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Different perspectives that visualise dreams in different ways

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Different perspectives that visualise dreams in different ways

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Different research perspectives that focus on dreams 

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Different research perspectives that focus on dreams 

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Different non research perspectives focusing on dreams

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Different non research perspectives focusing on dreams

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Religion (buddism (pali canon) versus catholic (bible)) 

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Religion (buddism (pali canon) versus catholic (bible)) 

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Threat-simulation theory

Expectation-fulfillment theory

Activation-synthesis theory

Continual-activation theory

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Capitalistic realism (fine arts especially)

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Capitalistic realism (fine arts especially)

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Movements that use dreams in a certain way to show their vision 

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Movements that use dreams in a certain way to show their vision 

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Traumdeutung (1900): Dreams are made as the result of two mental processes:

1. Manifest content: remembered narrative that plays out in the dream itself. (does not resemble the actual meaning of the dream)

2. Latent content: refers tot the underlying meaning of the dream

All dreams are forms of 'wish fulfillment' --> Freud states: 'My presumption that dreams can be interpreted at once puts me in opposition to the ruling theory of dreams and in fact to every theory of dreams'.

--> Freud claimed that every dream has a connection point with an experience of the previous day

--> Dreams as picture-puzzles, can form a "poetical phrase of the greatest beauty and significance".

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The Interpretation of Dreams - Wikipedia

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Title page of the original German edition

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https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/468718.pdf

Mitchell, W. J. (1984). What Is an Image? New Literary History, 15(3), 503. https://doi.org/10.2307/468718

--> 'My procedure instead will be to examine some of the ways we use the word image in a number of institutionalized discourses and to criticize the ways each of these disciplines makes use of notions of imagery borrowed from its neighbors.

--> Images family tree: mental = dreams, memories, ideas, fantasmata

--> The mental and verbal images would seem to be images only in some doubtful, metaphoric sense. People may report experiencing images in their heads while reading or dreaming, but we have only their word for this; there is no way to check up on this objectively.

--> Now for the thinking soul images take the place of direct perceptions; and when it asserts or denies that they are good or bad, it avoids or pursues them. Hence the soul never thinks without a mental image (Aristotle, De Anima)

--> 'It seems fair to say that the status of mental representation in general, and the mental image in particular, has been one of the main battle-gounds of modern theories of the mind'.

--> Graphic/pictorial as true literal image versus mental / spiritual image as true literal image

--> Imago Dei: Image as likeness

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W. J. T. Mitchell, What Is an Image?, New Literary History, Vol. 15, No. 3, Image/Imago/Imagination (Spring, 1984), pp. 503-537

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1. Literal dreams (what we dream of in our sleep) / 2. Figurative dreams (what we want in our lives)

2. Beliefs about dreams

3. Visual culture of dreams

--> Connect these

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Reference 'The Role of Dream in Modern(ist) Gothic...'

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Reference 'The Role of Dream in Modern(ist) Gothic...'

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Gillespie, G. (2019). The Role of Dream in Modern(ist) Gothic (Re-) Imaginings across Literature, Painting, and Film. KulturPoetik, 19(1), 85–95. https://doi.org/10.13109/kult.2019.19.1.85

--> Date: from ending sixteenth century onwards

--> Linkage between non rational subject matters and triumph of modern psychology at threshold to modernism has to do with dreams. Western dramatic tradition underpinned dream thematics for the precocious Romantics (shakespeare de la Barca and other dramatists of late Renaissance)

--> Dream thematics ending sixteenth through seventeenth century (Shakespeare's Hamlet)

--> Function dream Renaissance drama 1: Audience saw the dream visions in characters mind on stage: dream intruding into time confirms as a prophetic a 'truth' which audiences already accept as validated ex post facto.

--> Function dream Renaissance drama 2: meta-theatricality of Corneille's L'Illusion comique (1636) underscores the virtual interchangeability of vision or dream with the repertory of actual life as experienced in its multiple forms (verwarren van leven met droomwereld)

--> Notion of alter egos and other entities often a feature in stories by romantic authors (Hoffmann / Allan Poe), but still in modern (post-romantic psychology) nineteenth century authors a common topic (including realists / naturalists). Person might possess various identities.

