# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Directorate of Land Policy

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Front page of the newspaper "Synennoisis”, representing the Pan-Refugee Association of the Prefecture of Serres, March 29, 1925

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Front page of the newspaper "Synennoisis”, representing the Pan-Refugee Association of the Prefecture of Serres, March 29, 1925

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Front page of the newspaper "I Pamprosphygiki”, representing refugee and redemption interests, Athens, January 5, 1930

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Front page of the newspaper "I Pamprosphygiki”, representing refugee and redemption interests, Athens, January 5, 1930

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the First Instance Court of Athens

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Decision to amend the statute of the Athletic Association of Constantinople (AEK) by the First Instance Court of Athens, February 1929

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Decision to amend the statute of the Athletic Association of Constantinople (AEK) by the First Instance Court of Athens, February 1929

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the First Instance Court of Athens

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Decision to amend the statute of the Athletic Association of Constantinople (AEK) by the First Instance Court of Athens, February 1929

# data[].attributes.subject
Decision to amend the statute of the Athletic Association of Constantinople (AEK) by the First Instance Court of Athens, February 1929

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the First Instance Court of Athens

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Decision to recognize “Panionios”, the Gymnastic Association of Smyrna by the First Instance Court of Athens, September 1924

# data[].attributes.subject
Decision to recognize “Panionios”, the Gymnastic Association of Smyrna by the First Instance Court of Athens, September 1924

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the First Instance Court of Athens

# data[].attributes.headline
Decision to recognize “Panionios”, the Gymnastic Association of Smyrna by the First Instance Court of Athens, September 1924

# data[].attributes.subject
Decision to recognize “Panionios”, the Gymnastic Association of Smyrna by the First Instance Court of Athens, September 1924

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Prime Minister’s Political Office

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Invitation sent by Dimitrios Dallas, President of the “Panionios” Gymnastic Association, to the Prime Minister's Political Office regarding a lecture on sports by Leonidas Paraskevopoulos organized by Panionios in the hall of the Archaeological Society at Athens, May 1926

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Invitation sent by Dimitrios Dallas, President of the “Panionios” Gymnastic Association, to the Prime Minister's Political Office regarding a lecture on sports by Leonidas Paraskevopoulos organized by Panionios in the hall of the Archaeological Society at Athens, May 1926

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GSA, Central Service, Statute of Pontian Associations 

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Cover of the Statute of the Pontian Association of Melissia region, Attica, Athens 1924

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Cover of the Statute of the Pontian Association of Melissia region, Attica, Athens 1924

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Prime Minister’s Political Office

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Cover of the Statute of the Asia Minor Political Center, Athens 1924

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Cover of the Statute of the Asia Minor Political Center, Athens 1924

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Directorate of Land Policy

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Certificate of the Independent Refugee Association Alopekis - Dourgouti, July 1934

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Certificate of the Independent Refugee Association Alopekis - Dourgouti, July 1934

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Directorate of Land Policy

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Certificate of the Refugee Association General of Peristeri, August 1931 

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Certificate of the Refugee Association General of Peristeri, August 1931 

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Directorate of Land Policy

# data[].attributes.headline
Certificate of the Athens Association of Vourla, May 1931 

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Certificate of the Athens Association of Vourla, May 1931 

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Directorate of Land Policy

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Certificate of the Refugee Union of the Krini region, June 1931

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Certificate of the Refugee Union of the Krini region, June 1931

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Upon their settlement in Greece, refugees established political and charity associations, located at the region they resided in and with reference to their place of origin in Asia Minor. Associations aimed at claiming state assistance for the improvement of the refugees' living conditions, advocating their legal rights, attempting to organize the community in this new homeland, but also seeking for refugee political representation. At the same time, the refugees formed sports clubs, such as Panionios, Apollon Smyrnis, AEK, PAOK, etc. and a variety of cultural, social, artistic and youth associations. Through the refugee associations and clubs, the socialisation and rallying of refugees was achieved. However, the basic function of the associations was and is to preserve the memory of the culture and life of the refugees in Asia Minor, Eastern Thrace and Pontus before 1922 and to establish a refugee identity as a source of pride that is passed on to future generations of refugees.

