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The Krebs Cycle Explained (Aerobic Respiration)

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The Link Reaction Explained (Aerobic Respiration)

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Practicals: Rates of Enzyme Reactions Exam Questions | A-level Biology | OCR, AQA, Edexcel

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Enzymes Required Practical - A level Biology.  The effect of a variable on the rate of reaction

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Enzyme practical - example lab (video 2)

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Enzyme practical - example lab (video 2)

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Pre-lab: Liver and Enzyme activity (Video 1)

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behlogy | Cambridge A Level 9700 Biology

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How to Measure Rate of the Catalase Reaction

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(A1.2) - Chargaff's Rule [Nucleic Acids] - IB Biology (HL)

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Esta animación nos muestra el aparato de Golgi en acción: un orgánulo presente en todas las células… en 2024 | Aparato de golgi, Enseñanza de química, Medicina de urgencias

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18-sep-2024 - Esta animación nos muestra el aparato de Golgi en acción: un orgánulo presente en todas las células eucariotas que forma parte del sistema de endomembranas, es esencial para el correcto procesamiento y transporte de moléculas dentro de la célula.

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Transmission of neurotransmitters. DC to it’s owner. | Biology, Biology facts, Basic anatomy and physiology

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This Pin was created by Trauvaille on Pinterest. Transmission of neurotransmitters. DC to it’s owner.

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MINDSET THERAPY™ on Instagram: "Croatian virologist Dr. Beata Halassy, facing a recurrent aggressive stage 3 breast cancer, opted against traditional chemotherapy due to its side effects. 

Instead, she self-administered lab-grown viruses directly into her tumor, aiming to harness their oncolytic properties to destroy cancer cells. 

This unconventional approach led to significant tumor reduction, allowing for less invasive surgery. Remarkably, Dr. Halassy has remained cancer-free for over four years following this treatment. 
 
Follow for more 👉@mindset.therapy

DM for credit or removal request (no copyright intended) ©️ All rights and credits reserved to the respective owner(s)"

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48K likes, 513 comments - mindset.therapy on November 23, 2024: "Croatian virologist Dr. Beata Halassy, facing a recurrent aggressive stage 3 breast cancer, opted against traditional chemotherapy due to its side effects. 

Instead, she self-administered lab-grown viruses directly into her tumor, aiming to harness their oncolytic properties to destroy cancer cells. 

This unconventional approach led to significant tumor reduction, allowing for less invasive surgery. Remarkably, Dr. Halassy has remained cancer-free for over four years following this treatment. 
 
Follow for more 👉@mindset.therapy

DM for credit or removal request (no copyright intended) ©️ All rights and credits reserved to the respective owner(s)". 

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View this post on Instagram

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Scientists build a robot that is part fungus, part machine | CNN

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Harnessing electrical signals made by a king oyster mushroom and its sensitivity to light, researchers engineered biohybrid robots that respond to the environment.

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ITV News on Instagram: "The joy of spending time with your favourite four legged friend for many is priceless, but Tom Rubython knows the exact cost. In 2014, Tom paid £80,000 to have his beloved cocker spaniel Daisy cloned by a South Korean lab.
His new pets, Mable and Myrtle, were born at Sooam Biotech in Seoul - the world’s biggest dog-cloning business - a practice which at the time wasn’t available in the UK. #itvnews #petcloning #cloning"

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2,876 likes, 179 comments - itvnews on November 19, 2024: "The joy of spending time with your favourite four legged friend for many is priceless, but Tom Rubython knows the exact cost. In 2014, Tom paid £80,000 to have his beloved cocker spaniel Daisy cloned by a South Korean lab.
His new pets, Mable and Myrtle, were born at Sooam Biotech in Seoul - the world’s biggest dog-cloning business - a practice which at the time wasn’t available in the UK. #itvnews #petcloning #cloning". 

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Please share any interesting links or helpful material here

Please also post any questions that you have and I will post some extra reading and links

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The mysterious origins of life on Earth - Luka Seamus Wright

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Chloroplast Structure and Function | Botany | Cell Biology

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(B2.1) - Membrane Transport - IB Biology (HL)

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Osmosis - Biology A-level Required Practical

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How To Add Error Bars In Excel (Custom Error Bars)

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How To Add Error Bars In Excel (Custom Error Bars)

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How To Add Error Bars In Excel (Custom Error Bars)

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Using MS Excel to plot data from Desmonstrating Osmosis in Carrots Lab

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Using MS Excel to plot data from Desmonstrating Osmosis in Carrots Lab

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Using MS Excel to plot data from Desmonstrating Osmosis in Carrots Lab

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Mitochondria Structure & Function | Cell Biology

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Primary Active Transport vs Secondary Active transport

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(B2.1) - Membrane Transport - IB Biology (HL)

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This will not come up in your formative - so please worry about this AFTER your test

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Biological Drawing - Scale Bar and Magnification

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7. Differences in eukaryotic cells & Atypical cells STUDENT

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Eukaryotic Cell Structure: Comparisons & Atypical Examples | SL IB Biology Revision Notes 2025

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Revision notes on Eukaryotic Cell Structure: Comparisons & Atypical Examples for the SL IB Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams.