--> Shopenhauwer (1788/1860): human ego was illusory construct caught between societal codes (Superego Freud) and inscrutable laws of the species which operated through the unconscious (the id) --> Plays from Huysmans (A Rebours, 1884 --> more western) & Strindberg (Ett Drömspel / A Dream Play, 1901 --> more Asian beliefs) well serves to illustrate the breakthrough of Shopenhauer's general influence in literary Modernism

--> Dali (1904/1989) (painter/filmmaker): used his works to assemble seeming keys to a dream state --> entrance into the psyche in surrealism

--> Film makes its rise (1895): Attraction of western publics to psychic threats on the threshold of Modernism: Lot of nighmarisch encounters (Frankenstein) / Vampirism (Dracula, 1897)

--> Traumdeuting Freud (1900)

--> Intolerance (Griffith, 1913): Combination between realism and dream at the end

--> Poet Vachel Lindsay: Theory 'The Art of the Moving Picture (1916): equating movies with various modes of dreaming, quite trechantly asserts that those watching a film are participating in a kind of communal trance-like experience. --> His belief that movies violate boundaries between real and dream moments both individually and collectively is broadly contemporareous with practices in Modernist-Surrealist painting.

--> Film as a medium that can share deeper levels of mind and identity as Carl Gustav Jung said

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Difference between mental and material images etc

Explore how images and dreams relate to each other

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Reference Dream Beliefs (chinese undergraduate students): 

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Reference Dream Beliefs (chinese undergraduate students): 

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Dream Beliefs (chinese undergraduate students):

Li, P., Yang, F., Wang, X., Yao, R., Dai, J., & Yun-Long, D. (2019). What Do You Think About Your Dreams? The Construction of a Belief About Dreams Questionnaire. Nature And Science Of Sleep, Volume 11, 411–421. https://doi.org/10.2147/nss.s227154

--> Study with only Chinese participants (cultural)

--> Since ancient times, China has a keen interest and unique view about dreams.

--> Dreamer profile differences: 29.3% were Indifferent Dreamers: they believe that dreams have no real meaning. 70.3% were Interested Dreamers: They consider dreams to be meaningful.

5 factors in the analysis:

1. Omen & Health:

--> Dreams can foretell the future and can reflect upon one's health --> in line with the views of ancient Chinese thinkers and medical experts on dreams: they believed the main function of dreams was to reflect people's health, and thinkers believed that the function of dreams was mainly to predict good or bad luck. In ancient China, most people believed that dreams could foretell the future.

--> explained the relationship between dreams and physical health: for example, if a person was weak, he/she would dream of water; and if the person was strong, he/she would dream of fire. In Western dream theory, dreams also have these two functions.

2. Dream superstition (beliefs that dreams are closely connected to spiritual dimensions)

--> In ancient China, there were many literary works describing the dream superstitions. Ghosts, Bodhisattva and deceased people enter people’s dreams, make confessions, reveal the truth to clear up injustices, warn, and persuade people to be good

--> Western prescientific dream theories saw dreams as messages coming from outside the individual, mostly from god-like creatures.

3. Dream meaninglessness

--> No research regarding this belief has been conducted in China.

--> A Canadian study showed that only 6.5% of the participants thought that dreams are meaningless

4. Dream reality (dream content related to waking-life experiences)

--> At present, some research supports the “continuity hypothesis”, that is, that the content of dreams reflects waking activities.

5. Dream attitude (attitude about dreams, willing to remember dreams or not)

--> Only one study in China focused on the attitude towards dreams, and it found that the positive attitudes towards dreams can predict individuals’ willingness to engage in psychoanalytic interpretation therapy.

When compared with males, females elicited higher scores in Dream omen and health, Dream superstition, Dream meaninglessness, and Dream reality; males and female showed similar scores in Dream Attitude.

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Robbins, P. R., & Tanck, R. H. (1991). Theories of Dreams Held by American College Students. The Journal Of Social Psychology, 131(1), 143–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1991.9713835

123 undergraduate students at George Washington University asked the following: "Do you have any beliefs or theories about the meaning of dreams?" "If yes, what are your beliefs?".

89% answered yes and wrote down beliefs: 7 main responses:

1. Cognitive/information-processing theories of dreaming: They are responses to pre-sleep stimuli

2. related to events from recent past

3. dreams are attempts to solve problems.

4. Psychodynamic theory: Dreams are attempts to give expression to wishes that may not be gratified in reality

5. they are products of the unconscious.

6. Dreams are related to fears and anxieties

7. Dreams could predict the future

Gender differences: woman more considered cognitive-information-processing type on dreaming beliefs

"Dreams are related to one's fears and anxieties" had the highest percentage (91%) in the follow up study about beliefs

Minority (17%) who believed that dreams could predict the future

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To do: Different beliefs of different cultures about dreams --> link them to visual culture of dreams in culture

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To do: Different beliefs of different cultures about dreams --> link them to visual culture of dreams in culture

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topic of my research: link different cultures and there beliefs about dreams to the visual culture and the differences. Taks into account the history, psychology, philosophy and other aspects that stand out in these different cultures.

