# data[].attributes.body
The Ming Dynasty expanded China’s maritime trade to export silk and porcelain wares. A European presence was allowed within the empire and Chinese merchants emigrated to locations outside the realm for the first time.

# data[].attributes.headline
1842 Plans for the manufacture of Babbage's analytical engine

# data[].attributes.subject
1842 Plans for the manufacture of Babbage's analytical engine

# data[].attributes.headline
1843 Lady Ada Lovelace writes first computer algorithm

# data[].attributes.subject
1843 Lady Ada Lovelace writes first computer algorithm

# data[].attributes.body
During World War II, different units of the Nazi Germany army communicated using encrypted messages. In order to decipher them, Great Britain developed a series of computers called Colossus. Each computer had about 1,500 vacuum tubes, read punch cards, and could store values. Additionally, it was capable of printing output information via a typewriter. These computers took up more than nine square meters and, because turning them on risked damaging the valves, they tended to keep them on. A Colossus computer, used to decrypt messages from Nazi Germany. 10 Colossus computers were built; but, because it was a military secret, they were destroyed and their existence and operation were not reported until several years after the end of the Second War.

# data[].attributes.headline
1945 Mathematician John von Neumann presents a theoretical model of computer architecture.

# data[].attributes.subject
1945 Mathematician John von Neumann presents a theoretical model of computer architecture.

# data[].attributes.body
ENIAC, an acronym for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer, was one of the first general-purpose computers. It was Turing-complete, digital, and capable of being reprogrammed to solve "a wide class of numerical problems."

# data[].attributes.body
IN 1946, the United States Ballistics Research Laboratory began developing the EDVAC computer (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer). The EDVAC weighed almost 8,000 kg, took up an entire room, and used a binary system to perform mathematical operations automatically. It could read and record magnetic tapes, had memory, a clock, a control unit and a unit for arithmetic operations, among other components. It was one of the first machines in which the architectural model proposed by the Austro-Hungarian mathematician John von Neumann was implemented, which is still used in the vast majority of modern computers.

# data[].attributes.headline
1949: Founding of the People’s Republic of China 

# data[].attributes.subject
1949: Founding of the People’s Republic of China 

# data[].attributes.headline
1958: The first general-purpose computer made in China

# data[].attributes.subject
1958: The first general-purpose computer made in China

# data[].attributes.body
The Model 103 computer was developed by the Institute of Computing Technology and the Beijing Wired Telecommunication Factory. I was based on the blueprints of the soviet M-1 computer, and it was capable of basic arithmetic operations and also of conditional jump statements.

# data[].attributes.headline
Late 1950s: Higher-level languages are developed

# data[].attributes.subject
Late 1950s: Higher-level languages are developed

# data[].attributes.body
FORTRAN was developed as a programming language for scientific computing by IBM, COBOL was developed as a programming language for business by CODASYL

# data[].attributes.headline
1960 First Computer to arrive to Argentina: Clementina

# data[].attributes.subject
1960 First Computer to arrive to Argentina: Clementina

# data[].attributes.body
Clementina was the first computer that arrived in Argentina to be used for academic and scientific purposes. He arrived in the country in 1960 and settled in 1961 at the Calculus Institute of the Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, which operated in Pavilion I of the University City of the University of Buenos Aires. It was acquired through an international public tender through the efforts of the mathematician Manuel Sadosky, considered the father of computing in our country.

# data[].attributes.body
BASIC, acronym for Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code1​, is a family of high-level programming languages. The original BASIC, Dartmouth BASIC, was designed in 1964 by John George Kemeny, Thomas Eugene Kurtz and Mary Kenneth Keller at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire, United States, as a means of making computer programming easier for students (and teachers). that were not science. At that time, almost all computer use required coding custom software, which was restricted to people trained as scientists and mathematicians. BASIC was originally developed as a teaching tool. The language and its variants became widely available on microcomputers in the late 1970s and 1980s. BASIC remains popular today in a handful of highly modified dialects, and in new, BASIC-influenced languages such as like Microsoft Visual Basic or Gambas in GNU/Linux.

# data[].attributes.body
Logo is a high-level, part functional, part structured programming language; very easy to learn, which is why it is usually the preferred programming language for working with children and young people. It was designed in 1967 for educational purposes by Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert and Cynthia Solomon. It was created for the purpose of teaching programming and can be used to teach most major programming concepts, as it provides support for list, file, and input/output management. It has several versions.

# data[].attributes.body
The Dynabook concept was created by Alan Kay in 1968, two years before the founding of Xerox PARC. Kay intended to make a computer for children of all ages.
However, due to the lack of support from the Xerox company regarding the Xerox PARC department, which was investigating the development of the invention, the Dynabook did not materialize for commercialization; In fact, only cardboard models were made.
The Dynabook could be described as what is now known as a laptop or tablet, which aimed to bring children into the digital world. Adults could also use it, despite being created for boys and girls.
Kay wanted the Dynabook to embody the learning theories that Jerome Bruner and Seymour Papert (who had studied with the developmental psychologist Jean Piaget and had invented the Logo programming language) were proposing.
The programming language used in this invention was Smalltalk. This language was also created by Alan Kay around 1969, with the aim of becoming the means of human-device expression. This language, although born for the Dynabook, took a different path and continued to develop

# data[].attributes.body
Intel produces the first processing unit which contains all the logic to perform the functions of a computer in a single integrated circuit. This would make personal computers possible.

