# data[].attributes.body
1978:

It was a more inclusive document.

They made the education obligatory for everyone and give people more rights according to education, culture, nutrition, medical assistance and basic services.

1998:

Set the State as a plurinational and multiethnic entity.

The rights of indigenous people were considered for the first time and discrimination was prhoibited.

2008:

The State included the concept of State of rights.

The Electoral power and Citizen's participation and social control was added.

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The three Ecuadorian constitutions that are the subject of this discussion—the 1978, 1998, and 2008 versions—reflect substantial shifts in the nation's political environment as well as its dedication to democracy and human rights. The 1978 Constitution, which forbade the president and vice president from running for office again and instituted universal suffrage, signaled a change toward greater social and economic equality. Under the 1998 Constitution, which was in effect until 2006, the nation experienced political unrest and witnessed nearly eight different presidents. A new framework for governance was adopted in the 2008 Constitution, which was drafted by a Constituent Assembly and placed a strong emphasis on the rights of nature and the idea of "sumak kawsay," or the good way of living. Additionally, it accepted gender identity and same-sex relationships and outlawed the exploitation of non-renewable

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Each constitution made significant changes in terms of political, social, and economic landscapes for the country:

1978 Constitution:

President: Jaime Roldós Aguilera

Return to Democracy: Marked the transition from military to civil rule.

Human Rights: Civil liberties and political rights became stornger.

Political Participation: Established mechanisms for direct elections.

1998 Constitution:

President: Jamil Mahuad

Expanded Rights: Included extensive social, economic, cultural, and environmental rights.

Electoral Changes: Improved electoral system for better representation.

Indigenous Rights: Advanced recognition and protection of indigenous peoples' rights.

2008 Constitution:

President: Rafael Correa

Sumak Kawsay: Enshrined the concept of "Good Living" for holistic development.

Rights of Nature: Granted inalienable rights to ecosystems.

State Role: Expanded state control over strategic economic sectors.

Political Participation: Enhanced direct citizen participation through referendums.

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The constitutions of Ecuador in 1978, 1998, and 2008 reflect significant shifts in the country's political, social, and economic frameworks:

1. 1978 Constitution:

- Restoration of Democracy: Marked the end of a long period of military rule, reinstating civilian government and democratic processes.

- Human Rights: Included a broad array of civil liberties and political rights, emphasizing the protection of human rights.

- Presidential System: Reinforced a presidential system with a clear separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

2. 1998 Constitution:

- Decentralization: Introduced mechanisms for decentralizing government authority, granting more autonomy to local governments.

- Economic Reforms: Emphasized neoliberal economic policies, including measures to promote privatization and foreign investment.

- Social Rights Expansion: Expanded social rights, including greater recognition of indigenous rights and environmental protections.

3. 2008 Constitution:

- Sumak Kawsay: Enshrined the concept of "Good Living" (Sumak Kawsay) based on indigenous principles, emphasizing sustainable development and holistic well-being.

- Plurinational State: Officially recognized Ecuador as a plurinational state, acknowledging the diverse ethnic and cultural identities within the country.

- Citizen Participation: Increased mechanisms for direct democracy, such as referendums and popular consultations, and expanded citizen participation in governance.

- Rights of Nature: Pioneered constitutional rights for nature, granting ecosystems legal standing to be defended in court.

These constitutions collectively demonstrate Ecuador's evolving approach to governance, human rights, economic policy, and environmental stewardship.

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1978

A moreinclusive document

Education was mandatory and they tough nationality, democracy, juistice, peace and basic rights as principles

Many rights were added: Family, culture, medical assistance, basic services

1998

It had a neoliberal context

Indigenous rights were considered for the fisrt time

Discrimination was prohibites

Everyone was considered citizen at birth

Public education mandatory

Plurinational and multiethnic country

2008

Considered a Nation State

Human as center of dogmatic part

Electoral and Citizen participation and social control powers were added

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1978 Constitution was considered as a more inclusive document with nationalist features.

The major changes were:

The recognition as citizens of ecuadorians who were 18 years old or over. The requirement of being literate was eliminated.

The rights were organized at the level of family, education, culture, nutrition, medical assistance and basic services.

The penal system is responsible for rehabilitating inmates.

