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Beginning in New Zealand in 1893, the participation of women in democracy became more widely accepted in the 20th century. This was an important step towards democracy

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The Civil Rights movement in the USA during the 1960s was a mass movement that campaigned for greater equality. One result was voting rights for African Americans in the USA, where previously racist laws had restricted people from voting.

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In USA, African American people didn't have rights this ment that they couldent vote or have good housing. In 1964 after lots of manifestations and diffrent protests a law got aproved that said that African American people coud have rights.

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Nearly a century after the end of the Civil War and the dawn of Reconstruction, African Americans still found themselves fighting for their basic rights as citizens. The modern civil rights movement in the mid-20th century finally secured them.

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The founding of the American Constitution was a very important step in the history of democracy. It was the blueprint for the nation and includes democratic principles such as voting rights.

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The Magna Carta was issued in June 1215 and was the first document to put into writing the principle that the kind and his government was not above the law. It sought to prevent the king from exploiting his power, and placed limits of royal authority by establishing law as a power in itself.

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What was the historical context/ causes of the event? 

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What was the historical context/ causes of the event? 

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Signed the 17th of September 1787, with the supreme laws of the United States of America recently founded after the long American war of independence. It was the first constitution in the world followed by the constitution the 1st of May in 1789, two years later in Poland. It was a new documental ideology declaring the U.S states as a constitutional, federal, presidential republic. It was signed by the president George Washington and 38 representers of the 12 states (Except Rhode island) including Alexander Samuel, Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson who was the most important author of the constitution.

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Why is this event important to our modern understanding of democracies?

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Why is this event important to our modern understanding of democracies?

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This event is important because it introduced novel government practices like checks and balances, separating powers between the 3 branches, and defining power. A minor change could be changed to the Constitution, a document that could be changed without support from the people and needing to be accepted by the state.

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What was the historical context/ causes of the event? 

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What was the historical context/ causes of the event? 

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Magna Carta was issued in June 1215 in Runnymede, a document often known as "Democracy's cornerstone". This document was the first law that the King and governments was not above the law.

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Why is this event important to our modern understanding of democracies?

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Why is this event important to our modern understanding of democracies?

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Why is this event important to our modern understanding of democracies?

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Why is this event important to our modern understanding of democracies?

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Magna Carta is significant because legislation is applied to the kings as well as to his subjects. Meaning that the king's power wasn't absolute anymore.

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What was the historical context/ causes of the event?  

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What was the historical context/ causes of the event?  

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It all started in 1848, when the declaration of sentiments was written by 68 women and 32 men in order for American women to have the same civil and political rights that American men had. Later on in New Zealand, in 1893, women were allowed to vote. At the beginning of the 20th century, in 1911, the first international women's day is marked around Europe and even more women were willing to campaign for gender equality.

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Why is this event important to our modern understanding of democracies?

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Why is this event important to our modern understanding of democracies?

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I think the event of the afroamerican rights is important and impacted our now a days democracy. This was important because maked the society learn to not separate anyone because of its race. This idea also help to make democracies free and let anyone vote.

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https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/postwarera/civil-rights-movement/a/the-civil-rights-act-of-1964-and-the-voting-rights-act-of-1965

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the most comprehensive civil rights legislation ever enacted by Congress. It contained extensive measures to dismantle Jim Crow segregation and combat racial discrimination.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 removed barriers to black enfranchisement in the South, banning poll taxes, literacy tests, and other measures that effectively prevented African Americans from voting.

Segregationists attempted to prevent the implementation of federal civil rights legislation at the local level.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

After years of activist lobbying in favor of comprehensive civil rights legislation, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was enacted in June 1964. Though President John F. Kennedy had sent the civil rights bill to Congress in 1963, before the March on Washington, the bill had stalled in the Judiciary Committee due to the dilatory tactics of Southern segregationist senators such as James Eastland, a Democrat from Mississippi. After the assassination of President Kennedy in November 1963, his successor, Lyndon Baines Johnson, gave top priority to the passage of the bill.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 contained provisions barring discrimination and segregation in education, public facilities, jobs, and housing. It created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to ensure fair hiring practices, and established a federal Community Relations Service to assist local communities with civil rights issues. The bill also authorized the US Office of Education to distribute financial aid to communities struggling to desegregate public schools.

