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A volcano is defined as a natural phenomenon that creates a hole or crater in the earth’s crust, through which materials from the earth’s interior rise to its surface, known as magma, and it consists of rock fragments, ash, hot gases and others, and they accumulate around the hole, and volcanoes are one of the phenomena that contributed to the formation of the atmosphere and oceans.  Continents and continents also erupt continuously on the surface of the Earth so that approximately one hundred volcanoes erupt during one year, and it is worth noting that volcanoes may occur on the surface of planets other than Earth.
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Volcanoes are natural phenomena that occur to reduce heat and internal pressure found in the depths of the Earth’s surface. A volcano is formed as a result of the low density of molten lava in the ground relative to the density of the surrounding rocks, which leads to the rise of that magma to the surface or to depths determined by the density of magma and the weight of rocks  surrounding it, and the flow begins as a result of the pressure resulting from the gas dissolved in the magma, which leads to its exit to the surface of the earth and its rise to vertical distances that may be large.

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تعرف-على-أنواع-البراكين-والفرق-بينها

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An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size, from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt, to those violent enough to propel objects and people into the air and wreak destruction across entire cities. The seismicity, or seismic activity, of an area is the frequency, type, and size of earthquakes experienced over a particular time period. The word tremor is also used for non-earthquake seismic rumbling.

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Kareema Mohamad saleh Ali

In the past, this phenomenon was known by various names, most notably forest fires or wildfires, but these terms do not reflect the reality of this type of disaster and that is why it is called today as firestorms.[1][2][3] This designation correctly represents the strength of these events, because the latter have characteristics that characterize regular climatic storms such as hurricanes, for example. We mention among these characteristics the impossibility of controlling these fires if they occur, in addition to the destruction they cause to humans and stones. There are many types of firestorms and they generally arise spontaneously in nature and forested areas, which contain a large amount of flammable plants, and for this reason, the emergency teams are late to intervene, which makes it difficult for them to put out the fire.

Fire damage Edit Aerial view of forest fires Forest fires lead to the complete destruction of the ecosystems that live inside them, as only ash remains and leads to the death of living creatures inside and their migration to other places. Forest fires also lead to the loss of many valuable timber that are hundreds of years old, which leads to great material losses to the countries that contain them due to the importance of wood in the manufacture of many raw materials. Forest fires also constitute a major factor in the desert encroachment of the continents, as forests represent barriers to the encroachment of sand dunes, representing many sources of fertile soil, as well as causing the destruction of many residential areas adjacent to forests.
Types of fires The competent authorities relied on certain criteria by which they determine the type of firestorm, the most prominent of these criteria being the nature of the spread herbs, their height above the surface of the earth, and the percentage of moisture therein, and the shape of the land plays a key role in determining the percentage of sunlight that hits the area, which affects the area. How much water is there, if any. Types of fires are: Crown Fires: They are the most dangerous, especially if they affect neighboring cities and buildings. In addition, high flames could disrupt air traffic over the affected area. Medium fires (Ladder Fires): Tongues of fire devour all medium and low-rise plants, and the herbs that climb trees contribute to turning these flames into coronal fires. Surface fires: In this case, the fire engulfs the vegetation spread on the ground level of the forest. Ground Fires: This type feeds on roots distributed underground and on organic matter, but this does not mean that this type is harmless, as the fire can burn for days or weeks without being detected by a person.

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Kareema Mohamad saleh Ali

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Kareema Mohamad saleh Ali

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Kareema Mohamad saleh Ali

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Kareema Mohamad saleh Ali

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Forest fires

Wildfires (also known as bush fires, prairie fires, or bush fires) are large, uncontrolled, and potentially devastating fires in both rural and urban areas.It can refer to spreading quickly, changing the direction of its spread, and even “jumping” over great distances when its embers are blown and spread along it by the wind to increase its spread. Reasons Reasons for a reason to publish (eg reasons for fire). It should be noted that the phenomenon of hot weather is leading in the atmosphere (vegetation cover) and atmospheric conditions (wind direction, speed and temperature). Within seconds.

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Volcano, vent in the crust of Earth or another planet or satellite, from which issue eruptions of molten rock, hot rock fragments, and hot gases. A volcanic eruption is an awesome display of Earth’s power. Yet, while eruptions are spectacular to watch, they can cause disastrous loss of life and property, especially in densely populated regions of the world.
Sometimes beginning with an accumulation of gas-rich magma (molten underground rock) in reservoirs near Earth’s surface, they can be preceded by emissions of steam and gas from small vents in the ground. Swarms of small earthquakes, which may be caused by a rising plug of dense, viscous magma oscillating against a sheath of more-permeable magma, may also signal volcanic eruptions, especially explosive ones. In some cases, magma rises in conduits to the surface as a thin and fluid lava, either flowing out continuously or shooting straight up in glowing fountains or curtains. In other cases, entrapped gases tear the magma into shreds and hurl viscous clots of lava into the air. In more violent eruptions, the magma conduit is cored out by an explosive blast, and solid fragments are ejected in a great cloud of ash-laden gas that rises tens of thousands of metres into the air.

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Volcanoes are formed by eruptions of lava and ash when magma rises through cracks or weak-spots in the Earth's crust. A build up of pressure in the earth is released, by things such as a plate movement which forces molten rock to exploded into the air causing a volcanic eruption

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eruption of a volcano

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molten volcano

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A hurricane is a large tropical storm with circular winds. A hurricane is a often a deadly natural disaster. Hurricanes can be very dangerous or fatal. They cause severe damages to houses, buildings, cities and villages

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The Volcanoes are one of the most important natural phenomena that occur on Earth and on other planets as well, and are in the form of a massive eruption of lava, molten materials and lava emerging from the Earth’s abdomen to its surface.  For a certain period and then calm down, and so on until it subsides and then returns to the revolution again, and astronomical studies and observations of other planets have proven that they are also witnessing volcanic eruptions, and there are many dormant volcanoes on the surface of the moon, so volcanoes are not exclusive to planet Earth
There are many volcanoes on the planet that are in the form of cracks in the ground, allowing the intrusion of volcanic ash and lava, in addition to huge amounts of vapors and gases, which turn into black rocks after drying, and are usually mixed with different minerals such as: iron, and from  It is known that volcanoes in the moments of their eruption cause the destruction of the surrounding areas, in addition to the formation of smoke clouds. Therefore, approaching the areas where an erupting volcano is located is a risk that does not calculate the results. As for the shape of volcanoes, volcanoes are usually in the form of conical hills or in the form of mountains  High volcanic, an example of which is the volcano in Bluestone National Park in North America
It also confirms more than five hundred volcanoes around the world, but some of them are dormant and three-quarters of them are active.  North America and in southern Europe bordering the Mediterranean Sea, the most famous volcanoes currently active in the world are: Vesuvius, located near Naples in Italy, Mount Etna on the island of Sicily, Ararat volcano and others
Watching volcanoes is an amazing and inspiring thing that ignites the imagination, but despite that, volcanoes are one of the forms of nature’s wrath, and the destruction they leave after their eruption causes a lot of destruction, such as: burning forests and eliminating vegetation cover, killing many living creatures, destroying facilities,  In addition to the pollution of the atmosphere with toxic fumes, however, the experience of observing an erupting volcano is a great opportunity to observe the molten lava ejected from the crater, as well as seeing the rocks in a liquid state.

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https://www.canva.com/design/DAFAAptwq2g/_oOElnMGHXBwTyfhgvd47w/view?utm_content=DAFAAptwq2g&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link&utm_source=publishsharelink

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Floods are the most common type of natural disaster, and they occur when an excess of water inundates normally dry land.  Floods are often caused by heavy rainfall, rapid snowmelt, or storm surge caused by a tropical cyclone or tsunami in coastal areas.

Floods can cause widespread destruction, resulting in loss of life
Floods contribute to the health of ecologically important wetlands. Healthy lands provide healthy water sources and affect air quality even as lands are flooded with fresh remains. They carry and accumulate nutrient-rich materials that support plant and animal life in these lands, providing a high biological productivity from plant and diverse growth.

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A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes
of the Earth; example tsunami A tsunami is a series of ocean waves caused by an underwater earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption. More rarely, a tsunami can be generated by a giant meteor impact with the ocean. These waves can reach heights of over 100 ft. About 80% of tsunamis happen within the Pacific Ocean's “Ring of Fire.” processes. A natural disaster can cause loss of
life or property damage, and typically leaves some economic damage in its
wake, the severity of which depends on the affected population's resilience,
or ability to recover. The causes of natural disasters are many. Human
activities play a role in the frequency and severity of disasters.

