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elizabeth cady stanton call for a woman's rights convention and also forms the women's rights movement 1848

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elizabeth cady stanton call for a woman's rights convention and also forms the women's rights movement 1848

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The first woman's rights convention was held in Seneca Falls New York and was directed by elizabeth cady stanton and Lucretia Mott where they created the declaration of statements. This was the first convention for women's rights and served as the backbone for the women's suffrage movement. There most prominent demand was the right to vote.

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Table of Contents

Declaration of Sentiments, document, outlining the rights that American women should be entitled to as citizens, that emerged from the Seneca Falls Convention in New York in July 1848. Three days before the convention, feminists Lucretia Mott, Martha C. Wright, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Mary Ann McClintock met to assemble the agenda for the meeting along with the speeches that would be made. The Declaration of Sentiments, written primarily by Stanton, was based on the Declaration of Independence to parallel the struggles of the Founding Fathers with those of the women's movement. As one of the first statements of the political and social repression of American women, the Declaration of Sentiments met with significant hostility upon its publication and, with the Seneca Falls Convention, marked the start of the women's rights movement in the United States.

The Declaration of Sentiments begins by asserting the equality of all men and women and reiterates that both genders are endowed with unalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. It argues that women are oppressed by the government and the patriarchal society of which they are a part. The text then lists 16 facts illustrating the extent of this oppression, including the lack of women's suffrage, participation, and representation in the government; women's lack of property rights in marriage; inequality in divorce law; and inequality in education and employment opportunities. The document insists that women be viewed as full citizens of the United States and be granted all the same rights and privileges that were granted to men.

The Declaration of Sentiments was read by Stanton at the Seneca Falls Convention on July 20 and was followed by the passage of 12 resolutions relating to women's rights. Interestingly, the only resolution that did not pass unanimously was that which called for women's suffrage, as some were concerned that the issue was too controversial and would hurt their efforts for equality in other arenas. Sixty-eight women and 32 men, including abolitionist Frederick Douglass, signed the Declaration of Sentiments, although many eventually withdrew their names because of the intense ridicule and criticism they received after the document was made public.

Carrie L. Cokely

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Seneca Falls Convention | Summary, Leaders, Significance, & Facts

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Seneca Falls Convention, assembly held on July 19-20, 1848, at Seneca Falls, New York, that launched the woman suffrage movement in the United States. Seneca Falls was the home of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who, along with Lucretia Mott, conceived and directed the convention.

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The nineteenth amendment, women's right to vote 1920

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The nineteenth amendment, women's right to vote 1920

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After much trial and tribulation and a long hard-fought fight (which took 52 years) in congress, The Nineteenth Amendment was passed granting women the right to vote.

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women in the US wanted a change in society. Even after the first wave of feminism, many people say that nothing has changed in society and that they are still seen as soft and brittle. They wanted equal rights, they wanted power, and most importantly they wanted to be seen as equal to men.

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American History Women’s Liberation Movement: Second Wave Feminism

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The feminist movement, also called the women’s movement, describes the century-long period of activism on behalf of the rights and interests of women. The movement has frequently been divided by historians into three separate and distinct phases, which are labeled “waves.” It has centered on struggl…

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betty Friedan writes the feminine mystique 1963

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betty Friedan writes the feminine mystique 1963

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betty Friedan not knowing why she's unhappy and thinks that maybe feminism is the reason why witch prompts her to write her famous book feminine mystique which kicks off the second wave of feminism. but like so many others she put her faith in the wrong movement.

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After many hard fought fights and protests feminists finally won with the equal pay act of 1963. This granted women equal pay to a man. But they also have to do the same amount of work to be paid the same as men.

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The Equal Pay Act was signed into law in 1963. Equal pay legislation first was introduced in Congress in 1945, and thereafter some form of equal pay proposal was introduced in each Congress for the next 17 years. Not until 1961, however, was enactment of equal pay legislation into law a realistic possibility. In that year, President John F. Kennedy created a Commission on the Status of Women. At its very first meeting, the commission endorsed the principle of equal pay for comparable work, the same principle that had been incorporated into the very first equal pay bill introduced into Congress in 1945.

