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One result of Wallace's early travels is a modern controversy about his nationality. Since Wallace was born in Monmouthshire, some sources have considered him to be Welsh. However, some historians have questioned this because neither of his parents was Welsh, his family only briefly lived in Monmouthshire, the Welsh people Wallace knew in his childhood considered him to be English, and because Wallace himself consistently referred to himself as English rather than Welsh. In the end, Wallace called himself an Englishman born in Wales.

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(1) Mount House, The Mount, Shrewsbury, UK

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(1) Mount House, The Mount, Shrewsbury, UK

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The Mount is the Georgian house in Shrewsbury, England, which was the birthplace of Charles Darwin.
The large Georgian house was built in 1800 by Charles Darwin's father, the local very successful doctor Robert Darwin. His son Charles was born there on 12 February 1809. Robert Darwin died in the house on 13 November 1848, followed by his daughters Catherine and Susan. Since there were no surviving members of the Darwin family in residence, the house was then put up for auction, after the three surviving Darwin children, Ras, Charles, and Caroline Wedgwood had taken what possessions they wished.

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(1) Westminster Abbey, Deans Yd, London, UK

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(1) Westminster Abbey, Deans Yd, London, UK

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Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of Saint Peter at Westminster, is a large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London, England, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster.
Subsequently, it became one of Britain's most significant honours to be buried or commemorated in the abbey. The practice spread to include generals, admirals, politicians, doctors and scientists such as Isaac Newton, buried on 4 April 1727, Charles Darwin, buried on 26 April 1882, and Stephen Hawking, ashes interred on 15 June 2018.

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Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BD, UK

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The Linnean Society of London is an academic society dedicated to the study and dissemination of information on natural history, evolution and taxonomy. It hosts several important collections of biological specimens, manuscripts and literature, and publishes scientific journals and books on plant and animal biology. The Society has also awarded many prestigious medals and awards.
On July 1, 1858, at a meeting of the Linnean Society, "the theory of evolution by natural selection" was first publicly articulated, arguably the single greatest advance in biology. At this conference, Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace jointly published a paper, sponsored by Joseph Hooker and Charles Lyell as neither author could be present.

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The Royal Society, formally known as the Royal Society for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge in London, is an academic society and the National Academy of Sciences in the United Kingdom. The Society fulfills several missions: to advance science and its interests, to recognize outstanding scientific achievement, to support outstanding science, to provide scientific advice for policy, education and public engagement, and to foster international and global collaboration.
It was founded on 28 November 1660 and received a Royal Charter from King Charles II to become the Royal Society.
Leading scientific thinking from the past four centuries can be found in the 8,000 fellows who have been elected to the society to date. From Newton to Darwin to Einstein to Hawking, the pioneers and role models in their fields are chosen by their peers.

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Underground Station, Guilford Street, London, UK

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(3) Underground Station, Guilford Street, London, UK

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(3) Underground Station, Guilford Street, London, UK

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These ways will help you get to the museum!

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Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK

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(2) Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK

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(2) Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK

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Alfred Russel Wallace was an explorer, collector, naturalist, geographer, anthropologist and political commentator.

Most famously, he had the revolutionary idea of evolution by natural selection entirely independently of Charles Darwin.

Inspect one of the drawers of insects from Wallace's private collection, on display in the Treasures Exhibition.
You can also see the commemorative portrait of Alfred Russel Wallace, which hangs beside tha statue of Darwin in Hintze Hall.
If you visit the museum, you will see an orangutan specimen that Wallace brought back from Borneo on the Hintze Hall first floor balcony.
Discover the statue of Wallace as explorer on the second floor balcony of Hintze Hall.

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Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK

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(1) Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK

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(1) Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK

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The Natural History Museum in London is a museum that displays a variety of specimens from different fields of natural history. It is one of the top three museums on South Kensington's Exhibition Road, alongside the Science Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum. However, the main facade of the Natural History Museum is located on Cromwell Road.
Given the institution's age, many collections are of great historical and scientific value, such as the specimens collected by B. Charles Darwin.

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You can travel from London to Darwin's house in 1 h 13 min by car.

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Home of Charles Darwin - Down House, Luxted Road, Downe, Orpington, UK

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(3) Home of Charles Darwin - Down House, Luxted Road, Downe, Orpington, UK

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(3) Home of Charles Darwin - Down House, Luxted Road, Downe, Orpington, UK

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Charles Darwin's study at Down House, restored with original furniture, including his chaise longue and writing board. To the right are two (closed) east-looking windows, where Darwin placed an angled mirror outside to see who was walking from the driveway to the entrance.

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By 1841, the Darwins found their London home increasingly crowded. Charles and his wife Emma both preferred to live in the country, disturbed by the constant noise and severe air pollution in central London from soot.
While there are many trains on the 10-mile (16 km) route from London to the nearest station, the journey from there to Dunn is a long, slow and mountainous 8.5 miles (13.7 km). Quiet little village away from the main road, although beautiful on a good day.

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Down House, Luxted Road, Downe, Orpington, UK

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(1) Down House, Luxted Road, Downe, Orpington, UK

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(1) Down House, Luxted Road, Downe, Orpington, UK

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Down House is the former home of British naturalist Charles Darwin and his family. It was in this house and garden that Darwin studied his theory of evolution through natural selection, which he developed in London before moving to Down.
The house, gardens and grounds are managed by English Heritage, a charity that manages more than 400 historic monuments, buildings and sites. They have been restored and open to the public.

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Darwin College, Silver Street, Cambridge, UK

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(2) Darwin College, Silver Street, Cambridge, UK

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(2) Darwin College, Silver Street, Cambridge, UK

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Darwin College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge. Founded on 28 July 1964, Darwin was Cambridge University's first graduate-only college, and also the first to admit both men and women. The college is named after one of the university's most famous families and alumni, that of Charles Darwin. The Darwin family previously owned some of the land, Newnham Grange, on which the college now stands.