# data[].attributes.headline
1978 The New York Times uses the term personal computer for the first time.

# data[].attributes.subject
1978 The New York Times uses the term personal computer for the first time.

# data[].attributes.body
With the aim of competing with video game consoles, in 1980, the Commodore company marketed a computer model for personal use. The Commodore VIC-20 was the first computer to reach one million sales. Due to its technical characteristics, it only ran software for educational purposes and video games. However, its massive arrival in the domestic market made it possible for a large number of people to investigate its operation and become interested in programming.
With a VIC-20, a man started out in computing.
young Finnish-American named Linus Torvalds, who years later would create the Linux operating system.

# data[].attributes.body
The internet had existed as a military and academic network for many years, but in 1993 the core applications for the World Wide Web, such as web browsers and development tools, were released by CERN to the public.

# data[].attributes.headline
1994: China gets its first permanent connection to the Internet

# data[].attributes.subject
1994: China gets its first permanent connection to the Internet

# data[].attributes.body
The Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of High Energy Physics connect the first cable that gives China's networks access to the rest of the world's

# data[].attributes.body
Following approval by the State Council, aimed to construct about 100 higher education institutes and a group of key disciplines. The main outcomes of the ‘211 Project’ included the construction of universities and the further development of key disciplines and public service systems for higher education

# data[].attributes.headline
2006 Wing presents "Computational Thinking" construct in a Scientific Journal.

# data[].attributes.subject
2006 Wing presents "Computational Thinking" construct in a Scientific Journal.

# data[].attributes.body
Jeannette M Wing speaks for the first time about computational thinking. She presents her work at the ACM.
“the thought process involved in formulating a problem and its solutions so that the solutions are represented in a form that can be conveyed to an information processing agent.”

# data[].attributes.body
It is a video game engine developed by MIT Media Lab; a laboratory within the Massachusetts School of Architecture and Technology Planning, founded in 1985.
It was launched in May 2007, by its creator, Michael Resnick, and its main feature is that it allows you to learn programming without having in-depth knowledge of code.

# data[].attributes.headline
2007: Release of the first-generation iPhone

# data[].attributes.subject
2007: Release of the first-generation iPhone

# data[].attributes.body
Apple releases the first iPhone, making many innovations such as having a touchscreen keyboard instead of a physical one. This marks the beginning of the era of mobile, always-connected computing.

# data[].attributes.body
WeChat was officially launched by Tencent on January 21, 2011, under the Chinese name Weixin (微信). The app began as a project in October 2010 at the Tencent Guangzhou Research and Project center and quickly grew to become a dominant mobile messaging app in China, later being renamed WeChat to target international audiences in 2012.

China didn't just adopt Western models; it innovated. The integration of services like WeChat (超级微信) created a "super-app" ecosystem far more advanced than anything in the West at the time. The shift to mobile payments (Alipay, WeChat Pay) allowed China to leapfrog the credit-card-based economies.

# data[].attributes.headline
2015 - Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT) is founded

# data[].attributes.subject
2015 - Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT) is founded

# data[].attributes.body
GTIIT is a cooperative educational institution established by Shantou University (STU) and the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology. It is the only sino-foreign joint university focusing on science and technology.

# data[].attributes.body
Huawei launched its first commercial 5G products in January 2019, starting with the Balong 5000 chipset and the 5G CPE Pro router. The company's first 5G smartphone, the Mate 20 X (5G), was launched later that year in July 2019.

# data[].attributes.headline
2022: The Artificial Intelligence revolution

# data[].attributes.subject
2022: The Artificial Intelligence revolution

# data[].attributes.body
ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence chatbot prototype developed in 2022 by OpenAI that specializes in dialogue. The chatbot is a great language model, fine-tuned with both supervised and reinforcement learning techniques.
ChatGPT, which stands for Generative Pre-trained Transformer, was refined on top of GPT-3.5 using supervised learning and reinforcement learning. Both approaches used human trainers to improve model performance. In the case of supervised learning, the model was equipped with conversations in which the trainers played on both sides: the user and the AI assistant. In the reinforcement case, the human trainers first classified the responses that the model had created in a previous conversation. These rankings were used to create “reward models” in which the model was further tuned using several iterations of proximal policy optimization (PPO). Proximal policy optimization algorithms present a cost-effective benefit to relying on region policy optimization algorithms; they negate many of the computationally expensive operations with faster performance. The models were trained in collaboration with Microsoft on their Azure supercomputing infrastructure.