Education is a legitimate and irrevocable right for all ecuadorians, where nationality, democracy, social justice, peace and human rights are taught.

1998 constitution was very important because the state was recognized as a plurinational and multiethnic entity.

Also the collective rights of indigenous groups were recognized for the first time, all forms of discrimination were prohibited, the citizenship is recognized for citizens at the moment of their birth.

The 2008 constitution was important fore this factors:

The human being is located at the center of the dogmatic part and this was.

different from the previous constitutions.

The country was considered a Nation-State where regionalism should be disregarded.

The recognition of citizenship for every citizen from birth was maintained.

The practice of “buen vivir” in all elements of the State

Two more powers were added to the country: Electoral power and also citizen’s participation and social control

Source: Leadership 2 BGU.pptx

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The constitutions of 1978, 1998, and 2008 mark significant milestones in Ecuador's contemporary history, each reflecting the nation's evolving socio-political landscape and aspirations for democratic governance.

The Constitution of 1978 emerged during a period of political transition and instability, following years of military rule. It introduced reforms aimed at restoring democratic principles and fostering national reconciliation. Key changes included strengthening human rights protections, decentralizing governmental powers, and instituting electoral reforms to enhance representation and participation. This constitution laid crucial groundwork for Ecuador's return to civilian governance and the establishment of a framework for democratic institutions.

The Constitution of 1998 represented a period of constitutional revision aimed at addressing emerging challenges and societal demands. It emphasized social rights, including provisions for education, health, and labor protections. The constitution also sought to strengthen indigenous rights and cultural diversity, acknowledging Ecuador's multicultural identity and historical inequalities. This period marked a significant step towards inclusivity and social justice within Ecuadorian constitutional law.

The Constitution of 2008, often regarded as transformative, responded to widespread discontent with traditional political practices and economic disparities. It emphasized participatory democracy, environmental rights, and the rights of nature a groundbreaking provision globally. This constitution notably curtailed the power of traditional political elites, promoting greater inclusivity and representation of marginalized groups. It also introduced mechanisms for economic redistribution and sustainable development, reflecting Ecuador's commitment to balancing economic growth with environmental administration.

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In the constitution of 1978 some of the major changes included the recognition as citizens of ecuadorians who were 18 years old or over. The rights were organized at the level of family, education, culture, nutrition, medical assistance and basic services. In the contitution of 1998 the State was recognized as a plurinational and multiethnic entity. All forms of discrimination were prohibited and the citizenship is recognized for citizens at the moment of their birth. Finally, in the constitution of 2008 the human being was considered the center of the dogmatic part. The country was named a Nation-State where regionalism should be disregarged.

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There were some significant changes that a helped to develop the constitution that we have nowadays.

1878:

Return to civilian government after military dictatorship.

Focus on protecting individual freedoms and establishing a democratic framework.

It separate the powers of the estate and involve political participation for citizens.

1998:

People start to recognize the indigenous rights.

Enhanced environmental protections and provisions for social justice and equitable resource distribution.

Public education was mandatory for every citizen.

2008:

It strengthened the rights of indigenous people.

It made emphasis on environmental protection, granting rights to nature.

The president established the Sumac Kawsay which means the good living for everyone.

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1. Constitution of 1978:

Return to Democracy: Marked the transition from military to civilian rule, reinstating democratic governance after a period of dictatorship.

Human Rights Emphasis: Introduced stronger protections for civil liberties and human rights, including the establishment of an ombudsman (Defensor del Pueblo) to safeguard these rights.

Electoral Reforms: Implemented reforms to ensure fairer electoral processes, including the creation of the Supreme Electoral Tribunal.

2. Constitution of 1998:

Strengthening of Democratic Institutions: Further bolstered democratic institutions and checks and balances among branches of government.

Social and Economic Rights: Expanded social and economic rights, addressing issues like healthcare, education, and labor rights, and emphasizing sustainable development.

Decentralization: Promoted decentralization, granting more autonomy to regional and local governments to enhance governance at all levels.

3. Constitution of 2008:

Comprehensive Rights Framework: Established a broad framework for human rights, incorporating rights of nature (Pachamama) and emphasizing social inclusion and equality.

Participatory Democracy: Enhanced mechanisms for participatory democracy, including referendums, popular consultations, and the ability to recall elected officials.