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Dreams can mean 2 things: they either stand for something you really want to achieve in your life, a life you envision for yourself that would be the best version of life for you, but dreams can also be interpreted as the literal visions we have whilst sleeping. How do they relate to each other?

Do the literal dreams people in different cultures mainly have differ from each other? and does this have something to do with the cultural background? --> how does this relate to the visual culture and does it reinforce these beliefs/dreams?

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Freuds Träumdeutung (1900) -> psychoanalysis

Society mainly disregarded dreams, and many people rarely even remember them (Rosenfeld, 2021).

--> Link to visual culture in Europe about dreams

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...

--> Link to visual culture in United States about dreams

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Spirituality

China: Undergraduates 70.9% found dreams meaningful (health / spiritual meanings etc)

China: Daoism, dreams as sign that you're not immortal yet (ancient china) & evil spirits

India / Buddism (spiritual / psychological & reality/dreams)

--> Link to visual culture in Asia about dreams

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Voodoo in Haïti (possesion in dreams)

...

--> Link to visual culture in Africa about dreams

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Bourguignon, E. (1954). Dreams and Dream Interpretation in Haiti. American Anthropologist, 56(2), 262–268. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1954.56.2.02a00080

Baka, are frequently called "Demons" and are thought of as secret societies of humans who turn into animals at will. They are generally feared and children are frightened with them. People have the believe that people don't know how their friends and neighbors are at night.

Lots of nightmares, cemetary's and messages from supernaturals in dreams

2 main beliefs the Haitian peasants had:

1. The dream may be said to function as one of the vehicles of communication between the gods, the dead, and the living.

--> One has spoken with a god, when that god was possessing another person, or, in local parlance, was "in the head" of another person (or in their own heads).

--> difference between dreams and possession: while one does not remember one's own possessions during waking life, one might remember having been possessed in a dream.

--> Gods are of mixed African, Catholic and Haitian origin.

--> vodun mythodology plays important role

--> Dreams and reality intertwine because Haitian peasants get messages they have to do in there lives

--> Essential point for dreamer: message from god and ability to communicate with them

2. Dream operates on two levels of perception: what is told and what is experienced(more widespread, among primitives as well as elsewhere)

--> Difference (by cultural definition) between dreams and possession experience as contact with deities seems to be the fact that it is possible to dream of being possessed oneself by a given divinity and remember the divinities actions, while possession is followed by amnesia.

--> as soon as you dream of a person, you know it is a divinity. This system of identification very interstingly reflect Haitian race classification, and incidentally Haitian class structure as well.

--> dreaming is thought of as related to one's religion (vodun worshipers are catholics, vodun deities are saits of the Catholic Church.

--> protestants are thought to dream only rarely and with difficulty (they don't believe in Catholic Church nor vodun deities)

--> the reality of the dream world is placed on the same plane as that of waking experience.

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Foster, G. M. (1973). Dreams, Character, and Cognitive Orientation in Tzintzuntzan. Ethos, 1(1), 106–121. https://doi.org/10.1525/eth.1973.1.1.02a00050

More a study about meaning of dreams people had and what occurred most in the dreams, and link this to reality

Dreams tell much more than the personal and idiosyncratic psychological aspects of the dreamer's personality in that dream content (motifs, personnel and locale) in a very considerable measure is a function of a discrete cultural view of the universe, a projection of the dreamer's assumptions about the conditions of life with which we must cope

--> In my research I can link this to Visual culture and the figurative meaning of dreams, what we want to achieve in live.

In Tzintzuntzan, fear of "what people will say", of public opinion, and not law, is the great force which leads people to conform to traditional and approved norms

Although emphasis will be on content of dreams, it is important to remember that there is an "ethnography of dreams", the attitudes towards ands the beliefs about dreams held by a people tell us important things about their view of life.

2 sort of dreams (beliefs): 1. sueño or dream proper and 2. Pesadilla, or nightmare. The main differences between the 2 are:

--> Pesadilla is in the local taxonomic system not a dream at all but occurs when ego is just falling asleep, still half awake and not fully unconscious. A Sueño occurs when a person is fully asleep.

--> The prototype Pesadilla is that it's always, without exception, a terrifying experience, where a "something" called death enters the door. A sueño may be pleasant or frightening but always excludes the theme of death entering the room.