Both the House and the Senate took up consideration of equal pay legislation in 1962. After extensive hearings, the House Committee on Education and Labor recommended adoption of legislation requiring equal pay for comparable work. On the House floor, however, the legislation was amended to require equal pay for equal work, rather than equal pay for comparable work. The Senate also passed equal pay legislation in 1962, but the Senate action came so late in the session that the differences between and House and Senate bills could not be reconciled before the 87th Congress adjourned.

After the convening of the 88th Congress, the Kennedy administration again proposed enactment of equal pay legislation. After further hearings, the House and Senate approved similar equal pay bills. For the first time, however, equal pay protection was tied to the minimum-wage provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act. Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act into law on June 19, 1963.

Two conditions prompted enactment of the Equal Pay Act. One was the dramatic increase of women in the workforce. Between 1940 and 1960, the number of women in the workforce nearly doubled from 12.8 million to 23 million, increasing the percentage of women from one-fourth to approximately one-third of the total workforce. Of those joining the workforce a higher proportion were married women from low-income families. The second condition contributing to enactment of the Equal Pay Act was the compelling evidence that women were not paid wages equal to those of men who performed equal work. In 1960, the median annual income of women working full time was only 60.7% of the earnings of men. The Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare reported that, "it is overwhelmingly apparent that . . . women are not rewarded in the same manner as are . . . men."

As a general rule, coverage under the Equal Pay Act is tied to the minimum-wage provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act. Thus, an employer required to pay minimum wage under the Fair Labor Standards Act also is required to pay equal wages for equal work regardless of sex. The act also applies to labor organizations that "cause or attempt to cause" an employer to discriminate in violation of the equal pay requirement.

The Equal Pay Act prohibits covered employers from discriminating on the basis of sex by paying unequal wages for equal work. Although wage discrimination against women was the principal reason for enactment of the Equal Pay Act, because the act prohibits discrimination "on the basis of sex," men are as protected by the act as are women.

There are four elements of an Equal Pay Act claim: (1) that within the same establishment, (2) an employer discriminates on the basis of sex, (3) by paying unequal wages, for (4) equal work. One of the most frequently litigated issues arising under the Equal Pay Act involves the question of equal work. The act does not require that the jobs be identical to warrant application of the equal pay requirement. What the act does require is that the jobs involve "equal skill, effort, and responsibility" and that they be performed "under similar working conditions."

Different pay for concededly equal work does not violate the act, however, if the pay differential can be justified under one of the four exceptions listed in the act. The first three exceptions are quite specific: they apply to pay differentials based on seniority, merit, or productivity. The fourth exception is open ended: it permits a pay differential "based on any other factor," as long as that factor is one "other than sex."

An employee underpaid in violation of the act may institute a civil action to recover the wages that should have been paid, plus an additional equal amount as liquidated damages. Reasonable attorneys' fees and costs also are recoverable. Employees may not recover compensatory or punitive damages or obtain injunctive relief.

Litigation to enforce the act also may be instituted by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Under one section of the act, the EEOC may recover the same remedies available to an employee, except for attorneys' fees and costs. Under a separate section of the act, the EEOC may seek injunctive relief not only to restrain future violations of the act but also to restrain the withholding of wages found to be due for past violations of the Equal Pay Act. In actions for injunctive relief, however, the EEOC may not recover liquidated damages, nor may it recover attorneys' fees or costs.

John L. Sobieski Jr.

Further Reading

Cook, Joseph G., and John L. Sobieski, Jr.. Civil Rights Actions. New York: Matthew Bender, 1997; Stephens, Otis H. Jr., John M. Scheb II, and Kara E. Stooksbury, eds. Encyclopedia of American Civil Rights and Liberties. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2006.

Sobieski, John L. Jr. "Equal Pay Act." American Government, ABC-CLIO, 2022, americangovernment.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/1689365. Accessed 3 Dec. 2022.

