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A Catabolic reaction or Catabolism happens when a chemical reaction breaks down larger molecules into smaller molecules and energy that is produced is later converted to ATP.

The breakdown of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates into smaller molecules and converting them into ATP help the body perform basic functions such as maintaining body temp, cell growth, and muscle contractions.

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Anabolic reactions are chemical reactions that occur within an organism that use energy to build stronger, complex molecules from smaller, simple molecules. ATP is the energy source being used for these kinds of reactions.

Anabolic reactions are responsible for children growing up to be adults, the reason why cuts heal along with broken or fractured bones.

Ex. Amino acids -> proteins, Sugars-> polysaccharides

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Electrically charged atoms or groups of atoms are known as Ions. Negatively charged (-) ions are known as anions.

An anion is an ion that forms when an atom gains an electron resulting in a surplus of negative charge

Primary anions in the body are bicarbonate, phosphate, and chloride

1. Bicarbonate is the primary buffer used in circulating all body fluids

2. Phosphate is an essential component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

3. Chloride helps regulate extracellular fluid levels

Anions help with hormone production, DNA formation, and blood balance

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Cation vs Anion: Definition, Chart and the Periodic Table

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A cation is a positive charge.

The atom loses an electron(-) making it have more protons(+) making a positive charge.

The outermost electron shell gives one to the other atom to make a positive while the other becomes negative.

Ex:When sodium (Na) forms an ionic bond with chlorine (Cl), it loses one electron to become a sodium cation (Na+) Image above.

Functions in the body:

Magnesium (Mg2+):

Plays a role in enzyme activity, muscle function, and maintaining proper nerve transmission.

Calcium (Ca2+):

Besides bone health, involved in blood clotting, muscle contraction, and cell signaling.

Potassium (K+):

Primarily found inside cells, crucial for maintaining membrane potential and proper nerve function.