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Prime Minister’s Political Office

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Document from the Ministry of Health and Welfare to the Prime Minister’ s Political Office for the settlement of refugees living in the building of the Political Office in two rooms, in the "Germanika" quarter of Nea Sfagia (Tavros neighborhood). Indicative of the great shortage of space in Athens after the arrival of the refugees, July 1927

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Document from the Ministry of Health and Welfare to the Prime Minister’ s Political Office for the settlement of refugees living in the building of the Political Office in two rooms, in the "Germanika" quarter of Nea Sfagia (Tavros neighborhood). Indicative of the great shortage of space in Athens after the arrival of the refugees, July 1927

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Social Insurance

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Part of a diagram showing the apartment buildings in the district of Asyrmatou in Petralona, 1962

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Part of a diagram showing the apartment buildings in the district of Asyrmatou in Petralona, 1962

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Social Insurance. Housing Service

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Book of refugees settled in slums in various districts of the Municipality of Nea Kokkinia, 1937

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Book of refugees settled in slums in various districts of the Municipality of Nea Kokkinia, 1937

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Directorate of Social Welfare. Prefecture of Attica

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Protocol of the Housing Service regarding the Nea Philadelphia region, 1930

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Protocol of the Housing Service regarding the Nea Philadelphia region, 1930

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GSA, Central Service, Vassilis Tsakirakis Archive 

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Small shops owned by refugees in Athinas street

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Small shops owned by refugees in Athinas street

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Social Insurance

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Shacks in the refugee settlement of Kountouriotou (behind the stadium of the Panathinaikos Football team on Alexandras' Avenue)

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Shacks in the refugee settlement of Kountouriotou (behind the stadium of the Panathinaikos Football team on Alexandras' Avenue)

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Social Insurance

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Social Insurance

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Topographical diagram of expropriated land on Alexandras' Avenue for the construction of the refugee settlement of Nea Anatoli, August 1937

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Topographical diagram of expropriated land on Alexandras' Avenue for the construction of the refugee settlement of Nea Anatoli, August 1937

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Social Insurance

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Certificate of the Refugee Association of N. Polygono "O Aris" granted to refugees from Smyrna to be used as a document for urban resettlement, September 1934

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Certificate of the Refugee Association of N. Polygono "O Aris" granted to refugees from Smyrna to be used as a document for urban resettlement, September 1934

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Social Insurance

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Solemn declaration of civil resettlement of a refugee from Constantinople living in the refugee settlement of Dourgouti (Neos Kosmos), November 1937

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Solemn declaration of civil resettlement of a refugee from Constantinople living in the refugee settlement of Dourgouti (Neos Kosmos), November 1937

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Social Insurance

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Solemn declaration of civil resettlement of a refugee from Constantinople living in the refugee settlement of Dourgouti (Neos Kosmos), November 1937

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Solemn declaration of civil resettlement of a refugee from Constantinople living in the refugee settlement of Dourgouti (Neos Kosmos), November 1937

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Social Insurance

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The urban resettlement of the refugees involved only housing without providing jobs to the refugees. Initially the refugee resettlement was undertaken by the Refugee Relief Fund and the Ministry of Health and Welfare and from 1927, by the Refugee Resettlement Commission. To start with, in order to address the immediate need for housing, tents were distributed to the refugees or temporary shacks were built. Later, the construction of refugee settlements began in Athens, Piraeus, Thessaloniki, Volos and other urban centers of the country. In Athens, the first refugee settlement -created at the end of 1923- was that of Vironas neighborhood, followed by the neighborhoods of Nea Ionia, Kaisariani and Nea Kokkinia. In total, 46 refugee settlements were built in Athens and Piraeus, while other settlements, such as in the neighborhood of Nea Smyrni and Nea Philadelphia, were built by the refugees themselves using the self-housing method. Urban resettlement faced several difficulties with many refugees living in shantytowns for several decades.

