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The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1865, abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime. This monumental amendment marked a pivotal turning point in American history, laying the foundation for civil rights. It paved the way for further constitutional amendments aimed at establishing equal rights and protections for all citizens, including the 14th and 15th Amendments.

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Ratified in 1868, the 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including formerly enslaved individuals. It also introduced the Equal Protection Clause, ensuring that no state shall deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. This amendment significantly expanded civil liberties and has been the basis for many landmark civil rights cases, acting as a cornerstone for the fight against discrimination.

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The 15th Amendment, passed in 1870, prohibited states from denying a citizen the right to vote based on 'race, color, or previous condition of servitude.' It was a critical step forward in the fight for suffrage and equality, particularly for African American men. The enforcement of this amendment, however, faced significant challenges, leading to the necessity of further civil rights legislation like the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

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Jim Crow laws were state and local statutes that legalized racial segregation in the Southern United States from the late 19th century through the mid-20th century. Derived from an entertainment character that stereotyped African Americans, these laws perpetuated inequalities and were a stark manifestation of white supremacy. The civil rights movement of the 1960s, notably through landmark legislation like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, ultimately led to their dismantling.

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The Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 established the doctrine of 'separate but equal,' legitimizing state laws requiring racial segregation. This ruling entrenched systemic racism and justified the Jim Crow laws. It wasn't until the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954 that the 'separate but equal' doctrine was overturned, highlighting a critical moment in the civil rights movement against de jure segregation.

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De jure segregation is a form of racial segregation enforced by law, as seen in the United States primarily in the South until the civil rights movement achieved significant legislative victories in the 1960s. It was prominently underpinned by the Jim Crow laws and overturned by landmark decisions such as Brown v. Board of Education, which declared state-mandated segregation in public schools unconstitutional, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

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Ratified in 1920, the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted women the right to vote, marking a significant milestone in the women's suffrage movement. This amendment challenged the traditional gender roles and paved the way for future legislation that would further secure women's rights and liberties. It represents an crucial leap forward in the ongoing fight for equal rights for all citizens, regardless of gender.

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The landmark Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson. This decision was a fundamental step in dismantling racial segregation and discrimination in the United States, significantly affecting the education system and contributing to the broader civil rights movement.

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In 1957, the integration of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, became a defining moment in the civil rights movement. Despite state opposition and violent protests, nine African American students, known as the 'Little Rock Nine,' attended the previously all-white Central High School. This event not only challenged de facto segregation in education but also drew national attention to the struggles for civil rights and the need for federal intervention.

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The Freedom Rides of 1961 were pivotal in the civil rights movement, as interracial groups of activists rode buses into the segregated southern United States to challenge the non-enforcement of Supreme Court decisions that segregated buses were unconstitutional. These brave efforts faced violent reactions, yet significantly raised national awareness of the civil rights struggle and added pressure for change, leading to the Interstate Commerce Commission ruling against segregated buses, terminals, and facilities.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark civil rights and labor law that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal voter registration requirements, racial segregation in schools, at the workplace, and by facilities that served the general public. This act significantly advanced the civil rights movement, promoting equality and justice for all Americans. It laid the groundwork for further civil rights legislation.

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The Voting Rights Act of 1965 aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the 15th Amendment. It is considered one of the most far-reaching pieces of civil rights legislation in U.S. history. This act significantly contributed to the increase in African American voting and political representation, marking an essential milestone in the fight against racial discrimination and voter suppression.

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1965: Switch made to De facto segregation

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1965: Switch made to De facto segregation

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De facto segregation refers to racial separation that occurs by practice and custom, rather than by legal requirement. In the United States, this form of segregation has been especially prevalent in urban areas concerning housing, education, and employment, among other sectors. Despite the civil rights gains of the 1960s, de facto segregation remains a challenge, highlighting the ongoing struggle for true equality and integration in American society.

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Loving v. Virginia (1967) was a landmark civil rights decision of the U.S. Supreme Court which invalidated laws prohibiting interracial marriage. This ruling held that 'marriage is one of the basic civil rights of man,' essential to the orderly pursuit of happiness. It marked a significant victory against racial prejudices and furthered the cause of equality under the law, contributing to the ongoing battle against racial discrimination.

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1971: Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education

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1971: Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education

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The Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education case in 1971 led to a landmark Supreme Court ruling that upheld busing as a legitimate means for achieving integration of public schools. This decision played a crucial role in efforts to desegregate schools across the United States, further dismantling the legacy of 'separate but equal' and promoting equal educational opportunities for children of all races.

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Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 is a federal law that states: 'No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.' Title IX dramatically increased female participation in sports and academics, addressing gender discrimination in education and ensuring equal opportunities.

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Roe v. Wade (1973) was a groundbreaking Supreme Court decision that established a woman's legal right to an abortion under the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. This decision significantly advanced women's rights and privacy rights, marking a monumental step in the struggle for women's healthcare rights and reproductive freedom. It remains a central issue in the ongoing debate over civil liberties in the United States.

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In Bakke v. Regents (1978), the Supreme Court ruled that racial quotas in college admissions were unconstitutional but that race could be one of several factors in the admissions process. This decision confirmed the legality of affirmative action intended to address past injustices and promote diversity but sparked ongoing debates about the best methods to achieve equality in education.

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The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including jobs, schools, transportation, and all public and private places that are open to the general public. The ADA was a significant leap forward in the fight for the rights of people with disabilities, ensuring their full and equal participation in society and pushing forward the broader agenda of civil rights.

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Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) is a landmark civil rights case in which the Supreme Court ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This decision was a significant victory for the LGBTQ+ rights movement, affirming the principle of equality under the law and the rights to liberty and happiness for all.