Economic and Social Model: Defined Ecuador as a “plurinational” state, recognizing the rights of indigenous peoples, and introduced a new economic model focusing on "buen vivir" (good living), integrating social welfare, environmental sustainability, and equitable development.

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The 1978 Constitution marked the transition from military to civilian rule, establishing democratic governance and human rights protections.

The 1998 Constitution modernized the legal framework, emphasized human rights, environmental protection, and social inclusion, and introduced new mechanisms for citizen participation.

The 2008 Constitution further expanded social and environmental rights, recognized the plurinational nature of the state, and increased state involvement in the economy, reflecting a shift towards more inclusive and sustainable development.

We can see that these constitutions are attempting to include ethnic groups, improve people's Quality of life and ensurance of human rights.

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1978 constitution:

Democratic Reforms: It established a democratic framework, reintroducing civil liberties and political rights. It aimed to stabilize the country by ensuring regular elections and separation of powers.

Economic Focus: It emphasized state control over natural resources and promoted economic development through state intervention.

1998 constitution:

Human Rights: It expanded civil rights, recognizing various social and economic rights. It introduced environmental rights, becoming one of the first constitutions to do so.

Decentralization: It promoted decentralization by transferring more power to local governments, aiming for greater regional autonomy.

Judicial Reform: It reformed the judiciary to enhance its independence and efficiency.

2008 constitution:

Plurinational State: It recognized Ecuador as a plurinational state, acknowledging the rights and autonomy of indigenous communities.

Rights of Nature: Unique in its scope, it granted legal rights to nature, promoting environmental conservation.

Economic and Social Rights: It further expanded social rights, including health, education, and social security as guaranteed state responsibilities. It also emphasized economic sovereignty, with significant state control over strategic sectors.

Participatory Democracy: It introduced mechanisms for direct citizen participation in governance, such as referendums and recalls.

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1878:

After Ecuador being in some dictatorships in this consitution was the return to democracy

It also focused on protecting all the persons. Guarantizing Human rights

1998

In this constitutions they start recognizing some other cultures or ethnics.

they proclamate education as obligatory and every ecuadorian should have

It promote the decentralization by tranfering power to local goverment and other entities, guarantizing autonomy.

2008

They implement the Buen Vivir

They recognized Ecuador as a plurinational state

They also create new forms of participate in democracy

They also promote the enviromental protection

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This constitutions were more inclusive than the others and have the same principles.

In the 1978 contitution, to be an ecuadorian citizen you have to had 18 years old or over, and the requirement of being literate was eliminated. Also education start to be a legitimate and irrevocable right for all ecuadorians, where nationality, democracy, social justice, peace and human rights are taught.

In the 1998 constitution, the State was recognized as a plurinational and multiethnic entity and all forms of discrimination were prohibited, the citizenship is recognized for citizens at the moment of their birth and mandatory you have to study up to elementary level.

Thhis constitution is the most similar to the 2008.

In the contitution of 2008, two more powers were added to the country: electoral power, and citizen’s participation and social control. And all the minority groups were a priority attention to the state.

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Constitution of 1978:

The 1978 Constitution of Ecuador focused strongly on the nation. It made sure that all Ecuadorians who were 18 years or older could become citizens, even if they couldn't read or write. The constitution also said that everyone has rights to family, education, culture, food, healthcare, and basic services. The goal of the prison system was to help prisoners change their lives for the better. The constitution also promised that all Ecuadorians have the right to education. This means they should learn about their country, democracy, fairness, peace, and human rights.

Constitution of 1998

The various cultures and ethnic groups that make up Ecuador were acknowledged by the 1998 Constitution. All inhabitants were required to attend school, and decentralization was promoted by granting local governments more authority and guaranteeing their Independence.

Constitution of 2008

The concept of "Buen Vivir" (Good Living), which emphasizes the welfare of all residents, was first presented in the 2008 Constitution. Recognizing Ecuador's diversity of cultures, it proclaimed itself a plurinational state. In addition, this constitution stressed the value of environmental preservation and provided additional avenues for citizens to engage in democratic processes.

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Constitution of 1978:

Established Ecuador as a democratic republic.

Emphasized individual rights and liberties, including provisions for freedom of speech, assembly, and press.