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Immunofluorescence Microscopy | Cell Bio | Video Textbooks - Preview

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JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments)

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Fundamental Technical Elements Of Freeze-Fracture/Freeze-Etch l Protocol Preview

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(A2.2) - Cells & Microscope - IB Biology (SL/HL)

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(A2.2) - Eukaryotic Cells [Cell Structure] - IB Biology (SL/HL)

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Cell Structure and Function [IB Biology SL/HL]

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Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalisation AND Prokaryotes divide by binary fission

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Like other organisms, bacteria use double-stranded DNA as their genetic material. However, bacteria organise their DNA differently to more complex organisms.

Bacterial DNA - a circular chromosome plus plasmids

The DNA of most bacteria is contained in a single circular molecule, called the bacterial chromosome. The chromosome, along with several proteins and RNA molecules, forms an irregularly shaped structure called the nucleoid. This sits in the cytoplasm of the bacterial cell.

In addition to the chromosome, bacteria often contain plasmids - small circular DNA molecules. Bacteria can pick up new plasmids from other bacterial cells (during conjugation) or from the environment. They can also readily lose them - for instance, when a bacterium divides in two, one of the daughter cells might miss out on getting a plasmid.

Every plasmid has its own 'origin of replication' - a stretch of DNA that ensures it gets replicated (copied) by the host bacterium. For this reason, plasmids can copy themselves independently of the bacterial chromosome, so there can be many copies of a plasmid - even hundreds - within one bacterial cell.

Plasmids help bacteria to survive stress

Plasmids contain just a few genes, but they make a big difference to their host bacterium. The genes are usually not essential for the bacterium's day-to-day survival - instead, they help the bacterium to overcome occasional stressful situations. For instance, many plasmids contain genes that, when expressed, make the host bacterium resistant to an antibiotic (so it won't die when treated with that antibiotic). Other plasmids contain genes that help the host to digest unusual substances or to kill other types of bacteria.

Plasmids make themselves indispensable

Keeping a plasmid is hard work for a bacterial cell, because replicating DNA (including plasmid DNA) uses up energy. However, by protecting its bacterial host from stress-related death, a plasmid maximises its chances of being kept around. Under stressful conditions, bacteria with the plasmid will live longer - and have more opportunity to pass on the plasmid to daughter cells or to other bacteria. Bacteria without the plasmid are less likely to survive and reproduce.

Some plasmids take extreme measures to ensure that they are retained within bacteria. For example, some carry a gene that makes a long-lived poison and a second gene that makes a short-lived antidote. These plasmids are effectively holding their host bacterial cell hostage - if they are ever lost from the cell, they won't be able to provide the antidote and the cell will die.

Plasmids in biotech - delivering DNA

Plasmids have been key to the development of molecular biotechnology. They act as delivery vehicles, or vectors, to introduce foreign DNA into bacteria. Using plasmids for DNA delivery began in the 1970s when DNA from other organisms was first 'cut and pasted' into specific sites within the plasmid DNA. The modified plasmids were then reintroduced into bacteria.

Why plasmids are excellent DNA delivery vectors

Decades after their first use, plasmids are still crucial laboratory tools in biotechnology:

Scientists can force bacteria to keep them. Virtually all plasmids that are used to deliver DNA contain genes for antibiotic resistance. Once bacteria have been treated with a plasmid, scientists grow them in the presence of antibiotic. Only those cells that contain the plasmid will survive, grow and reproduce. The others will be killed by the antibiotic.

They are copied independently. Plasmids can be copied numerous times, regardless of whether the bacterial host is replicating its own DNA, and every time a plasmid vector is replicated, so is the introduced DNA that it contains.

They are circular. DNA that is circular is well suited to incorporate extra DNA sequences. That's because it can be cut open without falling apart, then snap back together once new DNA has been incorporated.

Read more about how to add foreign DNA to bacteria.

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Like other organisms, bacteria use double-stranded DNA as their genetic material. However, bacteria organise their DNA differently to more complex organisms. The DNA of most bacteria is contained in a single circular molecule, called the bacterial chromosome. The chromosome, along with several proteins and RNA molecules, forms an irregularly shaped structure called the nucleoid.

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Prokaryotic Cell Structure | DP IB Biology: HL Revision Notes 2016

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Revision notes on 1.2.3 Prokaryotic Cell Structure for the DP IB Biology: HL syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams.

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How immunofluorescence is used to visualise parts of a cell

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How immunofluorescence is used to visualise parts of a cell

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IB Biology SL and HL - 1.1 The Cell Theory

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Download and print this document. After each lesson please highlight the spec points covered. RED = Really unsure / AMBER = Need to work on some parts / GREEN = confident