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Entry ID: 1689365

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The Equal Pay Act was signed into law in 1963. Equal pay legislation first was introduced in Congress in 1945, and thereafter some form of equal pay proposal was introduced in each Congress for the next 17 years. Not until 1961, however, was enactment of equal pay legislation into law a realistic possibility.

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by 1966 women in the united states had decided that asking politely for what they want wouldn't work. So some of the founding members of the second wave of feminism created the the national organization for women (NOW). The main goal of the NOW was for equal rights for women. After two years they had achieved "laws banning employment discrimination; maternity leave rights; child-care centres that could enable mothers to work; tax deductions for child-care expenses; equal and unsegregated education; and equal job-training opportunities for poor women"

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Table of Contents

Reformers and revolutionaries

Initially, women energized by Friedan's book joined with government leaders and union representatives who had been lobbying the federal government for equal pay and for protection against employment discrimination. By June 1966 they had concluded that polite requests were insufficient. They would need their own national pressure group-a women's equivalent of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). With this, the National Organization for Women (NOW) was born.

The organization was not an instant success. By the end of its second year, NOW had just 1,035 members and was racked by ideological divisions. When the group tried to write a Bill of Rights for Women, it found consensus on six measures essential to ensuring women's equality: enforcement of laws banning employment discrimination; maternity leave rights; child-care centres that could enable mothers to work; tax deductions for child-care expenses; equal and unsegregated education; and equal job-training opportunities for poor women.

Two other measures stirred enormous controversy: one demanded immediate passage of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the U.S. Constitution (to ensure equality of rights, regardless of sex), and the other demanded greater access to contraception and abortion. When NOW threw its support behind passage of the ERA, the United Auto Workers union-which had been providing NOW with office space-withdrew its support, because the ERA would effectively prohibit protective labour legislation for women. When some NOW members called for repeal of all abortion laws, other members left the fledgling organization, convinced that this latest action would undermine their struggles against economic and legal discrimination.

NOW's membership was also siphoned off from the left. Impatient with a top-heavy traditional organization, activists in New York City, where half of NOW's membership was located, walked out. Over the next two years, as NOW struggled to establish itself as a national organization, more radical women's groups were formed by female antiwar, civil rights, and leftist activists who had grown disgusted by the New Left's refusal to address women's concerns. Ironically, sexist attitudes had pervaded 1960s radical politics, with some women being exploited or treated unequally within those movements. In 1964, for example, when a woman's resolution was brought up at a Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC) conference, Stokely Carmichael flippantly cut off all debate: "The only position for women in SNCC is prone."

While NOW focused on issues of women's rights, the more radical groups pursued the broader themes of women's liberation. Although they lacked the kind of coherent national structure NOW had formed, liberation groups sprang up in Chicago, Toronto, Seattle, Detroit, and elsewhere. Suddenly, the women's liberation movement was everywhere-and nowhere. It had no officers, no mailing address, no printed agenda. What it did have was attitude. In September 1968 activists converged on Atlantic City, New Jersey, to protest the image of womanhood conveyed by the Miss America Pageant. In February 1969 one of the most radical liberation groups, the Redstockings, published its principles as "The Bitch Manifesto." Based in New York City, the Redstockings penned the movement's first analysis of the politics of housework, held the first public speak-out on abortion, and helped to develop the concept of "consciousness-raising" groups-rap sessions to unravel how sexism might have coloured their lives. The Redstockings also held speak-outs on rape to focus national attention on the problem of violence against women, including domestic violence.

Responding to these diverse interests, NOW called the Congress to Unite Women, which drew more than 500 feminists to New York City in November 1969. The meeting was meant to establish common ground between the radical and moderate wings of the women's rights movement, but it was an impossible task. Well-dressed professionals convinced that women needed to reason with men could not unite with wild-haired radicals whose New Left experience had soured them on polite discourse with "the enemy." NOW's leadership seemed more comfortable lobbying politicians in Washington or corresponding with NASA about the exclusion of women from the astronaut program, while the young upstarts preferred disrupting legislative committee hearings. NOW leaders were looking for reform. The more radical women were plotting a revolution.