Defined a system of checks and balances among the branches of government.

Constitution of 1998:

Introduced significant reforms aimed at decentralization and local autonomy.

Recognized the rights of indigenous peoples and aimed to promote their political representation and cultural diversity.

Established provisions for environmental protection and sustainable development.

Constitution of 2008:

Established Ecuador as a plurinational state, recognizing the rights of various indigenous nationalities and peoples.

Redefined the role of the state in the economy, emphasizing a mixed economy with a strong public sector and social welfare programs.

Strengthened social and economic rights, including access to education, healthcare, and housing.

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The 1978 constitution recognized Ecuadorians aged 18 and over as citizens, organized rights around family, education, culture, nutrition, medical assistance, and basic services, and made education mandatory. The 1998 constitution declared the State plurinational and multiethnic, prohibited discrimination, and recognized citizenship from birth. The 2008 constitution focused on human rights, declared Ecuador a Nation-State, and added Electoral power and Citizen participation and social control.

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1978

It was more inclusive constitution, put that education was mandatory up to high school for everyone, being a constitution focused on education, rights, nutrition, medic care and basic services.

1998

Recognized the state as plurinational and multiethnic.

Focused on indigenous people for first time and discrimination was forbidden.

2008

Focused more on minority groups, recognized ketchua and native languages as oficial moreover Spanish.

They introduced 2 more entities as power of the state.

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Constitution of 1979:

Context: Restored democracy after military rule.

Key Features: Presidential system, bicameral legislature, independent judiciary, emphasis on civil liberties and political rights.

Impact: Restored democracy but faced political instability and economic crises.

Constitution of 1998:

Context: Drafted amid political and economic turmoil.

Key Features: Enhanced regional autonomy, strengthened human rights, introduced direct democracy mechanisms (referendums, initiatives).

Impact: Introduced progressive reforms but struggled with political and economic instability.

Constitution of 2008:

Context: Part of President Rafael Correa's "Citizen's Revolution."

Key Features: Expanded state role in the economy, enshrined social rights (education, healthcare, housing), recognized rights of nature, introduced "Buen Vivir" (Good Living).

Impact: Fostered social programs and reforms, but critiqued for concentrating executive power and enabling authoritarian tendencies.

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1978

1. Democracy: The 1978 constitution was drafted following a period of military rule, and it marked a transition to democratic governance in Ecuador.

2. New Rights: new rights and liberties were recognized, including freedom of expression, assembly, and association. It also recognized and protected social rights, such as the right to education, healthcare, and housing.

1998

1. Indigenous Rights: The 1998 constitution recognized the rights of indigenous peoples and affirmed their cultural diversity and collective rights.

2. Environmental Protection: It included provisions for environmental protection, recognizing the importance of sustainable development and the preservation of Ecuador's natural resources.

2008

1. Economic and Social Rights: The 2008 constitution emphasized economic and social rights, including the right to work, fair wages, and social security.

2. New Powers: Social participation and control, as well as the Electoral power were established.

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1978:

compared to previous constitutions this one was considered as a more inclusive document. Its major Implementations were education as a legitimate and irrevocable right for all ecuadorians, and the organization of rights at a level of family, education,

culture, nutrition, medical assistance and basic services.

1998:

In this constitution the state was recognized as a plurinational and multiethnic entity; identifying, for the first time, the collective rights of indigenous groups and prohibiting all forms of discrimination . Another change was the recognition as citizens since the moment of the birth. In the educational sector it was define as mandatory the high school for the elementary level

2008:

This constitution maintained the recognition as citizen at the moment of the birth. And its changes were the implementation of buen vivir in all elements of the state. Adding of 2 new electoral powers to the state: the electoral power and social control.

This constitution gives also a priority attention to different groups like: womens, young people (kids and teenagers) or indigenous communities.