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A volcano is an opening in the earth’s crust through which lava, volcanic ash, and gases escape. Volcanic eruptions are partly driven by pressure from dissolved gas, much as escaping gases force the cork out of a bottle of champagne. Beneath a volcano, liquid magma containing dissolved gases rises through cracks in the Earth’s crust. As the magma rises, pressure decreases, allowing the gases to form bubbles. How the magma (lava) behaves when it reaches the surface depends on both its gas content and chemical composition. Lavas with low silica contents have low viscosities and flow freely, allowing any gas bubbles to escape readily, while lavas with high silica contents are more viscous (resistant to flow), so that any trapped gases cannot escape gradually.

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A flood is an overflow of water a that submerges land that is usually dry In the sense of flowing water, the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide Floods are an area of study of the discipline hydrology and are of significant concern in agriculture, civil engineering and public health Human changes to the environment often increase the intensity and frequency of flooding, for example land use changes such as deforestation and removal of wetlands, changes in waterway course or flood controls such as with levees, and larger environmental issues such as climate change and sea level rise In particular climate change's increased rainfall and extreme weather events increases the severity of other causes for flooding, resulting in more intense floods and increased flood risk

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A flood is a condition of a heavy flow of water, which floods the land and is usually dry. It is the most common and widespread natural extreme weather event, and it can happen anywhere;  Including coastal and inland locations, it can also happen very quickly or gradually as the weather gets worse, severe floods occur due to weather conditions that lead to heavy rains, or weather conditions that cause rapid melting of the ice, and geography can also make the area more  Prone to flooding, due to the proximity of the area or its distance from rivers, seas and coastal areas.

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A drought or drouth is a natural disaster of
below-average precipitation in a given region,
resulting in prolonged shortages in the water
supply, whether atmospheric, surface water or
ground water. A drought can last for months
or years, or may be declared after as few as
15 days. 'Il It can have a substantial impact on
the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected
region 2l and harm to the local economy l3l
Annual dry seasons in the tropics significantly
increase the chances of a drought developing
and subsequent bush fires. Periods of heat
can significantly worsen drought conditions
by hastening evaporation of water vapour.

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earthquake, any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through Earth’s rocks. Seismic waves are produced when some form of energy stored in Earth’s crust is suddenly released, usually when masses of rock straining against one another suddenly fracture and “slip.” Earthquakes occur most often along geologic faults, narrow zones where rock masses move in relation to one another. The major fault lines of the world are located at the fringes of the huge tectonic plates that make up Earth’s crust. (See the table of major earthquakes.)

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One of the damages caused by the flood is the spread of water-borne diseases.  Crops and food supply—A shortage of food crops can be the loss of an entire crop.  But low-lying areas near rivers depend on river silt deposited by floods to add nutrients to the local soil.  Trees—Unadapted species can die of suffocation

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When floods occur, multiple damages are caused.

Destruction and damage to crops, trees and tar.

Destruction of houses, especially wooden and floor, and when the flood is large and fast.

Many people were killed and injured and others were missing.

Sabotage and destruction of the infrastructure of electricity, water and communications.

Destruction and damage to the road and transportation network.

The flood comes as a result of heavy and continuous rain in an area, and it comes from rain alone, or in combination with water bodies where it overflows and its level rises and the flood occurs.

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A volcano is a hole in Earth's crust. When a volcano erupts, hot rock flies out from under the ground, and melted rock pours out over the ground. Volcanoes under the ocean sometimes make new islands. In 1963,a volcano in the Atlantic Ocean made a new island called Surtsey. There are many different rocks in Earth's crust. They are millions of years old. The rocks are often different colors. In the Painted Desert in Arizona in the USA. You can see the different rocks🌋.

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Drought also affects the environment in many different ways. Plants and animals depend on water, just like people. When a drought occurs, their food supply can shrink and their habitat can be damaged. Sometimes the damage is only temporary and their habitat and food supply return to normal when the drought is over

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In the past, this phenomenon was known by various names, most notably forest fires or wildfires, but these terms do not reflect the reality of this type of disaster and that is why it is called today as firestorms.[1][2][3] This designation correctly represents the strength of these events, because the latter have characteristics that characterize regular climatic storms such as hurricanes, for example. We mention among these characteristics the impossibility of controlling these fires if they occur, in addition to the destruction they cause to humans and stones. There are many types of firestorms and they generally arise spontaneously in nature and forested areas, which contain a large amount of flammable plants, and for this reason, the emergency teams are late to intervene, which makes it difficult for them to put out the fire. Fire damage Edit Aerial view of forest fires Forest fires lead to the complete destruction of the ecosystems that live inside them, as only ash remains and leads to the death of living creatures inside and their migration to other places. Forest fires also lead to the loss of many valuable timber that are hundreds of years old, which leads to great material losses to the countries that contain them due to the importance of wood in the manufacture of many raw materials. Forest fires also constitute a major factor in the desert encroachment of the continents, as forests represent barriers to the encroachment of sand dunes, representing many sources of fertile soil, as well as causing the destruction of many residential areas adjacent to forests. Types of fires The competent authorities relied on certain criteria by which they determine the type of firestorm, the most prominent of these criteria being the nature of the spread herbs, their height above the surface of the earth, and the percentage of moisture therein, and the shape of the land plays a key role in determining the percentage of sunlight that hits the area, which affects the area. How much water is there, if any. Types of fires are: Crown Fires: They are the most dangerous, especially if they affect neighboring cities and buildings. In addition, high flames could disrupt air traffic over the affected area. Medium fires (Ladder Fires): Tongues of fire devour all medium and low-rise plants, and the herbs that climb trees contribute to turning these flames into coronal fires. Surface fires: In this case, the fire engulfs the vegetation spread on the ground level of the forest. Ground Fires: This type feeds on roots distributed underground and on organic matter, but this does not mean that this type is harmless, as the fire can burn for days or weeks without being detected by a person. 

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In the past, this phenomenon was known by various names, most notably forest fires or wildfires, but these terms do not reflect the reality of this type of disaster and that is why it is called today as firestorms.[1][2][3] This designation correctly represents the strength of these events, because the latter have characteristics that characterize regular climatic storms such as hurricanes, for example. We mention among these characteristics the impossibility of controlling these fires if they occur, in addition to the destruction they cause to humans and stones. There are many types of firestorms and they generally arise spontaneously in nature and forested areas, which contain a large amount of flammable plants, and for this reason, the emergency teams are late to intervene, which makes it difficult for them to put out the fire. Fire damage Edit Aerial view of forest fires Forest fires lead to the complete destruction of the ecosystems that live inside them, as only ash remains and leads to the death of living creatures inside and their migration to other places. Forest fires also lead to the loss of many valuable timber that are hundreds of years old, which leads to great material losses to the countries that contain them due to the importance of wood in the manufacture of many raw materials. Forest fires also constitute a major factor in the desert encroachment of the continents, as forests represent barriers to the encroachment of sand dunes, representing many sources of fertile soil, as well as causing the destruction of many residential areas adjacent to forests. Types of fires The competent authorities relied on certain criteria by which they determine the type of firestorm, the most prominent of these criteria being the nature of the spread herbs, their height above the surface of the earth, and the percentage of moisture therein, and the shape of the land plays a key role in determining the percentage of sunlight that hits the area, which affects the area. How much water is there, if any. Types of fires are: Crown Fires: They are the most dangerous, especially if they affect neighboring cities and buildings. In addition, high flames could disrupt air traffic over the affected area. Medium fires (Ladder Fires): Tongues of fire devour all medium and low-rise plants, and the herbs that climb trees contribute to turning these flames into coronal fires. Surface fires: In this case, the fire engulfs the vegetation spread on the ground level of the forest. Ground Fires: This type feeds on roots distributed underground and on organic matter, but this does not mean that this type is harmless, as the fire can burn for days or weeks without being detected by a person. 

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volcano is an opening on the surface of a planet or moon that allows material warmer than its surroundings to escape from its interior. When this material escapes, it causes an eruption. An eruption can be explosive, sending material high into the sky. Or it can be calmer, with gentle flows of material.

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Hurricanes are large, swirling storms. They produce winds of 119 kilometers per hour (74 mph) or higher. That's faster than a cheetah, the fastest animal on land. Winds from a hurricane can damage buildings and trees.

Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters. Sometimes they strike land. When a hurricane reaches land, it pushes a wall of ocean water ashore. This wall of water is called a storm surge. Heavy rain and storm surge from a hurricane can cause flooding.

Once a hurricane forms, weather forecasters predict its path. They also predict how strong it will get. This information helps people get ready for the storm.

There are five types, or categories, of hurricanes. The scale of categories is called the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The categories are based on wind speed.

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Heavy rainfall in a short period of time may lead to flooding;  The level of rain may exceed the ability of the drainage systems to carry water away from the streets and cities, and at other times light or medium rain continuously for several days or weeks can lead to the same result

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What Makes Hurricanes Form?
Scientists don't know exactly why or how a hurricane forms. But they do know that two main ingredients are necessary: warm water and winds that don't change much in speed or direction as they go higher in the atmosphere.

Warm ocean waters provide the energy needed for a storm to become a hurricane. Usually, the surface water temperature must be 26 degrees Celsius (79 degrees Fahrenheit) or higher for a hurricane to form.

The rate at which wind speed or direction changes with height is called vertical wind shear. Low vertical wind shear - winds that change very little going up through the atmosphere - is needed for hurricane development. High vertical wind shear - winds that are changing significantly with height - tends to rip storms apart.

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Tips to avoid the danger of heavy rain and floods!

Never take risks:...

Follow the news and media: ...

Take Home Measures: ...

Equipping your cars: ...

Keep away from electrical wires: ...

Not to be careless about playing when it rains

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Drought is one of the natural phenomena with a complex structure, and this phenomenon spreads in large parts of the globe, and drought is closely related to the local balance between water and energy, and because drought has a relationship with the climatic region, and thus drought varies from place to place, and drought is divided into two parts.  into several sections, namely, climatic drought;  This drought is the result of a decrease in the amount of precipitation of all kinds, including snow, rain, and hail
Causes of drought The increase in the coldness of the globe in the northern part of it, led to the formation of drought, and this drought extended to the Sahel region.  Weakness of the meteorological processes leading to precipitation, and this weakness results in a decrease in the area of ​​vegetation cover, especially in semi-arid and arid regions as well.  The rise in temperature leads to the formation of many droughts in some areas.  Many patterns of large atmospheric circulation in high pressure systems or hurricane sites, these patterns lead to drought
Dehydration is very harmful and one of the most prominent risks
Brain swelling is one of the most prominent risks of dehydration, as the body, when replacing fluids after dehydration, draws large amounts of water into the cells, which leads to swelling and rupture of some cells.  The subject poses a great danger when brain cells are particularly affected.

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What are the effects of hurricanes on the environm

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Strong winds and flooding can uproot plants and kill land animals, devastating natural areas. Hurricanes may also destroy energy and chemical production facilities, gas stations, and other businesses, causing the release of toxic chemicals and pollutants into the environment.

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An earthquake or earthquake is a natural phenomenon. It is a vibration or series of seismic vibrations successive to a surface that occurs in no more than a few seconds, which results from the movement of rock plates in the earth's crust. The centre of the earthquake is called the "hotspot", followed by rebounds called seismic waves. This is due to the Seismic activities exist at the level of rock plate boundaries. The earthquake arises as a result of volcanic activities or as a result of slippages in the layers of the earth's crust , Earthquakes lead to cracking of the earth, depletion of springs, the appearance of new springs, or the occurrence of heights and decreases in the earth's crust, as well as high waves under the sea level (tsunami), as well as their destructive effects on buildings, transportation, and facilities. Convection movements in the Asthenosphere that move continental plates often result in earthquakes. Earthquakes can also cause great ruin.

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Here are the most important measures to protect against floods and torrential rains that must be followed after their occurrence in the following:

Make sure the place is safe before you go home.

Be careful while returning home and avoid roads where the water is still fine.

Do not enter the building if there is water around it, and check it carefully to ensure that there are no damages that may endanger your life.

Make sure that you are wearing shoes, as most injuries occur to the feet in these disasters.

Use a flashlight only.

Make sure there is no gas leak or electrical short, and if there is one, leave the house immediately.

Check the walls, doors, windows, and the floor so they don't collapse while you're there.

Leave windows and doors open for ventilation

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A drought is a period of time when an area or region experiences below-normal precipitation. The lack of adequate precipitation, either rain or snow, can cause reduced soil moisture or groundwater, diminished stream flow, crop damage, and a general water shortage. Droughts are the second-most costly weather events after hurricanes.

Unlike with sudden weather events such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and thunderstorms, it is often difficult to pinpoint when a drought has started or when it has ended. The initial effects of a drought may be difficult to identify right away, so it may take weeks or months to determine that a drought has started. The end of a drought is hard to identify for the same reason. A drought may last for weeks, months, or even years. Sometimes, drought conditions can exist for a decade or more in a region. The longer a drought lasts, the greater the harmful effects it has on people.

Droughts affect people in a several ways. Access to clean drinking water is essential for all life, and sources of water may dwindle during a drought. Without the presence of water, people must bring in enough water from elsewhere to survive. Water is also needed for crops to grow. When not enough precipitation falls to naturally water crops, they must be watered by irrigation. Irrigation is possible only when there is enough water in nearby rivers, lakes, or streams, or from groundwater. During a drought, these water sources are diminished and may even dry up, preventing crops from being irrigated and causing them to die off.

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A flood is the accumulation or accumulation of a large amount of water that submerges the land.[1]  The meaning "flowing water" can also apply to the flow of tides.  The flood often comes due to heavy rainfall and may result from an increase in the volume of water in a watercourse, such as a river or lake, which exceeds or exceeds the levies, and as a result some of the water exceeds its natural limits.  Most of them are harmful, because they damage homes, and may cause the upper layer of the soil to be washed away, and rivers and seas to overflow on the beaches.  The concerned countries must predict this situation and then evacuate the area and after the flood build a dam for water[2]. Although the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with changes in seasonal rains and snowmelt, it is not large, unless the flood targets wild areas that pose a threat to the environment.  The lands in which a person resides, such as a village, city, or any other residential areas

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Rain is the main factor in most cases of floods that the world has witnessed, as the high intensity of rain over a long period leads to the flow of water across the land contributing to the occurrence of floods, and floods can occur during a short period of rain depending on the distribution of rain and its quantity and the extent of soil moisture,  The force of rainwater can also erode and weaken the foundations of buildings, causing collapses and cracks

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An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to propel objects and people into the air, and wreak destruction across entire cities. The seismicity, or seismic activity, of an area is the frequency, type, and size of earthquak…

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Earthquakes pose a great and imminent danger to humanity, but they are one of the basic natural geological phenomena, as they are a way to relieve what is known as stress across the earth's surface. The earthquake occurs as a result of the movement of what is known as tectonic plates that make up the earth's crust .

This movement produces a amount of sudden energy that Known as an earthquake, plate tectonics begin to move during and after an earthquake, known as the underground part at which rocks collapsed at the epicenter of the earthquake, while the corresponding area above the Earth's surface is called Epicenter of the earthquakes .

Rockfalls that occur as a result of the collision of plate tectonics with each other are not the only cause of earthquakes, as such collapses may be caused by humans during the construction of some works such as digging tunnels for roads or railways or even as a result of detonating mines during such work. These rockfalls may occur as a result of thes,
Seismic waves are waves that transfer energy from one place to another, like all other types of waves. The types of seismic waves vary in their types and characteristics. Some of them are known as primary waves that are characterized by their speed of arrival and are referred to by the abbreviation (P), while others are known as secondary waves (S), which are slow waves

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شيخه يوسف مبارك السندي 4/2

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شيخه يوسف مبارك السندي 4/2

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Natural disasters: They are great destruction that occurs as a result of a natural event involving danger. There are multiple definitions of a disaster defined by specialized international and national organizations and bodies. The definition requires clarity, comprehensiveness, brevity and accuracy in choosing words, and these definitions include:

United Nations: A disaster is a catastrophic situation in which daily life is suddenly affected and people are suffering from its scourge and are in need of protection, clothing, shelter, medical and social care and other essential life needs.

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Earthquakes are destructive natural disasters. Generally, earthquakes typically only last for a few brief moments but they can greatly impact a society. Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy within some limited region of the rocks of the Earth. Seismic waves are produced when some forms of energy stored in Earth’s crust are suddenly released. Earthquakes occur most often along geologic faults.One of which include the Nepal Earthquake of April 25,2015. This particular earthquake flattened large parts of the capital Kathmandu. The earthquake in Nepal was the most catastrophic natural disaster in the last 80 years.

