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Treaty of Fort Pitt- 1778 (western Pennsylvania)

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Treaty of Fort Pitt- 1778 (western Pennsylvania)

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An agreement between the United States and Native American nation. Both sides agreed to support each other against the British. Militiamen from pennsylvania then kill 100 Lenape mistaking them for being responsible for attacking white settlers. More and more white settlers then moved onto lenape territory, until treaty of greenville, 1795.
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This agreement, which the American colonies and Great Britain signed on September 3, 1783, put an end to the American Revolution and recognized the United States as an independent country. The Treaty of Paris was devastating for the majority of Native American tribes in the Ohio Valley and Mississippi Valley. They had no allies they could enlist to aid them in resisting American expansion since Britain was no longer in the picture.
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Treaty of Hopewell - 1785-86 (northwestern South Carolina)

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Treaty of Hopewell - 1785-86 (northwestern South Carolina)

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This agreement, which is collectively referred to as the Treaty of Hopewell, extended American friendship and "protection" to Native American tribes in the South. All three concluded, "The hatchet shall be forever buried, and peace was given by the United States of America."  This agreement put an end to the Native Americans' protracted involvement in the Revolutionary War after they had made friends with the British and established boundaries, trade, peace, and enduring friendship. The picture is a little hard to see but it's an image of the treaty of Hopewell and what was concluded in the treaty.
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Treaty of Canandaigua/Pickering Treaty/Calico Treaty- 1794  (Canandaigua, New York)

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Treaty of Canandaigua/Pickering Treaty/Calico Treaty- 1794  (Canandaigua, New York)

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The Grand Council of the Six Nations and President George Washington, speaking on behalf of the United States of America, signed the Treaty of Canandaigua, also known as the Pickering Treaty and the Calico Treaty, following the American Revolutionary War. The Mohawk and Cayuga went to Canada over time, and the Oneida settled in Wisconsin and Ontario as the Six Nations' land was further diminished. In contrast, the Onondaga, Seneca, Tuscarora, and some Oneida stayed in New York on reservations. This treaty was signed on November 11, 1794, by George Washington. I put this video because the woman is giving more details on the treaty of Canandaigua.
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The 1795 Treaty of Greenville attempted to put a stop to the fighting that had spread to the Great Lakes. Although not unanimously supported by all tribes, it was a flawed deal that established Indian territories and at least temporarily stopped hostilities. However, the agreement was quickly unenforceable due to American expansion. I picked this picture to show what area was being talked about and how large it was.
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Treaty of Fort Industry 1805 (western frontier)

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Treaty of Fort Industry 1805 (western frontier)

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The Treaty of Fort Industry was signed on July 4, 1805. Made representatives of the Wyandot, Ottawa, Ojibwe, Munsee, Lenape, Potawatomi, and Shawnee relinquish one-half million acres of land south of Lake Erie and west of the Cuyahoga River in northeastern Ohio. This land was made into part of the Connecticut Western Reserve. In return the United States government agreed to make payments of one thousand dollars each year to the Wyandot, Munsee, Lenape, and Shawnee nations. The Ottawa, Ojibwe (Chippewa), and Potawatomi groups then living along the Huron River received a payment of four thousand dollars and six yearly payments of two thousand dollars.
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Treaty of Fort Wayne- 1809 (Fort Wayne, Indiana Territory)

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Treaty of Fort Wayne- 1809 (Fort Wayne, Indiana Territory)

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Negotiated by then governor of indiana territory, William Henry Harrison, the United States acquired 2.5 million acres of land in what is now Michigan, Indiana, Illinois and Ohio. Native Americans argued that the treaty’s signers had no authority to sell the land and warned Americans not to settle there. In 1811, Harrison led an attack on a Native American camp on the Tippecanoe River, beginning a new U.S.-Native conflict that would last through the War of 1812.

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Between the Revolutionary War and the aftermath of the Civil War, over the course of almost a century, the United States and Native American nations signed some 368 treaties that would define their relationship for centuries to come.

The treaties keyed off the fundamental idea that each tribal group was an independent nation, with their own right to self-determination and self-rule. But as white settlers began moving onto Native American lands, this idea came into conflict with the relentless pace of westward expansion -resulting in many broken promises on the part of the U.S. government.

Treaty With the Delawares/Treaty of Fort Pitt - 1778

In September 1778, representatives of the newly formed Continental Congress signed a treaty with the Lenape (Delaware) at Fort Pitt, Pennsylvania. In the first official peace treaty between the new United States and a Native American nation, both sides agreed to maintain friendship and support each other against the British.

But mutual suspicion continued, especially after Pennsylvania militiamen killed nearly 100 Lenape (most of them women and children) at the village of Gnadenhutten in March 1782, mistakenly believing they were responsible for attacks against white settlers. After the American victory, more and more white settlers moved onto Lenape territory, until the Treaty of Greeneville in 1795 forced them and other Ohio Country Native Americans to surrender most of their lands.