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1978 Constitution

1. Restoration of Democracy: Return to a democratic regime with free elections.

2. Recognition of Human Rights: Broad protection of fundamental rights and freedoms.

3. Administrative Decentralization: Greater autonomy for provinces and municipalities.

1998 Constitution

1. Institutional Reforms: Creation of the National Electoral Council, Constitutional Court, and Ombudsman.

2. Rights of Indigenous Peoples and Minorities: Recognition of collective rights of indigenous peoples.

3. Economic and Social Rights: Expansion of rights to health, education, work, and social security.

2008 Constitution

1. Plurinational and Intercultural State: Recognition of ethnic and cultural diversity.

2. Rights of Nature: Establishment of rights for nature.

3. New Structure of the State: Reorganization into five branches, including the Transparency and Social Control branch.

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1. Constitution of 1967:

- It was created during a period of relative political stability. It focused on modernizing the structure of the state and improving public administration. It guaranteed basic rights but did not focus much on social or environmental rights.

2. Constitution of 1978:

- It was born after a period of military dictatorships. It introduced reforms to strengthen democracy and reduce the power of the armed forces in politics.

3. Constitution of 1998:

- It increased the autonomy of local governments and decentralized power. It expanded social, economic, and cultural rights, including women's and indigenous people's rights.

4. Constitution of 2008:

- It was drafted under the government of Rafael Correa, seeking a "Citizens' Revolution." It redefined the country's economic and political model, establishing a plurinational and intercultural state.

The main reasons for these changes were that:

1. They wanted more justice: The constitutions were changed to try to make the laws fairer and help people more, especially those who had less.

2. Political problems: Over the years, there were many problems and fights among politicians, so they decided to change the rules to try to make the government work better.

3. New rights: Society was changing, and people began to demand more rights, such as better education and environmental protection. Therefore, the constitutions were adjusted to reflect these new needs.

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The three analyzed constitutions of 1830, 1861, and 1906 are significant in Ecuador's constitutional history. The 1830 constitution established a unitary, centralized presidential system with a unicameral congress. The 1861 constitution eliminated financial requirements for citizens, introduced proportional representation, and established universal direct and secret sufragio for public officials. The 1906 constitution preserved extraordinary powers given to the president, ensuring their ability to intervene in crisis times. Each constitution addresses the needs and concerns of the time and shapes the future of Ecuador.

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1978:

The recognition as citizens of ecuadorians who were 18 years old or over. The requirement of being literate was eliminated and education was set as a legitimate and irrevocable right for all ecuadorians. And the rights were organized at the level of family, education, culture, nutrition, medical assistance and basic services.

1998:

The State was recognized as a plurinational and multiethnic entity, as well as the collective rights of indigenous groups were recognized for the first time.

All forms of discrimination were prohibited and the citizenship is recognized for citizens at the moment of their birth.

The office of the people’s attorney was created. Public education was defined as mandatory for the elementary level and free of charge until high school. Democracy was set as a participative feature and decisions could be made through direct and indirect forms of democracy. Although this constitution was able to fulfill some of those needs, however, the economic aspect of that constitution did not consider some sectors.

2008:

The concept of State of rights was established.The human being is located at the center of the dogmatic part which was different from the previous constitutions. The practice of “buen vivir” in all elements of the State was implemented. Two more powers were added to the country: Electoral power and also citizen’s participation and social control. The priority attention of groups included: Communities, Indigenous groups, elderly people, teenagers, young people,women

and people with disabilities and terminal diseases.

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The constitutions of 1978. 1998 and 2008 brought about noticeable changes.

Constitution of 1978

Ecuador's constitution in that year was more inclusive in relation to the country's ethnic groups and cultures. Also, rights were organized at the levels of the family, changing the way of seeing rights. It reinforced basic rights and freedoms for citizens, including civil liberties and political rights.

The 1998 Constitution

In the 90s, the constitution had a neoliberal context and the state was recognized as a plurinational and ethnic variety, having drastic changes.

The 2008 Constitution

The state includes concepts of state rights.

The 2008 Constitution was a response to socio-political movements and aimed to address longstanding issues of inequality and governance.

These constitutions reflect Ecuador's ongoing efforts to address historical injustices, promote social inclusion, and strengthen democratic governance. Each revision has aimed to respond to the evolving needs and aspirations of Ecuadorian society, often in the context of economic challenges and political instability.

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1978:

In this constitution the recognition as citizens of ecuadorians who were 18 years old or over was established. Education was considered legitimate and irrevocable right for all ecuadorians.

1998:

The State was recognized as a plurinational and multiethnic entity. The collective rights of indigenous groups were recognized for the first time.

