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At 40, Muhammad said he experienced a revelation from the angel Gabriel. He believed that he had been chosen as the last of the prophets of Allah (God).

-Began recruiting followers for this monotheistic religion called Islam founded in 570CE

-Muhammad became the political leader of the community and joined his Islamic followers with Jewish locals.

-Slowly, Muhammad’s number of followers grew and in 630 his army of 10,000 conquered Mecca.

-Mecca’s citizens converted and only Allah was worshipped at the Ka’aba.

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In Spain, Catholic kingdoms slowly retook territory from Islam in the Reconquista.

The Reconquista was a centuries-long series of battles by Christian states to expel the Muslims.

-The Reconquista was driven by a desire for land and profit because kings in the Middle Ages were not as strong or as wealthy as they would later become, most military actions against the Muslims were privately financed.

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In the first Crusade Europeans conquered Jerusalem, the Holy City. The territory conquered was divided among European powers.

- The major goal of the first crusade, just like the following crusades, was to gain control of the Holy Land from Muslims.

-The Holy Land was a territory of Rome and then Byzantium and had only recently become Islamized.

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In 1492, the last Muslim kingdom, Granada, fell to Castile and Aragon, This began the Spanish Inquisition.

-A special court was assembled and anyone not Christian was gathered and punished.

-Thousands of Jews and Muslims publicly converted to Christianity but privately continued to worship as before.

-Thousands that refused to convert or leave were tortured, imprisoned, and killed.

-By the end of 1492 all still practicing Muslims and Jews were expelled from Spain.

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In 1916 the UK, France, Russia and Italy met in secret and began planning for the split of the Ottoman Empire. Their intent was to split the empire amongst themselves.

-Arabs, the people that lived in the middle east, were not consulted. No consideration for ethnic or religious differences was taken.

-The chief interest of Europeans was the control of Middle Eastern resources, notably the growing demand for middle eastern oil.

-The agreement greatly influenced the often odd political boundaries of most middle eastern countries today. Sunnis now lived with Shias in the same country. All under European control.

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Germany had formally surrendered on November 11, 1918, and all nations had agreed to stop fighting while the terms of peace were negotiated. On June 28, 1919, Germany and the Allied Nations (including Britain, France, Italy and Russia) signed the Treaty of Versailles, formally ending the war.

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1933 was a pivotal year for the Nazi Party. Traditionally, the leader of the party who held the most seats in the Reichstag was appointed Chancellor. However, President Paul von Hindenburg was hesitant to appoint Hitler as chancellor.

-Following several backroom negotiations between industrialists, Hindenburg's son, former chancellor Franz von Papen, and Hitler himself; Hindenburg acquiesced and on 30 January 1933, he formally appointed Adolf Hitler as chancellor. Although he was chancellor, Hitler was not yet an absolute dictator.

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The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered around six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population.

-The segregation of Jews in ghettos culminated in the policy of extermination the Nazis called the Final Solution to the Jewish Question, discussed by senior government officials at the Wannsee Conference in Berlin in January 1942.

-The Holocaust is understood as being primarily the genocide of the Jews.

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The Normandy landings were the landing operations and associated airborne operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II. Codenamed Operation Neptune and often referred to as D-Day, it was the largest seaborne invasion in history.

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After WWII, European countries were broke and could no longer support their overseas colonies. Many, including countries in the ME gained independence. However, political boundaries didn’t change. Different ethnicities and religious denominations were now trapped inside countries they were expected to share.

-After the Holocaust many Jewish people believed they needed their own country. Only through political power could they ensure they were never attacked for their beliefs again.

-Jews rallied around the Balfour Declaration of 1917, and with the support of the USA and UN, began immigrating to Palestine. They founded ISrael in 1948.

-Religious tension grew as many Arabs believed that Israel belonged to them.

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The Bosnian War was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995.

-In 1946 the People’s Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina became one of the constituent republics of the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia.

-Life in Bosnia and Herzegovina underwent all the social, economic, and political changes that were imposed on the whole of Yugoslavia by its new communist government.

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The apartheid system in South Africa was ended through a series of negotiations between 1990 and 1993 and through unilateral steps by the de Klerk government.

-These negotiations took place between the governing National Party, the African National Congress, and a wide variety of other political organisations.