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On Earth, volcanoes are often found where tectonic plates diverge or converge, and most of them are found underwater.  For example, a mid-ocean ridge, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has volcanoes caused by divergent plate tectonics, while the Pacific Ring of Fire has converging plate tectonic volcanoes.  Volcanoes can also form where there is an expansion and thinning of crustal plates, such as in the East African Fault and the Wells Gray-Clearwater and Rio Grande volcanic field in North America.  Volcanic activity far from the plate boundary has been hypothesized to originate from the diaphragms of water flowing from the core and mantle boundary, 3,000 km (1,900 mi) deep into the Earth.  This results in volcanic activity in hotspots, an example being the Hawaiian Hotspot.  Volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past each other.

Large eruptions can affect the temperature of the atmosphere because ash and sulfuric acid droplets block the sun and cool the Earth's troposphere.  Historically, large volcanic eruptions were followed by volcanic winters that caused catastrophic famines.

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Although wildfires are a natural occurrence within some forest ecosystems, fire seasons are becoming more extreme and widespread, even in tropical rainforests where fires are atypical and particularly damaging. Hotter, drier weather caused by climate change and poor land management create conditions favorable for more frequent, larger and higher-intensity wildfires.

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A tropical cyclone is a rotating low-pressure weather system that has organized thunderstorms but no fronts (a boundary separating two air masses of different densities). Tropical cyclones with maximum sustained surface winds of less than 39 miles per hour (mph) are called tropical depressions. Those with maximum sustained winds of 39 mph or higher are called tropical storms.

When a storm's maximum sustained winds reach 74 mph, it is called a hurricane. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale is a 1 to 5 rating, or category, based on a hurricane's maximum sustained winds. The higher the category, the greater the hurricane's potential for property damage.

Hurricanes originate in the Atlantic basin, which includes the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico, the eastern North Pacific Ocean, and, less frequently, the central North Pacific Ocean. A six-year rotating list of names, updated and maintained by the World Meteorological Organization, is used to identify these storms.

"Hurricane Season" begins on June 1 and ends on November 30, although hurricanes can, and have, occurred outside of this time frame. NOAA's National Hurricane Center predicts and tracks these massive storm systems, which occur, on average, 12 times a year in the Atlantic basin.

As a world leader in hurricane research, NOAA strives to understand the mechanics of these complex storms in order to protect people, property, commerce, and natural resources.

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A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging, and most are found underwater. For example, a mid-ocean ridge, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates whereas the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the crust's plates, such as in the East African Rift and the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field, and the Rio Grande rift in North America. Volcanism away from plate boundaries has been postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs from the core-mantle boundary, 3,000 kilometers (1,900 mi) deep in the Earth. This results in hotspot volcanism, of which the Hawaiian hotspot is an example. Volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another.

Large eruptions can affect atmospheric temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's troposphere. Historically, large volcanic eruptions have been followed by volcanic winters which have caused catastrophic famines.

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A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Floods are an area of study in the discipline of hydrology and are of significant concern in agriculture, civil engineering, and public health. Human changes to the environment often increase the intensity and frequency of flooding, for example, land-use changes such as deforestation and removal of wetlands, changes in waterway course or flood controls such as with levees, and larger environmental issues such as climate change and sea-level rise. In particular climate change's increased rainfall and extreme weather events increase the severity of other causes of flooding, resulting in more intense floods and increased flood risk.

# data[].attributes.body
A wildfire, forest fire, bushfire, wildland fire, or rural fire is an unplanned, uncontrolled fire in an area of combustible vegetation starting in rural and urban areas. Some forest ecosystems in their natural state depend on wildfire. Depending on the type of vegetation present, a wildfire can also be classified more specifically as a forest fire, brush fire, bushfire (in Australia), desert fire, grass fire, hill fire, peat fire, prairie fire, vegetation fire, or veld fire. Wildfires are distinct from beneficial uses of fire, called controlled burns, though controlled burns can turn into wildfires.

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Earthquakes are the vibrations caused by rocks breaking under stress. The underground surface along which the rock breaks and moves are called a fault plane.

The focus, or “hypocentre”, of an earthquake is the point where it originated within the Earth. The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus is called the earthquake epicenter.

The size or magnitude of earthquakes is determined by measuring the amplitude of the seismic waves recorded on a seismograph and the distance of the seismograph from the earthquake. These are put into a formula that converts them to a magnitude, which is a measure of the energy released by the earthquake. For every unit increase in magnitude, there is roughly a thirty-fold increase in the energy released. For instance, a magnitude 6.0 earthquake releases approximately 30 times more energy than a magnitude 5.0 earthquake, while a magnitude 7.0 earthquake releases approximately 900 times (30x30) more energy than a magnitude 5.0.

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A drought is an event of prolonged shortages in the water supply, whether atmospheric (below-average precipitation), surface water, or groundwater. A drought can last for months or years or maybe be declared after as few as 15 days. It can have a substantial impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region and harm the local economy. Annual dry seasons in the tropics significantly increase the chances of a drought developing and subsequent bush fires. Periods of heat can significantly worsen drought conditions by hastening the evaporation of water vapor.

# data[].attributes.body
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging, and most are found underwater. For example, a mid-ocean ridge, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates whereas the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the crust's plates, such as in the East African Rift and the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and Rio Grande rift in North America. Volcanism away from plate boundaries has been postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs from the core–mantle boundary, 3,000 kilometers (1,900 mi) deep in the Earth. This results in hotspot volcanism, of which the Hawaiian hotspot is an example. Volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another.

Large eruptions can affect atmospheric temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the Sun and cool the Earth's troposphere. Historically, large volcanic eruptions have been followed by volcanic winters which have caused catastrophic famines.

# data[].attributes.body
A flood happens when water overflows or soaks land that is normally dry. There are few places on Earth where people don’t need to be concerned about flooding. Generally, floods take hours or even days to develop, giving residents time to prepare or evacuate. Sometimes, floods develop quickly and with little warning.

A flood can develop in a many ways. The most common is when rivers or streams overflow their banks. These floods are called riverine floods. Heavy rain, a broken dam or levee, rapid icemelt in the mountains, or even a beaver dam in a vulnerable spot can overwhelm a river and send it spreading over nearby land. The land surrounding a river is called a flood plain.

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A tropical cyclone is a rotating low-pressure weather system that has organized thunderstorms but no fronts (a boundary separating two air masses of different densities). Tropical cyclones with maximum sustained surface winds of less than 39 miles per hour (mph) are called tropical depressions. Those with maximum sustained winds of 39 mph or higher are called tropical storms.

When a storm's maximum sustained winds reach 74 mph, it is called a hurricane. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale is a 1 to 5 rating, or category, based on a hurricane's maximum sustained winds. The higher the category, the greater the hurricane's potential for property damage.

# data[].attributes.body
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging, and most are found underwater. For example, a mid-ocean ridge, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates whereas the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the crust's plates, such as in the East African Rift and the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and Rio Grande rift in North America. Volcanism away from plate boundaries has been postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs from the core–mantle boundary, 3,000 kilometers (1,900 mi) deep in the Earth. This results in hotspot volcanism, of which the Hawaiian hotspot is an example. Volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another.

Large eruptions can affect atmospheric temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the Sun and cool the Earth's troposphere. Historically, large volcanic eruptions have been followed by volcanic winters which have caused catastrophic famines

# data[].attributes.body
A drought is an event of prolonged shortages in the water supply, whether atmospheric (below-average precipitation), surface water or ground water. A drought can last for months or years, or may be declared after as few as 15 days.[1] It can have a substantial impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region[2] and harm to the local economy.[3] Annual dry seasons in the tropics significantly increase the chances of a drought developing and subsequent bush fires. Periods of heat can significantly worsen drought conditions by hastening evaporation of water vapour.

Drought is a recurring feature of the climate in most parts of the world. However, these regular droughts have become more extreme and more unpredictable due to climate change. In fact studies based on dendrochronology, or tree rings dating, confirm that drought affected by global warming goes back to 1900.