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Directorate of Land Policy

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Part of a topographical map of the area of Anavyssos, Attica, granted to the refugee group of the Aretsou region, 1931

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Part of a topographical map of the area of Anavyssos, Attica, granted to the refugee group of the Aretsou region, 1931

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Prime Minister’s Political Office

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Resolution of the Pan-Refugee Conference of Macedonia - Thrace which, among other things, underlines the desire of refugees to live in harmony with the indigenous people and condemns the actions of those who attempt to incite discord between refugees and locals, May 1924

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Resolution of the Pan-Refugee Conference of Macedonia - Thrace which, among other things, underlines the desire of refugees to live in harmony with the indigenous people and condemns the actions of those who attempt to incite discord between refugees and locals, May 1924

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Directorate of Land Policy

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Telegram from the President of the Pan-Refugee Association of Serres Prefecture regarding the conflicts between refugees of Nea Bafra and indigenous of Kupp Kioi (Proti Serron), October 1925

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Telegram from the President of the Pan-Refugee Association of Serres Prefecture regarding the conflicts between refugees of Nea Bafra and indigenous of Kupp Kioi (Proti Serron), October 1925

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Social Insurance

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Circular of the Prefecture of Florina regarding the conflicts between refugees and locals, June 1924

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Circular of the Prefecture of Florina regarding the conflicts between refugees and locals, June 1924

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Directorate of Land Policy

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Data for determining the debts of the resettled Surmenites refugee group at the farm in the Glyfada region, September 1936

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Data for determining the debts of the resettled Surmenites refugee group at the farm in the Glyfada region, September 1936

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Directorate of Land Policy

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Document of the Association of Surmenites of Athens, Piraeus and surroundings areas regarding the settlement of its members in Ano Glyfada region, June 1925

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Document of the Association of Surmenites of Athens, Piraeus and surroundings areas regarding the settlement of its members in Ano Glyfada region, June 1925

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Directorate of Land Policy

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Document from the Refugee Group of Triglia to the Ministry of Agriculture regarding the final concession of a farm in the Rafina region, September 1925

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Document from the Refugee Group of Triglia to the Ministry of Agriculture regarding the final concession of a farm in the Rafina region, September 1925

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Directorate of Land Policy

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Refugee Resettlement Commission, settlement map of the Serres region with the buildings erected or to be erected for the refugees, 1925

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Refugee Resettlement Commission, settlement map of the Serres region with the buildings erected or to be erected for the refugees, 1925

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Assessment Committees of the Fund of Communal and Public Benefit Refugee Property

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Book of the Philadelphia District Council with certificates concerning the rural resettlement of refugees, July 1928

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Book of the Philadelphia District Council with certificates concerning the rural resettlement of refugees, July 1928

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Concession of land to a refugee in the rural settlement of Haidari, March 1930

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Concession of land to a refugee in the rural settlement of Haidari, March 1930

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Directorate of Topographical Services of the Ministry of Agriculture

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Directorate of Topographical Services of the Ministry of Agriculture

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Topographical diagram of the arrangement of the houses of the rural settlement of Haidari, December 1924

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Topographical diagram of the arrangement of the houses of the rural settlement of Haidari, December 1924

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Directorate of Land Policy

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Refugee Family Resettlement Booklet, 1927 – 1929

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Refugee Family Resettlement Booklet, 1927 – 1929

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The Greek state and the Refugee Resettlement Commission emphasized on the rural resettlement of the 1922 refugees since the exchangeable estates of the Muslims and Bulgarians, as well as the expropriated estates were available. In the meantime, the goal of making the refugees financially self-sufficient without government assistance would be easily achieved, with the rural resettlement. By 1930, 145,758 refugee families (578,824 people) had been resettled rurally, 90% of them in Macedonia and Western Thrace, in 2,085 settlements. However, the land in the countryside where the refugees settled was claimed by the indigenous people, a fact which -combined with the cultural differences- caused tension in the relations between the two groups.

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GSA, Central Service, Royal Palace Archives

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Photograph of refugee children in orphanages of the American Near East Relief in Athens, 1924

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Photograph of refugee children in orphanages of the American Near East Relief in Athens, 1924

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GSA, Central Service, Royal Palace Archives

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Photograph of refugee blind children in orphanages of the American Near East Relief in Athens on their visit to the Old Royal Palace (today's Greek Parliament), 1924

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Photograph of refugee blind children in orphanages of the American Near East Relief in Athens on their visit to the Old Royal Palace (today's Greek Parliament), 1924

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GSA, Central Service, Royal Palace Archives