2008:

The practice of ''buen vivir'' in all elements of the State. Two more powers were added to the country: Electoral power and also citizen's participation and social control.

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1978:

The rights were organized at the level of family, education, culture, nutrition, medical assistance and basic servises.

1998:

This constitution had advances in terms of rights and freedoms. For example, the State was recognized as a plurinational and multiethnic entity. All forms of discrimination were prohibited.

2008:

In this constitution the human being is considered the center of the dogmatic part, which was different compared to the previous constitutions. Also, The country was considered a Nation-State.

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1978 Constitution:

Political Structure: Established a democratic framework after years of military rule, marking a return to civilian governance.

Human Rights: Enshrined basic human rights and democratic freedoms, laying the foundation for a modern democratic state.

Economic Policy: Focused on economic development and state intervention in key industries, reflecting the developmentalist approach of the era.

1998 Constitution:

Human Rights and Liberties: Expanded civil liberties, including rights for indigenous peoples and women, reflecting growing social awareness.

Environmental Protection: Introduced significant provisions for environmental protection, acknowledging the importance of sustainable development.

Judicial Independence: Strengthened judicial independence and established new mechanisms for protecting human rights, enhancing checks and balances.

2008 Constitution:

Buen Vivir (Good Living): Incorporated the indigenous concept of "Buen Vivir," emphasizing harmony with nature and community well-being, marking a shift towards inclusive and sustainable development.

Rights of Nature: Ecuador became the first country to grant constitutional rights to nature, recognizing ecosystems' right to exist and regenerate.

Economic Reforms: Implemented profound economic reforms, including greater state control over natural resources and strategic sectors, aligning with the leftist political agenda of then-President Rafael Correa.

Political Participation: Enhanced mechanisms for direct democracy, including referendums and the ability for citizens to propose legislation and recall elected officials.

Social Welfare: Expanded social welfare provisions, emphasizing healthcare, education, and social security as fundamental rights.

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1978 Constitution: Established a democratic system. Enacted after a referendum, it promoted human and social rights. For the first time in the history of Ecuador, through a referendum, the people of Ecuador approved the constitution.

1998 Constitution: Introduced significant changes in the structure of the state, individual and collective rights, and citizen participation mechanisms. It establishes a set of civil and political rights that the State must protect, highlights the social, economic and cultural guarantees to which Ecuadorians are entitled and establishes the powers of the main functions and agencies of the State. State, manage its activities.

Constitution of 2008: The newest constitution of Ecuador, giving us several changes such as: environmental protection, economic, social and cultural rights, agricultural financial measures, among others. These new reforms are strongly aimed at indigenous peoples, since their participation in the Ecuadorian State was not taken into account.

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The Constitution of Ecuador in 1978 was replaced by the Constitution of 2008, which marked significant changes in the country's governance and social structure. The 2008 Constitution emphasized principles of plurinationality, recognizing Ecuador as a multicultural state. It introduced rights for nature, making Ecuador the first country to grant legal rights to the environment. The constitution also expanded social rights, including education, health, and housing, and strengthened indigenous rights and autonomy. Additionally, it imposed restrictions on media ownership and established new regulations for natural resource exploitation. Overall, the Constitution of 2008 aimed to promote social justice, environmental sustainability, and participatory democracy in Ecuador.

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1978:

It was considered an inclusive document.

This constitution mention that ecuadorians 18 years of age or older are recognized as citizens.

Education is a legal and inalienable right for all Ecuadorians, they learnt about citizenship, democracy, social justice, peace and human rights.

1998:

The nineteenth constitution.

The state was identified as a plurinational and multiethnic entity.

And for the first time the rights of indigenous people were recognized.

2008:

The acceptance of the citizenship for the people that born in Ecuador.

Appeared two more powers: Electoral power and citizen´s participation and social control.

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In the constitution of 1978 there was established a new organización for rights ( family, education, medical, etc). Also, education started to be a right for everyone and nobody could remover that right.

In 1998 there was Made a new constitution under a neoliberal context. The collective rights of indegenous people were recignized for first time and all forms of discrimination were prohibited. Ecuador started to be considero a plurinational entity.

In the constitution of 2008, two more Powers of the state were added (electoral power and citizens participation). Also, the priority gruops included women, ethnic groups, people with disabilities and eldery people.