Many plant species, such as those in the family Cactaceae (or cacti), have drought tolerance adaptations like reduced leaf area and waxy cuticles to enhance their ability to tolerate drought. Some others survive dry periods as buried seeds. Semi-permanent drought produces arid biomes such as deserts and grasslands.[4] Prolonged droughts have caused mass migrations and humanitarian crisis. Most arid ecosystems have inherently low productivity. The most prolonged drought ever in the world in recorded history occurred in the Atacama Desert in Chile (400 years).[5]

Throughout history, humans have usually viewed droughts as "disasters" due to the impact on food availability and the rest of society. Humans have often tried to explain droughts as either a natural disaster, caused by humans, or the result of supernatural forces. It is among the earliest documented climatic events, present in the Epic of Gilgamesh and tied to the Biblical story of Joseph's arrival in and the later Exodus from ancient Egypt.[6] Hunter-gatherer migrations in 9,500 BC Chile have been linked to the phenomenon,[7] as has the exodus of early humans out of Africa and into the rest of the world around 135,000 years ago.[8] Rituals exist to prevent or avert drought, rainmaking could go from dances to scapegoating to human sacrifices. Nowadays, those ancient practices are for the most part relegated to folklore and replaced by more rational water management.

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On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging, and most are found underwater. For example, a mid-ocean ridge, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates whereas the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the crust's plates, such as in the East African Rift and the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and Rio Grande rift in North America. Volcanism away from plate boundaries has been postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs from the core–mantle boundary, 3,000 kilometers (1,900 mi) deep in the Earth. This results in hotspot volcanism, of which the Hawaiian hotspot is an example. Volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another.

Large eruptions can affect atmospheric temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the Sun and cool the Earth's troposphere. Historically, large volcanic eruptions have been followed by volcanic winters which have caused catastrophic famines.

# data[].attributes.body
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size, from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt, to those violent enough to propel objects and people into the air and wreak destruction across entire cities. The seismicity, or seismic activity, of an area is the frequency, type, and size of earthquakes experienced over a particular time period. The word tremor is also used for non-earthquake seismic rumbling.

At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and displacing or disrupting the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides and, occasionally, volcanic activity.

In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event—whether natural or caused by humans—that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its hypocenter or focus. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.

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Hurricanes are large, swirling storms. They produce winds of 119 kilometers per hour (74 mph) or higher. That's faster than a cheetah, the fastest animal on land. Winds from a hurricane can damage buildings and trees.

Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters. Sometimes they strike land. When a hurricane reaches land, it pushes a wall of ocean water ashore. This wall of water is called a storm surge. Heavy rain and storm surge from a hurricane can cause flooding.

Once a hurricane forms, weather forecasters predict its path. They also predict how strong it will get. This information helps people get ready for the storm.

There are five types, or categories, of hurricanes. The scale of categories is called the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The categories are based on wind speed

# data[].attributes.body
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size, from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt, to those violent enough to propel objects and people into the air and wreak destruction across entire cities. The seismicity, or seismic activity, of an area is the frequency, type, and size of earthquakes experienced over a particular time period. The word tremor is also used for non-earthquake seismic rumbling.

At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and displacing or disrupting the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides and, occasionally, volcanic activity.

In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event—whether natural or caused by humans—that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its hypocenter or focus. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.

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Forest fires prediction combines weather factors, terrain, dryness of flammable items, types of flammable items, and ignition sources to analyze and predict the combustion risks of flammable items in the forest. Forest fire prediction has developed rapidly in various countries in the world since its inception in the 1920s. Taiwan's forestry department currently uses the study results of Hsiao (2003). Hsiao's study used a given day's highest temperature, temperature variation, accumulated period without rainfall, and drought index as weather factors to derive forest fire incident in a logistical regression model, and built a forest fire ignition probability model. Hsiao also considered space and time variations in weather factors, used GIS systems to conduct temperature and rainfall space-time estimates, and estimated forest fire hazard rating predictions for forests in Taiwan on a given day

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Sarah khalil                                                                                 2/3

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Sarah khalil                                                                                 2/3

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Heavy rain in the post-rainfall period.  Their sum exceeds the sum of their rings as it snows as rain, resulting in precipitation.  towards the land areas on both sides of the river.  [Newest] Strong winds in coastal areas Strong winds and hurricanes may carry seawater towards vast lands, which may lead to flooding.  The collapse of the dam, it is the cement, the earth, the earth, a phenomenon, a phenomenon, a phenomenon, a reason, a phenomenon, a reason, the flow of water from strong areas, and in some areas the dam sometimes suppresses large amounts of water, a very large area of ​​water, the capacity of the dam exceeds its capacity  absorptive, leading to the collapse of the dam in the surrounding areas.

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Hurricanes are one of nature’s most powerful storms. They produce strong winds, storm surge flooding, and heavy rainfall that can lead to inland flooding, tornadoes, and rip currents.Hurricanes, known generically as tropical cyclones, are low-pressure systems with organized thunderstorm activity that form over tropical or subtropical waters. They gain their energy from warm ocean watersAs storm systems strengthen into hurricanes, the surface winds move continuously in a circular motion. Meteorologists refer to this pattern as “closed circulation." The direction of circulation is different depending on where the storm is located: it is counter-clockwise in the Northern hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern hemisphere.

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A tropical cyclone is a rotating low-pressure weather system that has organized thunderstorms but no fronts (a boundary separating two air masses of different densities). Tropical cyclones with maximum sustained surface winds of less than 39 miles per hour (mph) are called tropical depressions. Those with maximum sustained winds of 39 mph or higher are called tropical storms.

When a storm's maximum sustained winds reach 74 mph, it is called a hurricane. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale is a 1 to 5 rating, or category, based on a hurricane's maximum sustained winds. The higher the category, the greater the hurricane's potential for property damage.

Hurricanes originate in the Atlantic basin, which includes the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico, the eastern North Pacific Ocean, and, less frequently, the central North Pacific Ocean. A six-year rotating list of names, updated and maintained by the World Meteorological Organization, is used to identify these storms.

"Hurricane Season" begins on June 1 and ends on November 30, although hurricanes can, and have, occurred outside of this time frame. NOAA's National Hurricane Center predicts and tracks these massive storm systems, which occur, on average, 12 times a year in the Atlantic basin.

As a world leader in hurricane research, NOAA strives to understand the mechanics of these complex storms in order to protect people, property, commerce, and natural resources.

# data[].attributes.body
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging, and most are found underwater. For example, a mid-ocean ridge, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates whereas the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the crust's plates, such as in the East African Rift and the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and Rio Grande rift in North America. Volcanism away from plate boundaries has been postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs from the core–mantle boundary, 3,000 kilometers (1,900 mi) deep in the Earth. This results in hotspot volcanism, of which the Hawaiian hotspot is an example. Volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another.

Large eruptions can affect atmospheric temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the Sun and cool the Earth's troposphere. Historically, large volcanic eruptions have been followed by volcanic winters which have caused catastrophic famines.

# data[].attributes.body
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging, and most are found underwater. For example, a mid-ocean ridge, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates whereas the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the crust's plates, such as in the East African Rift and the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and Rio Grande rift in North America. Volcanism away from plate boundaries has been postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs from the core–mantle boundary, 3,000 kilometers (1,900 mi) deep in the Earth. This results in hotspot volcanism, of which the Hawaiian hotspot is an example. Volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another.

Large eruptions can affect atmospheric temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the Sun and cool the Earth's troposphere. Historically, large volcanic eruptions have been followed by volcanic winters which have caused catastrophic famines.

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Drought is one of the natural phenomena with a complex structure, and this phenomenon spreads in large parts of the globe, and drought is closely related to the local balance between water and energy, and because drought has a relationship with the climatic region, and thus drought varies from place to place, and drought is divided into two parts.  into several sections, namely, climatic drought;  This drought is the result of a decrease in the amount of precipitation of all kinds, including snow, rain, and hail.  agricultural drought;  This drought is caused by a lack of moisture in the soil, and this type leads to a decrease in the amount of agricultural crops, which causes their decline. This drought stems from two reasons;  Either due to special conditions that the soil is going through, or because of the lack of use of modern irrigation methods, and hydrologic drought, and this drought occurs due to the low percentage of surface water run-off, and the lack of groundwater as well, and thus there is a shortage in the amount of reserve water.

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A wildfire, forest fire, bushfire, wildland fire or rural fire is an unplanned, uncontrolled fire in an area of combustible vegetation starting in rural and urban areas.[1][2] Some forest ecosystems in their natural state depend on wildfire. [3]Depending on the type of vegetation present, a wildfire can also be classified more specifically as a forest fire, brush fire, bushfire (in Australia), desert fire, grass fire, hill fire, peat fire, prairie fire, vegetation fire, or veld fire.[4] Wildfires are distinct from beneficial uses of fire, called controlled burns, though controlled burns can turn into wildfires.