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Photograph of refugee children in orphanages of the American Near East Relief in Athens in front of the Old Royal Palace (today's Greek Parliament), 1924

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Photograph of refugee children in orphanages of the American Near East Relief in Athens in front of the Old Royal Palace (today's Greek Parliament), 1924

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Political Office of the Prime Minister

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Certificate of a ten-member destitute refugee family from Pontus that lives in an abandoned, dilapidated school for girls in a village on the island of Lesvos 

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Certificate of a ten-member destitute refugee family from Pontus that lives in an abandoned, dilapidated school for girls in a village on the island of Lesvos 

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Directorate of Land Policy

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Medical certificate of the Athens Refugee Hospital (today's Hippokratio Hospital)

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Medical certificate of the Athens Refugee Hospital (today's Hippokratio Hospital)

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Political Office of the Prime Minister

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Royal Decree for the establishment of the Athens Refugee Hospital (today's Hippokratio Hospital), July 1923

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Royal Decree for the establishment of the Athens Refugee Hospital (today's Hippokratio Hospital), July 1923

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Directorate of Land Policy

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Telegram from the Prefecture of Halkidiki regarding the extremely poor health condition of refugees in Halkidiki, July 1925

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Telegram from the Prefecture of Halkidiki regarding the extremely poor health condition of refugees in Halkidiki, July 1925

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Political Office of the Prime Minister

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Telegram from the Minister of Welfare to the High Commission of Greece in Constantinople regarding the admission of 380 orphans from Pontus to orphanages in Constantinople as there is no availability in Greek orphanages, August 1922

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Telegram from the Minister of Welfare to the High Commission of Greece in Constantinople regarding the admission of 380 orphans from Pontus to orphanages in Constantinople as there is no availability in Greek orphanages, August 1922

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Political Office of the Prime Minister

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Telegram from the General Governor of Thrace to the Prime Minister and the Minister of Health for the urgent treatment of refugees from the Caucasus who are dying of hunger, August 1921

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Telegram from the General Governor of Thrace to the Prime Minister and the Minister of Health for the urgent treatment of refugees from the Caucasus who are dying of hunger, August 1921

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Political Office of the Prime Minister

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Statistical tables of the Ministry of Social Welfare referring to the treatment of refugees in the period 1917 - 1919

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Statistical tables of the Ministry of Social Welfare referring to the treatment of refugees in the period 1917 - 1919

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Political Office of the Prime Minister

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Part of a report by the Director General of the Ministry of Welfare, Nikos Kazantzakis, on the situation of the Greeks of the Caucasus, November 1919

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Part of a report by the Director General of the Ministry of Welfare, Nikos Kazantzakis, on the situation of the Greeks of the Caucasus, November 1919

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Political Office of the Prime Minister

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Photograph showing members of the union "Welfare of Pontian-Caucasian Ladies of Macedonia", 1924

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Photograph showing members of the union "Welfare of Pontian-Caucasian Ladies of Macedonia", 1924

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Thousands of refugees arrived in Greece physically and mentally exhausted, with weakened bodies and stricken by various diseases. To prevent the spread of epidemic and infectious diseases in the country, the refugees were subjected to compulsory quarantine for infectious diseases at the purgatories of St. George in the island of Salamina and Makronissos, in the case of Attica, where the mortality rates among the refugees were particularly high due to dysentery and typhus. Poor housing and sanitary conditions, in the early days, and malaria in the countryside increased mortality among refugees. The pressing care needs of the refugees were addressed by the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Relief, the Patriotic Relief Foundation and foreign charities, notably the American Red Cross and American Near East Relief, with temporary housing, distribution of food, clothing, medicines, the admission of children to orphanages, compulsory vaccination against smallpox, the establishment of refugee hospitals and rural clinics.