Causes of (bad) dreams (beliefs): Bad nutrition in childhood. "Greater weakness, more nightmares".

People tend to look for immediate stimulus to a dream in some experience of the proceeding day --> unconfortable if they don't find one --> interesting parallel to personality trait: in real life every event must be assigned to a cause.

Dream beliefs;

--> most believe that dreams may foretell the future

--> God puts dreams in one's head so they will know what is going to happen

--> Death in dreams is signaled by 'mucha carne, mucha música, mucha fiesta' or water or a coffin

--> other beliefs about symbolism in dreams on page 111

Conclusion about dream themes of most people in Tzintzuntzan: it suggests a poorly developed sense of guilt, and a highly developed sense of shame, a contrast that has been noted in many cultures, past and present.

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What are the most pronounced differences around the belief of dreams in the West versus the East and how does this translate into it's contemporary online visual culture?

--> West (in this research) = capitalistic parts of the world = Europe, America

-->non west / East (in this research) = More spiritual parts of the world = Asia, Africa

How do people show their dream beliefs through the use of visual mediums?

Does visual culture effect the way people have certain beliefsystems about dreams (both literal and figurative)?

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Research (University / scientific culture)

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Research (University / scientific culture)

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The scientific study of dreams is called 'Oneiric research'

Physiology of dreams: Dreams occur during the REM (Rapid Eye Movement) phase of the sleep cycle. During this phase, the brain exhibits activity similar to when a person is awake, but the muscles are largely paralyzed, so dreams are experienced without performing physical actions that occur in the dream.

Dream content: Scientific research has shown that dream content is often related to recent experiences, emotions and thoughts of the dreamer. However, there are also cases of symbolic or cryptic dream content that are more difficult to explain

Function of dreams: Although the exact function of dreams is not fully understood, several theories have been proposed. Some researchers suggest that dreams serve to process and consolidate memories, promote emotional regulation, or exercise cognitive functions.

Lucid dreams: Lucid dreams, in which the dreamer is aware that he is dreaming, are shown that they may be a combination of increased activity in certain parts of the brain and decreased activity in other parts responsible for critical thinking and self-awareness

Neurological basis: Neuroscience research has shown that different parts of the brain are involved in dreaming processes, including the frontal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus. These areas play a role in regulating emotions, memory and imagination, suggesting that dreams have a complex neurological basis.

Dreams and mental health: there has also been research on the relationship between dreams and mental health. Some studies have shown that certain types of dreams, such as nightmares, can occur in people with health conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), while other dreams can be used as indicators of psychological well-being.

--> Scientific research on dreams has provided a wide range of insights, but many questions remain unanswered about their exact nature and function.

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Mexico: fear of what people will say --> don't talk openly about dream beliefs. Common beliefs are:

2 sort of dreams (beliefs): 1. sueño or dream proper and 2. Pesadilla, or nightmare.

..

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Rosenfeld, G. (2021). The Utilization of Dreams in Asian Religions. In Insights. PVCC.

3 main beliefs

Buddhists regard dreams as mind-created phenomena that still hold importance.

1. The lens of the Three Marks of Existence: Buddha's Doctrine of Impermanence states that all things are constantly changing, and nothing ever remains the same, not even for a moment. By holding onto these ever-changing things and mistakenly believing that they are exactly what they appear to be, suffering is sure to ensure. Therefore, in order to free oneself from suffering, one must cease all desire and attachments (Brodd et al. 91-92). In Mahayana Buddhism, dreams are no different. Anyone who has ever had a dream knows that dreams are often unstable and constantly fluctuating. In fact, Mahayana Buddhists view dreams as representative of the impermanent nature of the world. Nothing in a dream is real, and nothing can be held on to. By attaching oneself to the dream state, there can be only suffering. This does not mean that dreams are not important—but it does mean that the Doctrine of Impermanence still applies when dreaming, and therefore dreams are not exempt from suffering (Sure 1).

2. Prophetic dreams belief: Dreams can be messages from a Bodhisattva, an ancestor, or even a god to convey information (Sure 1).

3. physiological belief 1: Ancient Buddhists were very advanced in the field of psychology, despite it not existing at the time. Ancient Buddhists believed that the symbol of a dream held meaning and could indicate both illness and health.

Physiological belief 2: dreams could replay the contents of the mind. What the dreamer experienced during the day could come back to him at night in the form of a dream (same conclusions as Sigmund Freud came with thousands years later)

Buddhists aime to create Lucid dreams (as called and proven in the west) by Dream Yoga.