Treaty of Hopewell - 1785-86

In the years following the Revolutionary War, Andrew Pickens and other commissioners of the new U.S. government concluded three highly similar treaties with the Cherokee, Choctaw and Cherokee Nations at Hopewell, Pickens' plantation home in northwestern South Carolina.

Collectively known as the Treaty of Hopewell, these agreements extended the friendship and "protection" of the United States to the southern Native American tribes; all three ended with the same sentence: "The hatchet shall be forever buried, and peace given by the United States of America."

Despite this sentiment, white settlers were already moving onto the lands designated for the Cherokee, leading to more conflict and the Treaty of Holston (1791), in which the Cherokee forfeited still more land.

Treaty of Canandaigua/Pickering Treaty/Calico Treaty - 1794

Seeking to improve relations between his government and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, a powerful group of six Iroquois-speaking tribes (the Mohawk, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Seneca and Tuscarora Nations), President George Washington sent his postmaster general, Timothy Pickering, to negotiate a treaty at Canandaigua, New York.

The treaty restored more than 1 million acres of land to the Seneca that had been ceded by treaty 10 years earlier and recognized the sovereignty of the Six Nations to govern themselves and set laws. It also promised an annual payment by the United States to the Haudenosaunee of $4,500 in goods, including calico cloth.

Over the years, as the Six Nations' territory was further reduced, the Onondaga, Seneca, Tuscarora and some Oneida remained in New York on reservations, while the Mohawk and Cayuga left for Canada and the Oneida settled in Wisconsin and Ontario.

Treaty of Greeneville - 1795

As more white settlers moved west into the Great Lake region, a Native American confederacy including the Shawnee and Delaware, who had already been driven westward by U.S. expansion, as well as the Miami, Ottawa, Ojibwa and Potawatomi, mounted an armed resistance beginning in the late 1780s.

After U.S. troops under General "Mad" Anthony Wayne defeated them in the Battle of Fallen Timbers, Miami chief Little Turtle and other Native leaders ceded large parts of what would become Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin in the Greeneville Treaty.

But the treaty provided only short term resolution, as continued U.S. expansion quickly nullified its effect. By 1808, Shawnee war chief Tecumseh had organized a Native confederacy to mount armed resistance to continued U.S. seizure of Native American lands.

Treaty of Fort Wayne - 1809

In this treaty, negotiated by William Henry Harrison, then governor of Indiana Territory, with Native tribes including the Delaware, Potawatomi, Miami and Eel River tribes, the United States acquired 2.5 million acres of land in what is now Michigan, Indiana, Illinois and Ohio, for the equivalent of about two cents per acre. Tecumseh and others argued that the treaty's signers had no authority to sell the land and warned Americans not to settle there.

In 1811, Harrison led an attack on a Native American camp on the Tippecanoe River, beginning a new U.S.-Native conflict that would last through the War of 1812. After Tecumseh's death in battle in 1813, his confederacy dissolved, along with his dream of Native American independence.

Andrew Jackson & Indian Removal Act - 1830

Over the decade (1814-24) that Andrew Jackson served as a federal commissioner, he negotiated nine out of 11 treaties signed with Native American tribes in the Southeast, including the Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, Seminoles and Cherokees, in which the tribes gave up a total of some 50 million acres of land in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Tennessee, Mississippi, Kentucky and North Carolina.

Elected president in 1828, Jackson spearheaded the Indian Removal Act (1830) through Congress, by which the U.S. government granted land west of the Mississippi River to Native tribes who agreed to give up their homelands.

Though removal was supposed to be voluntary, in practice Jackson used threats of withheld payments and legal and military action to conclude nearly 70 removal treaties over the course of his presidency, opening up some 25 million acres of land in the South to white settlement, and slavery.

Treaty of New Echota - 1835

Many Cherokee resisted removal from their ancestral lands in the Southeast, bringing their struggle all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court. But despite the Court's ruling in Worcester v. Georgia (1832) that the Cherokee and other tribes were "sovereign nations," the removal continued. In 1835, U.S. government met with a group of Cherokee representatives at New Echota, Georgia, to sign a treaty that traded all 7 million acres of Cherokee land for $5 million and land in Indian Territory.

The majority of Cherokee opposed the treaty, but Congress ratified it anyway, and in 1838 the federal government sent 7,000 U.S. soldiers to enforce the removal of the Cherokees. An estimated 10 to 25 percent of Cherokee would die during the 1,200-mile trek to Oklahoma, later known as the " Trail of Tears."