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Subduction zones are places where two plates, usually an oceanic plate and a continental plate, collide. The oceanic plate subducts (dives beneath the continental plate), forming a deep ocean trench just offshore. In a process called flux melting, water released from the subducting plate lowers the melting temperature of the overlying mantle wedge, thus creating magma. This magma tends to be extremely viscous because of its high silica content, so it often does not reach the surface but cools and solidifies at depth. When it does reach the surface, however, a volcano is formed. Thus subduction zones are bordered by chains of volcanoes called volcanic arcs. Typical examples are the volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire, such as the Cascade Volcanoes or the Japanese Archipelago, or the Sunda Arc of Indonesia.[5]

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The types of forest fire are as follows

Surface Fire - A forest fire may burn primarily as a surface fire, spreading along the ground as the surface litter (senescent leaves and twigs and dry grasses etc) on the forest floor and is engulfed by the spreading flames.

Underground Fire - The fires of low intensity, consuming the organic matter beneath and the surface litter of forest floor are sub-grouped as underground fire. In most of the dense forests a thick mantle of organic matter is find on top of the mineral soil. This fire spreads in by consuming such materials. These fires usually spread entirely underground and burn for some meters below the surface. This fire spreads very slowly and in most of the cases it becomes very hard to detect and control such type of fires. They may continue to burn for months and destroy vegetative cover of the soil. The other terminology for this type of fire is Muck fires.

Ground Fire - These fires are fires in the sub surface organic fuels, such as duff layers under forest stands, Arctic tundra or taiga, and organic soils of swamps or bogs. There is no clear distinction between underground and ground fires. The smoldering under ground fires sometime changes into Ground fire. This fire burns root and other material on or beneath the surface i.e. burns the herbaceous growth on forest floor together with the layer of organic matter in various stages of decay. They are more damaging than surface fires, as they can destroy vegetation completely. Ground fires burn underneath the surface by smoldering combustion and are more often ignited by surface fires.

Crown Fire - A crown fire is one in which the crown of trees and shrubs burn, often sustained by a surface fire. A crown fire is particularly very dangerous in a coniferous forest because resinous material given off burning logs burn furiously. On hill slopes, if the fire starts downhill, it spreads up fast as heated air adjacent to a slope tends to flow up the slope spreading flames along with it. If the fire starts uphill, there is less likelihood of it spreading downwards.

Firestorms - Among the forest fires, the fire spreading most rapidly is the firestorm, which is an intense fire over a large area. As the fire burns, heat rises and air rushes in, causing the fire to grow. More air makes the fire spin violently like a storm. Flames fly out from the base and burning ember spew out the top of the fiery twister, starting smaller fires around it. Temperatures inside these storms can reach around 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit.

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Although scientists are uncertain whether climate change will lead to an increase in the number of hurricanes, there is more confidence that warmer ocean temperatures and higher sea levels are expected to intensify their intensity and impacts. Stronger hurricanes will be far more costly in terms of damages and deaths without action to make coastal (and inland) areas more resilient.

Hurricanes are subject to a number of climate change-related influences:

Warmer sea surface temperatures could intensify tropical storm wind speeds, potentially delivering more damage if they make landfall. Based on complex modeling, NOAA has suggested that an increase in Category 4 and 5 hurricanes is likely, with hurricane wind speeds increasing by up to 10 percent.  Warmer sea temperatures also are causing hurricanes to wetter, with 10-15 percent more precipitation from cyclones projected in a 2 degree C scenario. Recent storms such as Hurricane Harvey in 2017 (dropping over 60 inches in some locations), Florence in 2018 (with over 35 inches) and Imelda in 2019 (44 inches) demonstrate the devastating floods that can be triggered by these high-rain hurricanes.

Sea level rise is likely to make future coastal storms, including hurricanes, more damaging. Globally averaged, sea level is expected to rise by 1-4 feet in low and moderate emissions scenarios during this century, which will amplify coastal storm surge. For example, sea level rise intensified the impact of Hurricane Sandy which caused an estimated $65 billion in damages in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut in 2012. Much of this damage was related to coastal flooding.

Areas affected by hurricanes are shifting poleward. This is likely associated with expanding tropics due to higher global average temperatures. The changing patterns of tropical storms (a shift northward in the Atlantic) could put much more property and human lives at risk, but much more research is required to build a better understanding of how these patterns might change.

The connection between climate change and hurricane frequency is less straightforward. It is likely the number of storms will remain the same or even decrease, with the primary increase being of the most extreme storms. For the 21st century, some models project no change or a small reduction in the frequency of hurricanes, while others show an increase in frequency. More recent work shows a trade-off between intensity and frequency – that as warmer oceans bolster hurricane intensity, fewer storms actually form.

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What Are Hurricanes?

NASA studies hurricanes to learn how they form and to better predict where they will go.

Credits: NASA

The eye of Hurricane Dean is shown as it moved through the Caribbean.

Credits: NASA

Warm water in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean during the late summer months helps to fuel hurricanes.

Credits: NASA

In 2010, astronauts on the International Space Station took a picture of Hurricane Earl.

Credits: NASA

This article is part of the NASA Knows! (Grades 5-8) series.

Hurricanes are large, swirling storms with winds of 119 kilometers per hour (74 mph) or higher. That's faster than a cheetah, the fastest animal on land.

The storms form over warm ocean waters and sometimes strike land. When a hurricane reaches land, it pushes a wall of ocean water ashore. This wall of water is called a storm surge, which along with heavy rain can cause flooding, especially near the coast.

Once a hurricane forms, weather forecasters predict its path and how strong it will get. This information helps people prepare for the storm before it arrives.

# data[].attributes.body
What Are Hurricanes?

NASA studies hurricanes to learn how they form and to better predict where they will go.

Credits: NASA

The eye of Hurricane Dean is shown as it moved through the Caribbean.

Credits: NASA

Warm water in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean during the late summer months helps to fuel hurricanes.

Credits: NASA

In 2010, astronauts on the International Space Station took a picture of Hurricane Earl.

Credits: NASA

This article is part of the NASA Knows! (Grades 5-8) series.

Hurricanes are large, swirling storms with winds of 119 kilometers per hour (74 mph) or higher. That's faster than a cheetah, the fastest animal on land.

The storms form over warm ocean waters and sometimes strike land. When a hurricane reaches land, it pushes a wall of ocean water ashore. This wall of water is called a storm surge, which along with heavy rain can cause flooding, especially near the coast.

Once a hurricane forms, weather forecasters predict its path and how strong it will get. This information helps people prepare for the storm before it arrives

# data[].attributes.body
What Are Hurricanes?

NASA studies hurricanes to learn how they form and to better predict where they will go.

Credits: NASA

The eye of Hurricane Dean is shown as it moved through the Caribbean.

Credits: NASA

Warm water in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean during the late summer months helps to fuel hurricanes.

Credits: NASA

In 2010, astronauts on the International Space Station took a picture of Hurricane Earl.

Credits: NASA

This article is part of the NASA Knows! (Grades 5-8) series.

Hurricanes are large, swirling storms with winds of 119 kilometers per hour (74 mph) or higher. That's faster than a cheetah, the fastest animal on land.

The storms form over warm ocean waters and sometimes strike land. When a hurricane reaches land, it pushes a wall of ocean water ashore. This wall of water is called a storm surge, which along with heavy rain can cause flooding, especially near the coast.

Once a hurricane forms, weather forecasters predict its path and how strong it will get. This information helps people prepare for the storm before it arrives

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Floods are one of the most common types of natural disasters and occur when flood waters inundate the usually dry land. The rise in sea level increases the risk of floods. Floods often occur due to heavy rainfall. Rapid melting of snow. A storm from a tropical cyclone. Tsunami in coastal areas. Changing the streams. Dams burst, cracked, and reservoirs destroyed. High valley bottoms. There are many types of floods, including: Muddy torrents. catastrophic floods. coastal floods. Estuaries and floods, as well as river floods.
There are also several preventive measures: enumerate the areas threatened by floods and draw up a national map of their own. Protecting flood-prone areas and supporting them by building dams, mountain lakes, barriers, water diversion channels, and rainwater belts that flood shops and streets. And last but not least is the protection of cities threatened by floods

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http://www.google.com.bh/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjcksve38_3AhWbBLkGHUD9C1EQwqsBegQICxAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fm.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DLlXVikDkyTg&usg=AOvVaw2J7ohz9amwdoNeb2FvJple

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Volcanic cone: sloping sides formed of lava.  It is a flow of magma, the mineral materials that the volcano ejects from its crater, and all or some of them were in a molten state, and the lava is the magma that flows on the surface and then solidifies.