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Social Insurance

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Letter from a Greek captain to the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Social Insurance concerning the miserable situation of the refugees gathered in the port of Mersin, October 1923

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Letter from a Greek captain to the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Social Insurance concerning the miserable situation of the refugees gathered in the port of Mersin, October 1923

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GSA, Central Service, Alexandros Nikolaidis family Archive  

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Declaration regarding the liquidation of the property of a refugee from Mersin to the Joint Committee for the Exchange of Populations, 1927 

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Declaration regarding the liquidation of the property of a refugee from Mersin to the Joint Committee for the Exchange of Populations, 1927 

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GSA, Central Service, Alexandros Nikolaidis family Archive 

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Declaration regarding the liquidation of the property of a refugee from Mersin to the Joint Committee for the Exchange of Populations, 1927

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Declaration regarding the liquidation of the property of a refugee from Mersin to the Joint Committee for the Exchange of Populations, 1927

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Social Insurance

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Document from the General Governor of Crete to the Ministry of Health and Welfare regarding the suspension of the arrival of new refugees in Crete, October 1923

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Document from the General Governor of Crete to the Ministry of Health and Welfare regarding the suspension of the arrival of new refugees in Crete, October 1923

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Political Office of the Prime Minister

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Telegram from the General Governor of Chios to the Ministry of Interior regarding the prohibition to the expatriate residents to leave Smyrna, September 1922

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Telegram from the General Governor of Chios to the Ministry of Interior regarding the prohibition to the expatriate residents to leave Smyrna, September 1922

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Political Office of the Prime Minister

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Telegram from the General Governor of Chios to the Ministry of Interior regarding the prohibition to the expatriate residents to leave Smyrna, September 1922

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Telegram from the General Governor of Chios to the Ministry of Interior regarding the prohibition to the expatriate residents to leave Smyrna, September 1922

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Political Office of the Prime Minister

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Telegram from the Archimandrite of the Metropolis of Saranda Ekklisies concerning the despair of the Greeks of Eastern Thrace who are forced to evacuate their homes and take refuge in Greece, November 1922

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Telegram from the Archimandrite of the Metropolis of Saranda Ekklisies concerning the despair of the Greeks of Eastern Thrace who are forced to evacuate their homes and take refuge in Greece, November 1922

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Political Office of the Prime Minister

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Letter from a Greek prisoner sent from a camp in Ankara, December 1923

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Letter from a Greek prisoner sent from a camp in Ankara, December 1923

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Political Office of the Prime Minister

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Letter from a Greek prisoner sent from a camp in Ankara, December 1923

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Letter from a Greek prisoner sent from a camp in Ankara, December 1923

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of Nikolaos Plastiras

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Smyrna, seven months after the Asia Minor Catastrophe. The photograph, which shows the fire-damaged buildings of the city, was taken by a Greek ship that sailed to Smyrna to receive Greek prisoners of war under the Greek-Turkish Convention "on the return of political prisoners and the exchange of prisoners of war", March - April 1923

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Smyrna, seven months after the Asia Minor Catastrophe. The photograph, which shows the fire-damaged buildings of the city, was taken by a Greek ship that sailed to Smyrna to receive Greek prisoners of war under the Greek-Turkish Convention "on the return of political prisoners and the exchange of prisoners of war", March - April 1923

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Assessment Committees of the Fund of Communal and Public Benefit Refugee Property 

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Travel document of a refugee family issued by the Joint Committee for the Exchange of Populations, September 1924

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Travel document of a refugee family issued by the Joint Committee for the Exchange of Populations, September 1924

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Prime Minister’s Political Office

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Resolution of the refugees of Ionia and Pontus residing in Ioannina against the Lausanne Convention on the Exchange of Populations, January 1923

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Resolution of the refugees of Ionia and Pontus residing in Ioannina against the Lausanne Convention on the Exchange of Populations, January 1923

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of Aurelius Spathari

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Cover page of the full text of the Convention on the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations. January 1923

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Cover page of the full text of the Convention on the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations. January 1923

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Prime Minister’s Political Office

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Ethnological map of Macedonia compiled by the Refugee Resettlement Committee, 1926

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Ethnological map of Macedonia compiled by the Refugee Resettlement Committee, 1926

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After the defeat of the Greek Army in Asia Minor and the signing of the Armistice of Moudania between Greece and Turkey, a peace conference was convened in Lausanne, which began its work in November 1922. In this framework, the Greek-Turkish Exchange Convention was signed on January 30, 1923. The Convention provided for the compulsory exchange between the Greek Orthodox inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire and the Muslim inhabitants in Greece.
The Muslims of Western Thrace and the Greeks of Constantinople, Imvros and Tenedos islands were excluded from the exchange. Compensation was also provided for the real estate left behind by the refugees. The Lausanne Exchange Convention, which had retroactive effect from the beginning of the First Balkan War in 1912, covered the displacement of some 2,000,000 people, both Greek Orthodox and Muslims. On the same day as the Exchange Convention, the Greek-Turkish Convention on the Surrender of Political Prisoners and Exchange of Prisoners of War was signed.