Fort Laramie Treaty - 1868

In this treaty, signed at Fort Laramie and other military posts in what is now Wyoming, the U.S. government recognized the Black Hills of Dakota as the Great Sioux Reservation, the exclusive territory of the Sioux (Dakota, Lakota and Nakota) and Arapaho people. But after gold was discovered in the Black Hills, miners and settlers began moving onto the land en masse.

Native resistance to the treaty's violation culminated in the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876, after which government troops flooded the region. By that time, Congress had ended the nearly 100-year-old practice of making treaties with individual Native American tribes, declaring in 1871 that "henceforth, no Indian nation or tribe...shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty."

In 1980, the Supreme Court ruled that the Black Hills were illegally confiscated, and awarded the Sioux more than $100 million in reparations. Sioux leaders rejected the payment, saying the land had never been for sale. Controversy continues over the sacred land -as well as other broken treaties.

Fact Check

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Broken Treaties With Native American Tribes: Timeline | HISTORY

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See a timeline of treaties signed and then broken by the U.S. government with various Indigenous peoples across the North American continent.

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Indian Removal Act- 1830 (western Mississippi)

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Indian Removal Act- 1830 (western Mississippi)

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This act, signed by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830 in order to "strengthen the southwestern frontier" (according to Jackson), gave permission to the President to exchange land with the Native Americans in any US state or territory, and their removal at the West of the Mississippi River. This resulted in over 60,000 Native Americans being evicted from their homes.

The image above shows congressional debates about the act. I put it there because it was historically important as it led to the act being passed in congress.

Sources:
https://www.loc.gov/rr/program//bib/ourdocs/indian.html#:~:text=The%20Indian%20Removal%20Act%20was,many%20resisted%20the%20relocation%20policy.

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/indian-removal-act/

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In the late 1820s, the Native Cherokee Tribe occupied almost all of northwestern Georgia. The Treaty of New Echota in 1835 removed the Cherokee Tribe from their 7 million acre territory to the West. The Cherokee tribe was given $5 million and land in Oklahoma. As a result, thousands of Cherokee members were forcefully evicted from their lands.

I put the picture above because it shows the Native Americans being forcefully removed from their homeland, which I think is quite cruel.

Sources:
https://www.dncr.nc.gov/blog/2016/12/29/treaty-new-echota-and-trail-tears#:~:text=The%20agreement%20led%20to%20the,million%20acres%20of%20ancestral%20land.

https://www.todayingeorgiahistory.org/tih-georgia-day/treaty-of-new-echota/

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On December 29, 1835, U.S. government officials and about 500 Cherokee Indians claiming to represent their 16,000-member tribe, met at New Echota, Georgia, and signed a treaty. The agreement led to the forced removal of Cherokees from their southeastern homelands to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River.

The Treaty of New Echota gave the Cherokees $5 million and land in present-day Oklahoma in exchange for their 7 million acres of ancestral land. Though the majority of Cherokees opposed the treaty, and Principal Chief John Ross wrote a letter to Congress protesting it, the U.S. Senate ratified the document in March 1836.

Aware of the lack of support for the treaty among the Cherokee, President Martin Van Buren proposed a two-year extension to allow the Cherokees time to move. Still, by May 1838, only 2,000 Cherokees had moved voluntarily.

That spring, the federal government sent 7,000 soldiers under General Winfield Scott to evict the remaining Cherokees. They built six forts in North Carolina to hold the captured Indians until their forced westward journey could begin.

The 1,200-mile trek, begun in October 1838, lasted six months. Along the way, an estimated 10 to 25 percent of the tribe died of disease, starvation and exhaustion. Today, their route is known as the Trail of Tears.

Other related resources:

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The Treaty of New Echota and the Trail of Tears

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On December 29, 1835, U.S. government officials and about 500 Cherokee Indians claiming to represent their 16,000-member tribe, met at New Echota, Georgia, and signed a treaty. The agreement led to the forced removal of Cherokees from their southeastern homelands to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River.

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The Treaty of Fort Laramie- 1868 (Fort Laramie, in present-day Wyoming) 

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The Treaty of Fort Laramie- 1868 (Fort Laramie, in present-day Wyoming) 

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After hundreds of land disputes between the Native Sioux and White Settlers in the American West, a treaty was finally proposed in 1851 in order to put an end to them. In this treaty the Natives were to be relocated to the Black Hills from their land that was initially promised to them. The Natives also promised to not attack any White Settlers or Railroads. However, the treaty did have many shortcomings and this resulted in continued violence. Because of this, a second Treaty of Fort Laramie was signed in 1868. This gave the Sioux all of the Dakota territory west of the Missouri River. However, white gold miners still were settling in the territory.

The reason I put that image of this Native American is because he played an important part in this Treaty. His name was Red Cloud and he was the one who signed the treaty.

Sources:
https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/fort-laramie-treaty