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1978

The 1978 Constitution granted the right to vote to the illiterate for the first time, ratified the unicameral presidential regime and strengthened the power of State intervention in the economy.

Also in this constitution education was an legitimate and irrevocable right.

1998

The 1998 Constitution added new rights: the collective rights of indigenous peoples, and the collective rights of citizens to a healthy environment, legalized the existing institutions of the Ombudsman's Office, habeas data, and the appeal for protection.

2008

The 2008 Constitution changed the State model, expanding the catalog of rights, reinforcing the guarantees of rights and strengthening the mechanisms of direct democracy.

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1978

Democratization: The 1978 Constitution marked the transition from Francoist dictatorship to a democratic state. It established Spain as a parliamentary monarchy.

1998

Social and Economic Rights: The 1998 Constitution expanded social and economic rights, including rights to education, health, and social security.

Indigenous Rights: It recognized the rights of indigenous peoples, including their cultural identity and traditional lands.

2008

Plurinational State: It declared Ecuador a plurinational state, formally recognizing the multicultural and multi-ethnic nature of the country.

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Constitution of 1978 :

The Constitution of 1978 was very important because it helped Spain transition from a dictatorship to a democracy. In this new Constitution, the King of Spain became the head of state but with very limited powers. It also guaranteed important rights for people, such as freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, and the right to a fair trial. Additionally, it allowed the regions of Spain to have more autonomy to govern themselves.

Constitution of 1998 :

Ecuador's 1998 Constitution was created during a difficult time for the country, with economic and political problems. One of the biggest changes was the strong emphasis on human rights, such as the right to education and health. The Constitutional Court was also established to protect the Constitution. Reforms were made to the judicial system and Congress to make them work better. Moreover, the rights of indigenous communities were recognized, acknowledging that Ecuador is a country with many different cultures.

Constitution of 2008 :

Ecuador's 2008 Constitution brought many important changes. It declared that Ecuador is a country with many nations and cultures and recognized the rights of indigenous peoples. The idea of "Buen Vivir" (Sumak Kawsay) was promoted, meaning that the country's development should focus on the well-being of people and respect for the environment. It ensured important rights for everyone, such as access to health, education, and social security. Additionally, it gave more power to the president and allowed more ways for people to participate in government decisions.

These changes show how each Constitution tried to improve the country according to the needs of ecuador.

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The evolution of Ecuador's constitutions in 1978, 1998, and 2008 illustrates a profound transformation in the country's legal and political landscape. The 1978 constitution marked a return to democracy after periods of instability, emphasizing civil liberties and the role of the state in economic development. In 1998, Ecuador embraced a more decentralized governance structure, promoting local autonomy and indigenous rights amid efforts to address historical injustices. By 2008, the constitution underwent a radical overhaul, endorsing a model of "plurinational" democracy that recognized Ecuador's diverse ethnicities and cultures, enshrining rights of nature and social welfare protections. These changes reflect Ecuador's ongoing quest for inclusive governance and sustainable development.

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1979 Constitution: Restored democracy after military rule, emphasized separation of powers, civil liberties, and human rights.

1998 Constitution: Modernized governance with stronger human rights, environmental protection, social welfare, and judicial reforms.

2008 Constitution: Introduced "sumak kawsay" or also known as the "buen vivir", recognized nature's rights, expanded social rights, increased presidential powers, and enhanced citizen particip ation.

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1978

Return to Democracy

Education was mandatory

Basic rights as principles

Humans rights improvement

culture, medical assistance, basic services

1998

neoliberal

Indigenous were taking into acount

Discrimination was not allowed

Public education mandatory

Plurinational country

multiethnic country

Everyone become citizen for the moment they were born

2008

Human as center of dogmatic part

Citizen participation

social control powers

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1. Constitution of 1978 (1975 revision): - It reflected democratic principles and fundamental human rights after the fall of the military junta in 1974. - Strengthened fundamental rights and freedoms, developed an independent judiciary, and clarified the roles of the president, parliament and prime minister. 2. Constitution of 2001 (1998 revision): - Adjustments to align with European Union standards and strengthen regional governance structures. - Improved European integration, human rights and environmental protections, as well as strengthened local government. 3. Constitution of 2008: - Introduce reforms to modernize public administration, improve transparency and accountability, and reform the electoral system. - Promoted better economic governance, strengthened environmental protections and expanded the rights of vulnerable groups.

