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Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. All living and non-living things are matter.

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Matter can exist either as a solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature. The physical state of matter at room temperature depends on its melting and boiling point.

The melting point is the point of temperature where a substance changes from a solid to a liquid.

The boiling point is the point of temperature where a substance changes from a liquid to gas.

The physical states of a substance at room temperature:

A solid if the melting point is higher than the room temperature

A liquid if the melting point is lower than the room temperature.

A gas if the boiling point is lower than room temperature.

The properties state properties of solids, liquids and gases are as follows:

A solid has a definite volume, shape, and is difficult to compress.

A liquid has a definite volume, it takes the shape of the container, and is easier to compress than a solid.

A gas has an indefinite volume, shape, and is quite easy to compress

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21)D

22)C

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23)B

24)B

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A change in physical state does not produce a new substance, it is called a physical change. During these changes in state, the temperature will remain constant, until all the substance is changed from one state to another.

For a substance to undergo melting, boiling and evaporation, heat is taken in from the surroundings, as to break the bonds, energy is required from the surroundings.

For a substance to undergo freezing and condensation, heat must be given out to the surroundings, as to form bonds, you need to release energy into the surroundings.

For example, during the melting of pure ice, the temperature remains constant, as the heat is used to break the bonds and to separate the particles in the solid further apart, until it becomes a liquid. Only when all of the pure ice has melted, does the temperature starts to increase.

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23)C

24)D

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B

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24)C

25)C

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D

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25)C

26)D

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A

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Matter is made up of tiny discreet particles. The tiny particles are in constant and random motion. Diffusion of a substance is common evidence to demonstrate that matter is made up of particles which have a constant and random motion8.

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Diffusion of copper (II) sulphate crystals in water

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In an experiment, some blue copper (II) sulphate crystals are added to the water in the beaker. After a period of time, the copper (II) sulfate crystals start to diffuse which can be observed by the spreading of blue color in water.

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Brownish bromine gas can be used to demonstrate the constant and random motion of particles in gas. In the end of the experiment, both jars are filled with bromine gas. The diagram below shows the set-up of this experiment to illustrate the diffusion process in gas.

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As matter is made up of particles, it is important to know how these particles are arranged and behave differently in different physical states.

A solids particles vibrate at fixed positions only. The attractive force is very strong, and the arrangement is regular and fixed. The distance is very close together.

Liquid particles move around within their confined space and slide over one another. Their attractive force is moderate, and their arrangement is irregular and random. The distance is quite close together.

Gas particles move freely in all directions at high speeds, and their attractive forces are very weak. The arrangement is irregular and random. The distance between the particles is very far apart.

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Using the Particulate Model of Matter to explain Physical Properties of Matter 

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Using the Particulate Model of Matter to explain Physical Properties of Matter 

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The physical properties of matter can be explained using one of the factors in the particulate model of matter.

Motion of the particles

Attractive force between the particles

Arrangement of the particles

Distance between the particles

Here are the explanations for the physical properties

Solids and liquids have fixed volume, but gases do not, as solid, and liquid particles are not free to move randomly in all directions, but gas particles are able to do so.

Solids have fixed shapes, but not liquid and gases, as solid particles have very strong forces of attraction between particles, and are arranged in fixed and regular positions, but the particles in liquid and gases are able to move.

Diffusion is faster in gases than in liquid and solid as gas particles are free to move in all directions at high speeds, so the movement is faster in gases than those in liquids and solids.

Gases can be compressed easily as there is a lot of space in between the particles of Gas, so it is easier to compress it

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Brownian motion is the random movement of particles in a liquid or gas. This movement occurs even if no external forces applied. Particles are never staying completely still. Instead, the movement occurs because of particles colliding with each other in a liquid or gas. Similar to how billiard balls hitting cause them each to change direction, the same is true of molecules.  Particle one hitting particle two will cause both particles to shift their momentum(direction and speed).