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Prime Minister’s Political Office

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Circular of the "Revolution of 1922" designating September 9, the day of the evacuation of Smyrna by the Greek army, as a day of national mourning, August 1923

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Circular of the "Revolution of 1922" designating September 9, the day of the evacuation of Smyrna by the Greek army, as a day of national mourning, August 1923

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of Nikolaos Plastiras

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Photograph of the port of Cesme from where the rescued units of the 1st and 2nd   Army Corps of the Greek Army of Asia Minor were transported to the islands of Chios and Lesvos, with a handwritten dedication to Nikolaos Plastiras, August 1922

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Photograph of the port of Cesme from where the rescued units of the 1st and 2nd   Army Corps of the Greek Army of Asia Minor were transported to the islands of Chios and Lesvos, with a handwritten dedication to Nikolaos Plastiras, August 1922

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the High Commission of Smyrna

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Encrypted telegram from Lieutenant Odemisius to the Directorate of Internal Affairs in Smyrna regarding the occupation of Palamboli by the Turkish army and the need to send military forces, August 18, 1922

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Encrypted telegram from Lieutenant Odemisius to the Directorate of Internal Affairs in Smyrna regarding the occupation of Palamboli by the Turkish army and the need to send military forces, August 18, 1922

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the High Commission of Smyrna

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Military bulletin (August 15, 1922) by the Chief of the Army of Asia Minor Georgios Hadjianestis with an order to evacuate Afyonkarahisar, due to a fierce enemy attack

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Military bulletin (August 15, 1922) by the Chief of the Army of Asia Minor Georgios Hadjianestis with an order to evacuate Afyonkarahisar, due to a fierce enemy attack

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GSA, Central Service, Miltiadis Stamoulis Collection

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Newspaper "I arvilla” of the XIIth Division: Weekly Militant Satirical Review of the Front, January 28, 1922

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Newspaper "I arvilla” of the XIIth Division: Weekly Militant Satirical Review of the Front, January 28, 1922

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GSA, Central Service, Mixed Collection (K 154)

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Proclamation of Turkish to Greek soldiers on the Asia Minor Front with the aim of lowering their morale, 1921 – 1922

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Proclamation of Turkish to Greek soldiers on the Asia Minor Front with the aim of lowering their morale, 1921 – 1922

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GSA, Central Service, George & Kalliopi Soufali Collection

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Commemorative photograph of soldiers on the Asia Minor Front, 1921 - 1922

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Commemorative photograph of soldiers on the Asia Minor Front, 1921 - 1922

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GSA, Central Service, George & Kalliopi Soufali Collection

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Postcard showing the celebrations for the name day of King Constantine in Kios, 1921

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Postcard showing the celebrations for the name day of King Constantine in Kios, 1921

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the High Commission of Smyrna

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Order of the Chief of the Army of Occupation Leonidas Paraskevopoulos, March 1920

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Order of the Chief of the Army of Occupation Leonidas Paraskevopoulos, March 1920

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the Prime Minister’s Poli

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Map depicting the arrangement of the Greek and Turkish forces in Thrace and Asia Minor, December 1919

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Map depicting the arrangement of the Greek and Turkish forces in Thrace and Asia Minor, December 1919

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GSA, Central Service, Ioannis Metaxas Archive 

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Photograph of a section of the Greek cavalry on the Asia Minor Front, 1921

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Photograph of a section of the Greek cavalry on the Asia Minor Front, 1921

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Greece stands by the winners of World War I at the Peace Conference in Paris, where Venizelos promoted national claims in Thrace and Asia Minor. In May 1919, Greek forces landed in Smyrna. In August 1920, the “Peace Treaty of Sèvres” was signed, which granted Greece Eastern Thrace and the administration Smyrna’s region. National aspirations have been fulfilled. However, Venizelos' defeat in the 1920 elections, the withdrawal of the support to Greece by the Allies, the development of a strong Turkish national movement under Kemal and the economic and military difficulties of the expedition reversed the situation. The Kemalist counterattack in August 1922 led to the defeat of the Greek forces, the extermination of the Greek element and the "exodus" of thousands of Greeks from Asia Minor and Eastern Thrace to Greece, a process that would be ratified on January 30, 1923 by the Greek-Turkish Convention for the exchange of populations, in Lausanne.