Crater: The crater of a volcano is low in the shape of a funnel or bowl on the surfaces of planets or other bodies in the solar system.  Most volcanic craters on the Earth's surface are formed by volcanic activity.  Most of these volcanic craters result from eruptions that erupt cinder and other debris from volcanic eruptions.  It is rare for such craters to be more than two kilometers in size from one side to the other.  Other craters are formed when the Earth's surface collapses in the wake of lava backsliding from above.  Both the depression occupied by the volcanic lake in Oregon in the United States and the Kilauea crater in Hawaii may have been caused by an avalanche.  Falling volcanoes with a diameter of more than one kilometer are called mega craters, and smaller descending craters are called small craters.  Volcanic craters are more common on the Moon, and on planets other than Earth.  But most of the volcanic craters on these bodies are impact craters that were formed by the impact of meteorite stones.

Chimney: It is the tube that connects the underground magma reservoir and the crater, from which the magma rises.  And hurtling through volcanic material into the crater.  Sometimes known as the neck of the volcano.  Besides the main chimney, the volcano may have several chimneys connected to secondary vents.

Gaseous words: a cloud of vapors, gases and volcanic ash.

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A volcano is a natural phenomenon that is formed in the form of terrain on land or at sea. This terrain expels lava and gases from within the earth's crust to its surface.  This lava, after the inactivity of the volcano and its exposure to atmospheric factors, begins to freeze to form another type of terrain that may take the form of mountains, rivers, or valleys.

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هيا خضر سلام 2\2

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هيا خضر سلام 2\2

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Fire damage Edit Aerial view of forest fires Forest fires lead to the complete destruction of the ecosystems that live inside them, as only ash remains and leads to the death of living creatures inside and their migration to other places. Forest fires also lead to the loss of many valuable timber that are hundreds of years old, which leads to great material losses to the countries that contain them due to the importance of wood in the manufacture of many raw materials. Forest fires also constitute a major factor in the desert encroachment of the continents, as forests represent barriers to the encroachment of sand dunes, representing many sources of fertile soil, as well as causing the destruction of many residential areas adjacent to forests.

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حصة محمود عبدالله الأنصاري ثاني ٢

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حصة محمود عبدالله الأنصاري ثاني ٢

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Flooding is an overflowing of water onto land that is normally dry. Floods can happen during heavy rains, when ocean waves come on shore, when snow melts quickly, or when dams or levees break. Damaging flooding may happen with only a few inches of water, or it may cover a house to the rooftop. Floods can occur within minutes or over a long period, and may last days, weeks, or longer. Floods are the most common and widespread of all weather-related natural disasters.

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earthquake, any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through Earth’s rocks Seismic waves are produced when some form of energy stored in Earth’s crust is suddenly released, usually when masses of rock straining against one another suddenly fracture and slip Earthquakes occur most often along geologic faults, narrow zones where rock masses move in relation to one another The major fault lines of the world are located at the fringes of the huge tectonic plates that make up Earth’s crust See the table of major earthquakes

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حوادث غير متوقعة ناجمة عن قوى الطبيعة، أو بسبب فعل الإنسان ويترتب عليها خسائر في الأرواح وتدمير في الممتلكات، وتكون ذات تأثير شديد على الاقتصاد الوطني والحياة الاجتماعية وتفوق إمكانيات مواجهتها قدرة الموارد الوطنية وتتطلب مساعدة دولية.دليل الدفاع المدني الصناعي: الكارثة هي حادثة كبيرة ينجم عنها خسائر جسيمة في الأرواح والممتلكات وقد تكون كارثة طبيعية مردها فعل الطبيعة (سيول، زلازل، عواصف.. الخ) وقد تكون كارثة فنية سببتها يد الإنسان المخربة سواء كان إرادياً (عمداً) أم لا إرادياً (بالإهمال) وتتطلب مواجهتها معونة الأجهزة الوطنية كافة (حكومية وأهلية) أو الدولية إذا كانت قدرة مواجهتها تفوق القدرات الوطنية.المنظمة الأمريكية لمهندسي السلامة: (التحوّل المفاجئ غير المتوقع في أسلوب الحياة العادية بسبب ظواهر طبيعية أو من فعل إنسان تتسبب في العديد من الإصابات والوفيات أو الخسائر المادية الكبيرة). وعُرّفت أيضاً بأنها (واقعة مفاجئة تسبب أضراراً فادحة في الأرواح والممتلكات وتمتد آثارها إلى خارج نطاق المنطقة أو الجماعة المنكوبة).

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حوادث غير متوقعة ناجمة عن قوى الطبيعة، أو بسبب فعل الإنسان ويترتب عليها خسائر في الأرواح وتدمير في الممتلكات، وتكون ذات تأثير شديد على الاقتصاد الوطني والحياة الاجتماعية وتفوق إمكانيات مواجهتها قدرة الموارد الوطنية وتتطلب مساعدة دولية.دليل الدفاع المدني الصناعي: الكارثة هي حادثة كبيرة ينجم عنها خسائر جسيمة في الأرواح والممتلكات وقد تكون كارثة طبيعية مردها فعل الطبيعة (سيول، زلازل، عواصف.. الخ) وقد تكون كارثة فنية سببتها يد الإنسان المخربة سواء كان إرادياً (عمداً) أم لا إرادياً (بالإهمال) وتتطلب مواجهتها معونة الأجهزة الوطنية كافة (حكومية وأهلية) أو الدولية إذا كانت قدرة مواجهتها تفوق القدرات الوطنية.المنظمة الأمريكية لمهندسي السلامة: (التحوّل المفاجئ غير المتوقع في أسلوب الحياة العادية بسبب ظواهر طبيعية أو من فعل إنسان تتسبب في العديد من الإصابات والوفيات أو الخسائر المادية الكبيرة). وعُرّفت أيضاً بأنها (واقعة مفاجئة تسبب أضراراً فادحة في الأرواح والممتلكات وتمتد آثارها إلى خارج نطاق المنطقة أو الجماعة المنكوبة).

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ريم قاسم فرقه ١

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Shjoon ali
An earthquake (also known as a tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer, also known as a seismograph. The moment magnitude of an earthquake is conventionally reported, or the related and mostly obsolete Richter magnitude, with magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being mostly imperceptible and magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale.
At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacing the ground. When a large earthquake epicenter is located offshore, the seabed sometimes suffers sufficient displacement to cause a tsunami. The shaking in earthquakes can also trigger landslides and occasionally volcanic activity.
In its most generi

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Shjoon ali
An earthquake (also known as a tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer, also known as a seismograph. The moment magnitude of an earthquake is conventionally reported, or the related and mostly obsolete Richter magnitude, with magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being mostly imperceptible and magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale.
At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacing the ground. When a large earthquake epicenter is located offshore, the seabed sometimes suffers sufficient displacement to cause a tsunami. The shaking in earthquakes can also trigger landslides and occasionally volcanic activity In its most generi

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Volcanoes are fissures in the crust of planets, such as the Earth, that allow lava or ash or gases to escape from deep magma chambers through craters or fissures. The magma accumulates or flows according to its type to form various landforms, including conical hills or high volcanic mountains, such as those in Yellowstone National Park in North America.

There are about 500 active volcanoes in the world, three-quarters of which are located in the so-called Ring of Fire in the Pacific Ocean.

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Volcano | The Dr. Binocs Show | Learn Videos For Kids

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What Are Hurricanes?

NASA studies hurricanes to learn how they form and to better predict where they will go.

Credits: NASA

The eye of Hurricane Dean is shown as it moved through the Caribbean.

Credits: NASA

Warm water in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean during the late summer months helps to fuel hurricanes.

Credits: NASA

In 2010, astronauts on the International Space Station took a picture of Hurricane Earl.

Credits: NASA

This article is part of the NASA Knows! (Grades K-4) series.

Hurricanes are large, swirling storms. They produce winds of 119 kilometers per hour (74 mph) or higher. That's faster than a cheetah, the fastest animal on land. Winds from a hurricane can damage buildings and trees.

Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters. Sometimes they strike land. When a hurricane reaches land, it pushes a wall of ocean water ashore. This wall of water is called a storm surge. Heavy rain and storm surge from a hurricane can cause flooding.

