convenience of children, a patio was built so that they could play.

5) Many types of flowers have been added to the terrace.

6) In this house, the roof fell down due to the strong wind.

7) How many steps are left before the finish line?

8) The entrance to the school was in the background.

9) Today we had breakfast with our family in the balcony.

10) The higher the chimney, the less the environmental impact.

11) We rented an apartment on the top floor with a sea view.

12)On the ground floor we have a kitchen and a guest room.

13) Since childhood, I have dreamed of an attic in my house.

14)The path to our house is very scary and dark.

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detectives-people who investigate all sorts of cases

evidence-proof or argument

murder-to kill someone

murderer-the man who kill someone

prove-show or demonstrate

solve-find a way out of the situation

suspects -guess someone as may be murderer

victims-the injured people

witnesses-a person who has seen a crime and can prove it

Example:

1)Detectives began to investigate the case.

2) In order to achieve justice, we need proof.

3) A murdered man was found at the end of the city

4)The murderer has still not admitted his guilt.

5)They have proved that they are not guilty.

6)They are still solving this problem.

7)They are still solving this problem.

8) There were witnesses there for the good.

9) The victims swore at the defender during the trial.

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1) to set up-starting a business

2) unemployed- person without work or job

3) was sacked- was fired

4) to resign-formally quit your job

5) to retire-when you're old enough and you have to leave work

6) got promoted- higher position, gets a raise for a good job

7) was made redundant-to dismiss from work for some untidy reasons

8) work shifts-work day and night

9) self employed- working for himself

10) freelance-working for different companies

11) temporary- job only a short contract

12) part time job- only a few hours a day

Example:

1) I set up my own business and opened my dream salon near my house.

2) John was sacked because he didn't come to work on time and always overslept.

3) In our country, most people are unemployed because there is little salary.

4) Anna resigned because she found a better job.

5) My father retired at the age of 45, he worked for 20 years in this job.

6)My mom was promoted at work because she passed the test and took the category.

7) He was made redundant from his job because he got into a fight with one of the clients.

8) The guards work with workshifts.

9) Anna is self employed because she is the owner of this restaurant.

10) My sister's schedule at work is freelance.

11) I got a temporary job so that I wouldn't just lie there in the summer.

12) The job would be easy if it part time job.

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1)delivery-a service that will bring us the thing or something that we ordered

2)response -answer

3)treatment- therapy,handling

4)demonstration-show something,proof

5)attachement-when you're addicted to something or someone

6)сompensation-a salary that goes as a reward

7)complaint-claim, appeal

8)consideration-review some kind of case carefully

9)imrovement-like development or enhancement

Sentences:

1) This case has not yet been considered.

2) I want to improve my speaking skills.

3)Those who work in the military are given apartments as well as compensation for better and longer work.

4)This restaurant has received a lot of complaints that they do not serve dishes at the time.

5)Magnum has all-day delivery, which is great.

6)Our teacher showed us the project using a screen demonstration.

7)I'm very attached to this university that I don't want to let go.

8)She is receiving treatment for this diagnosis.

9)This service was told that they would respond within two hours.

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1)luck-a person who finds everything easy

2) unlucky-a person who finds everything difficult.

3)fortune - luck, success, our condition

4) comfort- convenience

5) patience-a man who knows how to endure and wait

6)care-a man who knows how to look after

7) adaptor-the device that connects when there is no connection method

8)keyboard-the thing with which we can write

9) a memory stick-the map where our photos are saved files are different and the message

10)mouse-a thing for a computer or laptop with which we can move

11) a printer-the thing with which we make a copy of any document

12) a socket-connector, for example charge

13) a speaker- loudspeaker

Example:

1) Anna is a very lucky girl because everything comes easy to her.

2)He is unlucky, he always has some difficulties on the way.

3)What do you need to do to win such fortune?

4) For our comfort, it's worth buying it all.

5)His patience did not seem to last forever.

6)Our mother's care is the best thing in this world.

7)With the help of the adapter, you can not use the socket, which is convenient.

8) I'm going to buy a wireless keyboard .

9) It is more convenient to move in a laptop using the mouse.

10)When the printer's ink works well, the copy comes out qualitatively.
11) When I clean the house, I always use speaker so that I don't get bored.

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Essay : Disadvantage and advantages of phone

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Essay : Disadvantage and advantages of phone

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Nowadays, every person cannot imagine their life without a phone. The world is so developed. Now there are different types of phone. For us, the phone is a kind of communication, a kind of finding resources with one word to say, we survive thanks to the phone. The phone has functions such as paying online to order, some even earn money from it. Thanks to the phone, we can communicate by video call with loved ones who are far away from us. And we can also find a lot of friends to chat with. We can take pictures at any time to leave memories.There are also disadvantages. Before, when there was no phone, it seems to me that people lived in the present. That is, they were always in the moment of living, getting high, showing their emotions in life and not through the screen. And also the phone removes a lot of energy that makes a person dizzy and our eyesight deteriorates. In the end, I want to say that we are all addicted people when it comes to the phone. As soon as we get free, we immediately watch all sorts of videos on the phone. That is, our development is real, we have lost ourselves. But this is also some kind of entertainment and it also shows the development of technology.

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I have learned a lot in this course. First of all, I want to thank you for teaching us a lot. To be honest, I just got high from your lessons. I really liked the way you explained everything to us. The lessons were very interesting for me, even though the lesson started at nine in the morning, especially on Monday. And there were also very creative tasks, yes, some moments were difficult for me, like pop up quiz or mid term, but I think this is also some kind of experience for us, yes we are wrong, maybe I took low scores in some tasks, but thanks to these mistakes I learned a lot. And I also really liked the padlet task, because when I write, I quickly memorize. This is very convenient for preparing the final and mid term. You demanded to write a dictionary yourself and give examples. I also really liked this topic, I remembered these words very well. And there was also a task to voice the film, it was very funny and funny, it was a little difficult, but it also helps us to improve our performances to some extent.And there was also a task to come up with my own product, which also came to me. Because it was very creative and not trivial. We came up with something that even the world does not have, it was also interesting to do such a task. In addition, I improved my English and conversation and learned all sorts of grammars and learned a lot of vocabulary.I want to express my great gratitude for this semester.