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Cambridge University Botanic Garden, Brookside, Cambridge, UK

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(1) Cambridge University, Brookside, Cambridge, UK

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(1) Cambridge University, Brookside, Cambridge, UK

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The University of Cambridge is a collegiate research university in Cambridge, United Kingdom. Founded in 1209 and granted a royal charter by Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world's third-oldest surviving university.
In biology, Charles Darwin, famous for developing the theory of natural selection, was an alumnus of Christ's College, although his education was intended to allow him to become a clergyman.

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The debate is most memorable today as a heated exchange in which Wilberforce allegedly asked Huxley whether, through his grandfather or grandmother, he claimed he was descended from an ape. Huxley reportedly replied that he would not be ashamed to have an ape as his ancestor, but would be ashamed to associate with a man who used his great talent to cover up the truth.
The encounter is often known as the Huxley–Wilberforce debate or the Wilberforce–Huxley debate, although this description is somewhat misleading. Rather than being a formal debate between the two, it was actually an animated discussion. Although Huxley and Wilberforce were not the only participants in the discussion, they were reported to be the two dominant parties.

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0:00 / 52:13•Watch full video

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Charles Darwin, whose theory was at the centre of the debate.

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The 1860 Oxford Evolutionary Debate took place at the Oxford University Museum in Oxford, England, on June 30, 1860, seven months after the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species.
Several prominent British scientists and philosophers attended, including Thomas Henry Huxley, Bishop Samuel Wilberforce, Benjamin Brodie, Joseph Dalton Hooker, and Robert FitzRoy.
The idea of ​​species transmutation was controversial in the first half of the nineteenth century, as it was seen as a contradiction to religious orthodoxy and a threat to social order, but was welcomed by radicals who wanted to expand democracy and overthrow the aristocratic hierarchy. The scientific community is also skeptical due to the lack of a mechanistic theory.

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Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford, UK

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(2) Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford, UK

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(2) Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford, UK

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Oxford University Museum of Natural History was founded in 1860, and today it holds an internationally-significant collection of natural history specimens and archives. Housed in a stunning neo-Gothic building inspired by the Pre-Raphaelites, the Museum is home to a lively programme of research, teaching and public events.

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On the stormy night of 2 October 1836, he arrived at Falmouth. As he wrote to FitzRoy, the countryside they passed was "beautiful & cheerful", and though the "stupid people on the coach did not seem to think the fields one bit greener than usual", he now knew "that the wide world does not contain so happy a prospect as the rich cultivated land of England".

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Charles Darwin - The Voyage of the Beagle - Extra History

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Yaghan people, a group of indigenous in the Southern Cone.

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They reached Tierra del Fuego on 18 December 1832, and Darwin was taken by surprise at what he perceived as the crude savagery of the Yaghan natives.
He described his first meeting with the native Fuegians as being "without exception the most curious and interesting spectacle I ever beheld: I could not have believed how wide was the difference between savage and civilised man: it is greater than between a wild and domesticated animal, inasmuch as in man there is a greater power of improvement.

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Darwin spent most of this time exploring on land: three years and three months land, 18 months at sea. He collected and made detailed observations of plants and animals. His findings undermined his belief in the doctrine that species are fixed, and provided the basis for ideas which came to him when back in England, leading to his theory of evolution by natural selection.

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(1) Plymouth Port, Stonehouse, Plymouth, UK

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(1) Plymouth Port, Stonehouse, Plymouth, UK

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The second voyage of the HMS Beagle from December 27, 1831 to October 2, 1836 was the second survey expedition of HMS Beagle Captain Robert FitzRoy. FitzRoy considered the advantages of having someone who could study geology join. At the age of 22, the graduate Charles Darwin hoped to see the tropics before becoming a parson, who is an ordained Christian person responsible for a small area, and accepted the opportunity.
By the end of the expedition, Darwin had risen to prominence as a geologist and fossil collector, and the publication of his journals made him a widely known author.

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Palace of Holyroodhouse, Canongate, Edinburgh, UK

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You can go from the capital, Edinburgh, to the park in 6 minutes by car.

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(4) Palace of Holyroodhouse, Canongate, Edinburgh, UK

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(4) Palace of Holyroodhouse, Canongate, Edinburgh, UK

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Roam through a city park like no other. Holyrood Park’s dramatic hills and crags shape Edinburgh’s unforgettable skyline, and its history and archaeology span thousands of years. Arthur’s Seat, the park’s highest point, is the remains of a volcano, and stone and flint tools found here reveal human activity as far back as 5000 BC.

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Holyrood Park, Queen's Drive, Edinburgh, UK

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(2) Holyrood Park, Queen's Drive, Edinburgh, UK

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(2) Holyrood Park, Queen's Drive, Edinburgh, UK

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How were Salisbury Crags formed?

The crags are thought to have been formed by a horizontal igneous intrusion of dolerite called the Salisbury Crag Sill, which formed after the main lavas and the volcanic vent at Arthur's Seat.

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Why is it called Salisbury Crags?
Hugo Arnot, who was a Scottish advocate, writer, and campaigner, suggested in the 18th century that the name Salisbury Crags derives from the first Earl of Salisbury, who accompanied Edward III of England on one of his invasions of Scotland.

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Edinburgh geologist James Hutton (1726-1797) realised that the rock that now forms the cliffs was injected in a molten state. Armed with this evidence, he was able to refute the hypothesis of the influential German, Abraham Werner, that all rocks crystallized from a supposed primordial sea.

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Great Minds: James Hutton, Founder of Geology