Once a hurricane forms, weather forecasters predict its path. They also predict how strong it will get. This information helps people get ready for the storm.

There are five types, or categories, of hurricanes. The scale of categories is called the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The categories are based on wind speed.

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ايمان علي حمود 

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ايمان علي حمود 

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Tropical cyclones are perhaps one of the greatest threats to lives and property, even in their early stages. They involve a number of different hazards such as storm surge, flooding, extreme winds, tornadoes and lightning; Each of these dangers alone is liable to cause serious damage to lives and property. As these dangers coincide and interact, the rates of death and potential material damage increase.
Over the past five decades, 1942 disasters have been attributed to tropical cyclones; It resulted in 779,324 deaths and economic losses of $1407.6 billion - equivalent to 43 deaths and $78 million in losses per day.
A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm that originates over the tropical oceans and derives its energy from it. It consists of a central area known as the "eye", which is characterized by a low pressure, calm and usually cloudless weather, surrounded by a wall of rising clouds. The diameter of a hurricane is usually between 200 and 500 km, but it can be up to 1,000 km. In its tails, the tropical cyclone brings strong winds, torrential rain and tidal waves, and even storm surges and severe coastal floods in some cases. Winds blow counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere. Tropical cyclones exceeding a certain strength are given names for public safety purposes.





The names of these weather phenomena are determined according to their location:

'Hurricans' in the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, North Atlantic, eastern and central North Pacific;
Typhon in the western North Pacific;
Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea;
Tropical tough cyclones in the western South Pacific and southeastern Indian Ocean;
Tropical cyclones in the southwestern Indian Ocean.

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Wildfires are a natural climate disaster or man-made event[1], but although they occur in many forest ecosystems naturally, fire seasons are increasing and spreading significantly, even in tropical rainforests, where fires are usually abnormal and destructive[2], and in 2018, forest fires in the United States alone have devoured about 9 million acres, but it should be noted here that There are some types of forest fires that may be beneficial to the environment, as there are some well-thought-out, controlled types of fires that are a huge fire that is deliberately ignited for a purpose, which are very useful in forest management, because they can help stop uncontrollable forest fires,[3] and this article will discuss the causes of forest fires, solutions and outcomes.

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Wildfires are a natural climate disaster or man-made event[1], but although they occur in many forest ecosystems naturally, fire seasons are increasing and spreading significantly, even in tropical rainforests, where fires are usually abnormal and destructive[2], and in 2018, forest fires in the United States alone have devoured about 9 million acres, but it should be noted here that There are some types of forest fires that may be beneficial to the environment, as there are some well-thought-out, controlled types of fires that are a huge fire that is deliberately ignited for a purpose, which are very useful in forest management, because they can help stop uncontrollable forest fires,[3] and this article will discuss the causes of forest fires, solutions and outcomes.

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Sameera Javed

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Hurricanes are large, swirling storms. They produce winds of 119 kilometers per hour (74 mph) or higher. That's faster than a cheetah, the fastest animal on land. Winds from a hurricane can damage buildings and trees.

Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters. Sometimes they strike land. When a hurricane reaches land, it pushes a wall of ocean water ashore. This wall of water is called a storm surge. Heavy rain and storm surge from a hurricane can cause flooding.

Once a hurricane forms, weather forecasters predict its path. They also predict how strong it will get. This information helps people get ready for the storm.

There are five types, or categories, of hurricanes. The scale of categories is called the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The categories are based on wind speed.

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Hurricanes are large, swirling storms. They produce winds of 119 kilometers per hour (74 mph) or higher. That's faster than a cheetah, the fastest animal on land. Winds from a hurricane can damage buildings and trees.

Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters. Sometimes they strike land. When a hurricane reaches land, it pushes a wall of ocean water ashore. This wall of water is called a storm surge. Heavy rain and storm surge from a hurricane can cause flooding.

Once a hurricane forms, weather forecasters predict its path. They also predict how strong it will get. This information helps people get ready for the storm.

There are five types, or categories, of hurricanes. The scale of categories is called the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The categories are based on wind speed.

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How Does a Storm Become a Hurricane?
A hurricane starts out as a tropical disturbance. This is an area over warm ocean waters where rain clouds are building.

A tropical disturbance sometimes grows into a tropical depression. This is an area of rotating thunderstorms with winds of 62 km/hr (38 mph) or less.

A tropical depression becomes a tropical storm if its winds reach 63 km/hr (39 mph).

A tropical storm becomes a hurricane if its winds reach 119 km/hr (74 mph).

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The occurrence of hurricanes requires the availability of specific conditions in the water and the atmosphere. They are formed when the ocean waters are warm, and generally when the ocean surface temperature is not less than 27 degrees Celsius; The reason for this is that the warm temperature of the ocean waters, in addition to the amounts of evaporation above their surface, leads to providing the hurricane with the energy necessary for its continuation and survival, and the movement of hurricanes after their emergence does not require the presence of warm water, as the hurricane can move through cold water, and the movement of hurricanes over warm water It cools by absorbing heat from it

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A flood is the accumulation or accumulation of a large amount of water that submerges the land.[1]  The meaning "flowing water", can also apply to the flow of the tides.  Flooding often comes due to heavy rainfall and may result from an increase in the volume of water in a watercourse, such as a river or lake, which exceeds or exceeds the levies, and as a result some of the water exceeds its natural limits.  Most of them are harmful, because they damage homes, and may cause the upper layer of the soil to be washed away, and rivers and seas to overflow on the beaches.  The concerned countries must predict this situation and then evacuate the area and after the flood build a dam for water[2]. Although the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with changes in seasonal rains and snowmelt, it is not large, unless the flood targets wild areas that pose a threat to the environment.  The lands in which a person resides, such as a village, city, or any other residential areas

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A hurricane is a large tropical storm with circular winds. A hurricane is a often a deadly natural disaster. Hurricanes can be very dangerous or fatal. They cause severe damages to houses, buildings, cities and villages

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How Does a Storm Become a Hurricane?
A hurricane starts out as a tropical disturbance. This is an area over warm ocean waters where rain clouds are building.

A tropical disturbance sometimes grows into a tropical depression. This is an area of rotating thunderstorms with winds of 62 km/hr (38 mph) or less.

A tropical depression becomes a tropical storm if its winds reach 63 km/hr (39 mph).

A tropical storm becomes a hurricane if its winds reach 119 km/hr (74 mph).

https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/hurricanes-of.mp4

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Believe it or not, flooding is the deadliest type of severe weather. There’s probably a lot about floods and flooding you don’t know.
In this guide, we’ll go over everything there is to know about flooding; answering common questions like “What causes flooding?” and “Where does flooding occur?”
Use the buttons below to jump to the flood facts you care about the most, or read the entire Flooding 101 guide to become an expert When discussing floods, it’s important to understand what they are. Let’s start with a flooding definition.
A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. Floods are an area of study in the discipline of hydrology. They are the most common and widespread natural severe weather event.
Floods can look very different because flooding covers anything from a few inches of water to several feet. They can also come on quickly or build gradually. To better answer the question of “What is a flood?” we’ll answer what each specific type of flooding event is.

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A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging, and most are found underwater. For example, a mid-ocean ridge, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates whereas the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the crust's plates, such as in the East African Rift and the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and Rio Grande rift in North America. Volcanism away from plate boundaries has been postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs from the core–mantle boundary, 3,000 kilometers (1,900 mi) deep in the Earth. This results in hotspot volcanism, of which the Hawaiian hotspot is an example. Volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another.

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A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging, and most are found underwater. For example, a mid-ocean ridge, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates whereas the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the crust's plates, such as in the East African Rift and the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and Rio Grande rift in North America. Volcanism away from plate boundaries has been postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs from the core–mantle boundary, 3,000 kilometers (1,900 mi) deep in the Earth. This results in hotspot volcanism, of which the Hawaiian hotspot is an example. Volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another.

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A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging, and most are found underwater. For example, a mid-ocean ridge, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates whereas the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the crust's plates, such as in the East African Rift and the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and Rio Grande rift in North America. Volcanism away from plate boundaries has been postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs from the core–mantle boundary, 3,000 kilometers (1,900 mi) deep in the Earth. This results in hotspot volcanism, of which the Hawaiian hotspot is an example. Volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another.

Large eruptions can affect atmospheric temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the Sun and cool the Earth's troposphere. Historically, large volcanic eruptions have been followed by volcanic winters which have caused catastrophic famines.