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National Organization for Women | History, Goals, & Facts

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National Organization for Women (NOW), American activist organization (founded 1966) that promotes equal rights for women. It is the largest feminist group in the United States, with some 500,000 members in the early 21st century. The National Organization for Women was established by a small group of feminists who were dedicated to actively challenging sex discrimination in all areas of American society.

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riot grrrls are formed and the start of the third wave of feminism 1990s

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riot grrrls are formed and the start of the third wave of feminism 1990s

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In the early 80s, a new type of music came one that would shape all of pop culture today, punk rock. but as the year would go by the punk rock community became more and more toxic towards women so much so as to throw them out of concerts. By the 90s woman had gotten so sick of this that they decided to form a movement to reshape punk rock. But by doing this they would also simultaneously kick off the third wave of feminism.

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the vionce against woman act is passed 1994

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the vionce against woman act is passed 1994

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the violence against woman act is passed in 1994 giving protection against domestic abuse. It also established the VAWA which enforces domestic abuse laws and urges people who have experienced domestic abuse to seek help. Today the VAWA is still going strong.

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Nancy Pelosi becomes US's first speaker in congress 2007

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Nancy Pelosi becomes US's first speaker in congress 2007

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Nancy Pelosi was the first woman to be elected in congress and her skill as a politician proves why she got elected. She could get funding for any project she wanted because she is so good at advertising fundraisers and she was also very good at public speaking making her one of congresses speakers.

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the fourth wave of feminism 2012 to the present time

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the fourth wave of feminism 2012 to the present time

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the fourth wave of feminism is hotly disputed today with some people saying it's not a wave while others are. Or people who do believe its a wave saying that there over reacting. and this dumpster fire is only being fueled by the internet and social media.

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Although debated by some, many claim that a fourth wave of feminism began about 2012, with a focus on sexual harassment, body shaming, and rape culture, among other issues. A key component was the use of social media to highlight and address these concerns. The new wave arose amid a number of high-profile incidents. In December 2012 a young woman was brutally gang-raped in India and subsequently died, sparking local protests and international outrage. That was followed two years later by the Gamergate campaign, a manifestation of the so-called "men's rights movement" that had its origins on the Web site 4chan. GamerGate ostensibly sought to promote ethics in video-game journalism, but it was in reality a harassment campaign against "social justice warriors." The latter were often women who objected to female stereotypes in video games and were subsequently inundated with death threats and rape threats.

Against this background came Donald Trump's defeat of Hillary Clinton in the U.S. presidential election in 2016. Trump had made a number of inflammatory remarks about women, and the day after the election a grandmother went on Facebook to propose a march on Washington, D.C. The suggestion quickly gained traction and became a call for social change, especially in regard to gender equality. Known as the Women's March, it grew to include demonstrations across the United States and around the world. The protests took place on January 21, 2017, the day after Trump's inauguration, and as many as 4.6 million people attended the various events in the United States, making the Women's March perhaps the largest single-day demonstration in that country's history.

Arguably even more significant was the Me Too movement, which was launched in 2006 in the United States to assist survivors of sexual violence, especially females of colour. The campaign gained widespread attention beginning in 2017, after it was revealed that film mogul Harvey Weinstein had for years sexually harassed and assaulted women in the industry with impunity. Victims of sexual harassment or assault around the world-and of all ethnicities-began sharing their experiences on social media, using the hashtag #MeToo. The movement grew over the coming months to bring condemnation to dozens of powerful men in politics, business, entertainment, and the news media.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

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Although debated by some, many claim that a fourth wave of feminism began about 2012, with a focus on sexual harassment, body shaming, and rape culture, among other issues. A key component was the use of social media to highlight and address these concerns. The new wave arose amid a number of high-profile incidents.

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have a nice day :)

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