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Revivals:
- Religious affiliation revived during the 1790s, spreading through the early 19th century
- Spread from New England states like Massachusetts down south to Carolina and west toward Ohio
- Attracted non-believers and pious families searching for social ties

Evangelicalism:
- Doctrine of free will, and that it is man who chooses to seek salvation and become closer to God
- To attract followers, evangelical ministers used practical preaching
- Southern Evangelical preachers incorporated African and Islamic faith into their speeches to convert more people

Charles Finney:
- Presbyterian minister who conducted emotional meetings stressing conversion more than doctrine
- Believed God would welcome any sinners as long as they followed the Holy Spirit
- Succeeded in converting people from all walks of life, from the rich to the poor

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Horace Mann:
- Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education from 1837 to 1848
- Lengthened the school year and added teaching standards in math and literature
- Employed educated women as school teachers

Dorothea Dix
- Set up charity schools using money from her grandparents
- Published "Conversations on Common Things" about science and morals
- Began national movements to create state asylums to house the mentally ill

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Women's Rights Activist and Abolitionist

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Women's Rights Activist and Abolitionist

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The Second Great Awakening was significant for reviving religious faith throughout the nation, making the United States a firmly Christian society. The movement changed the denominational makeup of American religion, particular in favor of evangelical sects.

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Educational Advances and Prison Reform (P. 367)

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Educational Advances and Prison Reform (P. 367)

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These reforms changed how the education system and prison system functioned for the better. These reforms catered to the needs of the mentally ill, and set up the foundations for improved standards and funding for state education.

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Seneca Falls:
- Gathering of women's rights activists in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848
- Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott
- Pushed for equality and rejected the idea that women are naturally inferior

Declaration of Sentiments:
- Written in the style of the Declaration of Independence, with women's rights at its core
- Affirmed that men and women should be equal, and that Americans need to right the wrongs in American society
- Asked Americans to make petitions and public calls

Elizabeth Cady Stanton:
- Daughter of a prominent New York judge and early abolitionist
- Asserted that gender roles resulted in the domestic slavery of women
- Friends with Susan B Anthony, and together they expanded married women's property laws

Lucreria Mott:
- Early feminist and abolitionist
- First president of American Equal Rights Association
- Helped found the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society in 1833

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These early movements and events gave momentum to the fight for equality in the nation, helping pave the way for women's suffrage and greater opportunities outside of domesticity. These movements helped change and challenge the roles women played within American society, as well as go against the social norms and values present within the nation.

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Immigrants arriving by ship to the United States

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Know Nothing Party:
- Political party formed against foreign influences and immigration
- Created as a reaction to the increased waves of immigration in the 1840s
- Aimed to halt immigration and promote "native" American-born protestants

German/Irish Immigrants:
- Hundreds of thousands of Irish and Germans had immigrated to New York City by 1850
- Most immigrated due to the German Revolutions and Irish Potato Famine
- German foods became part of New York's culture, while the Irish found allies in the American Catholic Church

New York Anti-Immigration Gangs:
- Assaulted immigrants physically, as well as politically and culturally
- Employers restricted the Irish from working important jobs
- Germans were denounced for their association with beer

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Immigration and Nativism in Cities (P. 356-357)

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Immigration and Nativism in Cities (P. 356-357)

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The rise in immigration was significant for building up the United States's reputation as a land of opportunity for immigrants to start over and build a better life. This changed American society due to its effects on how immigrants were viewed, and the resulting rise in nativism in the nation.

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Actors in blackface during a minstrel show.

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Minstrelsy:
- Theatrical shows where white actors in blackface performed songs and dances
- Perpetuated racist stereotypes against African Americans, and mocked white society
- Hundreds of minstrel troupes had formed by the 1840s

Female Moral Reform Society:
- Founded in 1834 by middle-class women in New York City
- Aimed to stop prostitution and protect women by demanding proper behavior from men
- Employed women only, who often gave guidance and founded homes of refuge

Temperance Movement:
- Movement dedicated to moderation or abstinence of alcohol
- Alcohol had been standard in many American practices, and consumption had increased by the 1820s-1930s
- Led by mostly women who wanted to protect their homes and husbands

Commercialized Sex:
- Many young girls turned to prostitution to make a living
- Most were domestic servants, mothers, or had syphilis
- Men engaged in frequent affairs, taking mistresses or frequenting brothels

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Changing Values and Urban Pop Culture (P.354-356, 367)

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Changing Values and Urban Pop Culture (P.354-356, 367)

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The rising urban popular culture is significant for the effects of growing metropolises and immigration in the United States. The culture's growing emphasis on sex, and the movements toward reform, show a change in American values as the nation industrialized and grew.

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Brigham Young:
- Mormons' leading disciple and prophet after founder Joseph Smith's murder
- Governor of the Utah territory
- Became authoritarian to secure the Mormon church

Mormon Trail:
- The route that Mormons took as they fled from New York to Salt Lake City
- Stretches along the northern U.S., from the Northeast to the Great Salt Lake Valley
- Initially, around 6500 Mormons fled west toward Utah

Religious Persecution:
- Mormons faced persecution from Protestants who were hostile toward their beliefs, especially polygamy
- Resulted in the murder of Joseph Smith and his brother by an anti-Mormon mob
- Eventually forced Mormons to flee west until they settled in Utah

1st Amendment - Freedom of Religion
- Though the 1st amendment gave freedom of religion, the Mormons were heavily persecuted for their beliefs
- Utah openly resisted federal laws to preserve their religion and beliefs, angering Protestants
- To become a state, Utah needed to ban polygamy (never enforced), violating the 1st amendment

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Shakers:
- Also known as the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing
- Started by Ann Lee Stanley, who believed she was an incarnation of Christ
- Taught self-discipline and had radical beliefs, such as that God was both male and female

Oneida:
- Community created in 1848 by John Humphrey Noyes
- Inspired by the Shakers' beliefs about sexuality and gender
- Freed women from their role of being property of their husbands through the rejection of marriage

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Transcendentalism:
- Intellectual movement from New England
- Inspired by European romanticism, which rejected the rational world in favor of human passion and mysteries of existence
- Individuals could be remade by creating a union with God in nature

Ralph Waldo Emerson:
- New England essayist and philosopher
- Advocated for liberation of the individual and against inherited customs and institutions
- Unitarian (Believed God was a single being) and had pantheistic views (believed God was an intrinsic part of nature and the greater world)

Henry David Thoreau:
- New England intellectual who followed Emerson's teachings
- Sought inspiration from natural world due to depression from brother's death
- Published "Walden, or Life in the Woods" in 1854, disavowing social norms and unjust laws in preference for individuality

Leaves of Grass:
- Collection of poetry written by Walt Whitman in 1855
- Expressed ideas about individuality, the mind, and relationship between man and nature
- Details human suffering and passion, and that collective democracy was a sacred character

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Changes in Art and Literature (P.346-349)

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Changes in Art and Literature (P.346-349)

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The changes in art and literature show a change from attachment to class, family, and institution, to total focus on the individual and the self. This is significant for setting up our country's firm value in individualism and advocating for yourself.

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The founding of the Mormon sect was significant for being successful as opposed to other utopian societies. The Mormons changed the religious sphere in the United States with their radical practices, coming at odds with the Protestants.

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The creation of utopian communities signified a response against the growing urbanization and industrialization of the United States. These communities called into question the social and religious norms of the nation, and provided a lifestyle alternative for people to flock to.