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Μ. Εκστρατεία 3

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the High Commission of Smyrna

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Front page of the newspaper "Estia" published in Smyrna, September 18, 1921

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Front page of the newspaper "Estia" published in Smyrna, September 18, 1921

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the High Commission of Smyrna

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Front page of the newspaper "Cosmos" published in Smyrna, October 13, 1920

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Front page of the newspaper "Cosmos" published in Smyrna, October 13, 1920

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the High Commission of Smyrna

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Front page of the newspaper "Armonia" published in Smyrna, February 2, 1921

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Front page of the newspaper "Armonia" published in Smyrna, February 2, 1921

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Ελληνισμός 12α

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the High Commission of Smyrna 

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Weekly timetable by class and subject in the primary schools of Smyrna, 1919 – 1922

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Weekly timetable by class and subject in the primary schools of Smyrna, 1919 – 1922

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GSA, Central Service, Collection of documents of Tavlusun community of Cappadocia

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Front page of the newspaper "Zenpour" (I Melissa) in Karamanlidika, March 18, 1866

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Front page of the newspaper "Zenpour" (I Melissa) in Karamanlidika, March 18, 1866

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Ελληνισμός 9

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GSA, Central Service, Archive of the High Commission of Smyrna

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General Regulation of the Greek Orthodox Community of Philadelphia, 1903

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General Regulation of the Greek Orthodox Community of Philadelphia, 1903

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GSA, Central Service, Fund of Communal and Public Benefit Refugee Property

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Fundraising receipt for the Asia Minor Defence, Smyrna, April 1922

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Fundraising receipt for the Asia Minor Defence, Smyrna, April 1922

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GSA, Central Service, Fund of Communal and Public Benefit Refugee Property

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Land Code of the Monastery of John the Baptist of Tyana (Denei), Cappadocia, 1864

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Land Code of the Monastery of John the Baptist of Tyana (Denei), Cappadocia, 1864

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GSA, Central Service, Fund of Communal and Public Benefit Refugee Property

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Diploma of the Amissos Charity "Orthodoxy", Amissos of Pontus, October 1900

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Diploma of the Amissos Charity "Orthodoxy", Amissos of Pontus, October 1900

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Ελληνισμός 5

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GSA, Central Service, Miltiadis Stamoulis Collection

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Certificate of the Zappeion Orphanage in Constantinople, June 1892

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Certificate of the Zappeion Orphanage in Constantinople, June 1892

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GSA, Central Service, Hotzis family Archive

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Handicraft Lottery for the benefit of the National School for Girls in Constantinople, June 1897

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Handicraft Lottery for the benefit of the National School for Girls in Constantinople, June 1897

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GSA, Central Service, Ioannis Metaxas Archive

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Ελληνισμός 2

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GSA, Central Service, Ioannis Metaxas Archive

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Postcard with a view of the Bella Vista district of Smyrna, 1900

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Postcard with a view of the Bella Vista district of Smyrna, 1900

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The Asia Minor Hellenism, after its decline due to the Ottoman conquest, experienced a significant demographic increase, mainly during the 19th century, with the migration of Greek populations from the Aegean islands and mainland Greece. The Greek populations in Asia Minor were concentrated in Constantinople, on the western coast centered on Smyrna, on Pontus and in scattered communities in Cappadocia, while they predominated in terms of population in Eastern Thrace.The Greek population of the aforementioned regions was estimated -at the beginning of the 20th century- at, approximately, two million people. The demographic increase of the Greek element went hand in hand with its dominance in trade, industry and business, with its educational renaissance and cultural prosperity. The revolution of the Young Turks in 1908 also marked the implementation of a violent Turkification of Asia Minor with persecutions and genocides, such as those of the Greeks in 1914 and the Armenians in 1915.