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The 1978 Constitution was deliberately constructed to ensure the accepted supremacy of the State became a unifying factor, rather than one that created discord. It marked Spain’s transition from the dictatorship of Francisco Franco to a parliamentary democracy. The constitution was drawn up with the broadest consensus possible among major political forces, allowing Spaniards to enjoy a long period of peace and freedom.

In the late 1990 Constitution, several significant changes occurred in the United Kingdom. Reforms to the House of Lords aimed for greater accountability and representation. Electoral processes were improved, and devolution of powers increased in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The Human Rights Act incorporated European Convention rights, and the Supreme Court was established.

The 2008 Constitution of Spain was an update designed to address contemporary challenges. It addressed economic challenges during the global financial crisis by emphasizing responsible fiscal policies. Additionally, the constitution reaffirmed Spain’s role within the European Union, reflecting the country’s commitment to European integration. Furthermore, it strengthened social rights and environmental protection, responding to evolving societal priorities.

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Constitution of 1978:

The Constitution of 1978 was crafted during a period of political transition, following years of military rule and instability.

It established Ecuador as a democratic republic, emphasizing representative government and electoral processes.

It included provisions for human rights, although they were sometimes limited by political circumstances.

There were provisions for social rights and some economic protections.

Constitution of 1998:

The Constitution expanded social and economic rights, reflecting broader demands for inclusive governance.

It recognized indigenous rights and cultures, marking a significant step towards multiculturalism and diversity.

It introduced reforms to the electoral system aimed at enhancing transparency and inclusivity in elections.

Constitution of 2008:

Ecuador was redefined as a plurinational state, recognizing the diversity of its population, including indigenous peoples.

The constitution Emphasized social programs and initiatives aimed at reducing inequality and poverty.

Introduced political reforms such as term limits for elected officials and mechanisms for citizen participation.

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1978:The 1978 Constitution was a pivotal moment in Spain’s history, transitioning from the Franco dictatorship to a parliamentary democracy.

Drafted with broad consensus among major political forces.

Emphasized unity over discord.

Marked the end of Franco’s rule and the establishment of democracy.

Resulted in a durable democratic system, fostering peace and freedom.

Defined the legal and political framework for Spain’s political order.

Remains the most enduring constitution in Spain’s history.

1998 Changes:

Under the Labour government (1997–2010), reforms were made to the House of Lords.

Changes related to electoral processes.

Further devolved powers to regions.

Enshrined human rights protections.

2008 : Amidst social and political changes.

Enhanced regional autonomy.

Strengthened civil liberties.

Separated church and state.

Addressed social welfare and labor rights.

Aligned with EU norms.

Emphasized an independent judiciary.

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1978 Constitution:

It introduced significant changes in the structure of the state and citizen rights.

A presidential system was established, and citizen participation was improved.

1998 Constitution:

It introduced reforms in areas such as human rights, decentralization, and popular participation.

2008 Constitution:

Promulgated on October 20, 2008, this is the current Constitution.

It introduced historical changes, such as recognizing the rights of nature, plurinationalism and pluriculturalism, and expanding social rights.

It also established a new power structure, being the creation of the National Assembly.

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1978:

It guaranteed freedom of expression, the press, and the right to information, promoting a more open and participatory society.

It introduced rights to education, health, housing, and social security, with the obligation of the State to guarantee them.

1998:

promulgated on June 5, 1998, during the presidency of Jamil Mahuad, this Constitution was characterized by the expansion of rights, modernization

The need to modernize the State and strengthen democracy prompted the drafting of a new Constitution to address these challenges and promote greater social justice.

The collective rights of Indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian communities were recognized, including the right to maintain their culture, lands, and forms of organization.

Gender equality and protecting women's rights were promoted.

2008:

Recognize the ethnic and cultural diversity of the country, promoting the inclusion of indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian nationalities and peoples in the legal and political framework.

Public education is secular, free, and compulsory, focusing on inclusion, interculturality, and equity.

Direct participation is encouraged through popular consultations, citizen legislative initiatives, and recalls of mandates.