After a coalition of religious groups, labor unions, and civil rights organizations mounted an intense grassroots effort to lobby support for the bill, the Senate finally passed it on June 11, by a vote of 73 to 27.

Popular resistance to civil rights legislation

The period following the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 witnessed resistance to the implementation of its measures. George Wallace, the segregationist governor of Alabama, made a strong showing in the 1964 presidential primaries in Indiana, Maryland, and Wisconsin. His campaign relied heavily on anti-integration rhetoric and bemoaned the loss of "traditional" American values, prefiguring the rise of the new social conservatism.

There was also some confusion about whether the provisions of the act applied to the private sector. Some public venues attempted to transform themselves into private clubs rather than desegregate and open their doors to African Americans. The Supreme Court declared such actions illegal, thereby upholding the constitutionality of the equal access provisions of the Civil Rights Act.

Though the Civil Rights Act of 1964 included provisions to strengthen the voting rights of African Americans in the South, these measures were relatively weak and did not prevent states and election officials from practices that effectively continued to deny southern blacks the vote. Moreover, in their attempts to expand black voter registration, civil rights activists met with the fierce opposition and hostility of Southern white segregationists, many of whom were entrenched in positions of authority.

The vicious beatings and murders of civil rights workers after the passage of the Civil Rights Act radicalized some black activists, who became skeptical of nonviolent, integrationist tactics and began to adopt a more radical approach. On March 7, 1965, six hundred activists set out on a march from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery to peacefully protest the continued violations of African Americans' civil rights. When they reached the Edmund Pettus Bridge over the Alabama River, hundreds of deputies and state troopers attacked them with tear gas, nightsticks, and electric cattle prods. The event, which the press dubbed " Bloody Sunday," was broadcast over television and splashed across the front pages of newspapers and magazines, stunning and horrifying the American public. Bloody Sunday galvanized civil rights activists, who converged on Selma to demand federal intervention and express solidarity with the marchers. President Johnson quickly became convinced that additional civil rights legislation was necessary.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965

A week after Bloody Sunday, on March 15, 1965, President Johnson delivered a nationwide address in which he declared that "all Americans must have the privileges of citizenship regardless of race."

Johnson informed the nation that he was sending a new voting rights bill to Congress, and he urged Congress to vote the bill into law. Congress complied, and President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 on August 6, 1965.

The bill outlawed poll taxes, literacy tests, and other practices that had effectively prevented southern blacks from voting. It authorized the US attorney general to send federal officials to the South to register black voters in the event that local registrars did not comply with the law, and it also authorized the federal government to supervise elections in districts that had disfranchised African Americans. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 transformed patterns of political power in the South. By the middle of 1966, over half a million Southern blacks had registered to vote, and by 1968, almost four hundred black people had been elected to office.

As African Americans joined the Democratic Party, many white southerners began to defect to the Republicans. (Richard Nixon's " Southern strategy, " designed to shift white Southerners to the Republican Party, accelerated this trend.) With African Americans voting en masse, some Southern Democrats, like George Wallace, began to shed their segregationist rhetoric and attempt to appeal to black voters. At the federal level, President Johnson appointed the first black cabinet member, Robert C. Weaver, as head of the Department of Housing and Urban Development, and in 1967 appointed Thurgood Marshall as the first African American justice of the Supreme Court.

What do you think?

Which provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 do you think were the most important? Why?

How do you think the events of Bloody Sunday affected the Voting Rights Act?

What do you think Lyndon Johnson meant when he said that 'There is no Negro problem . . . There is only an American problem?"

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (article) | Khan Academy

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the most comprehensive civil rights legislation ever enacted by Congress. It contained extensive measures to dismantle Jim Crow segregation and combat racial discrimination. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 removed barriers to black enfranchisement in the South, banning poll taxes, literacy tests, and other measures that effectively prevented African Americans from voting.

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What was the historical context/ causes of the event? 

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What was the historical context/ causes of the event? 

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There has been a debate whether the political parties came into existance during the Exclusion Crisis (Which was a law that excluded the Kings Brother and their presumptuative from the throne in case Charles II died) or after the Glorious Revolution (Revolution that took Jacob II out of the throne and a dutch man invaded and became king of England because the people told him to do it)
And since one of these events, the political parties started to exist and since then until nowadays

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Why is this event important to our modern understanding of democracies?

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Why is this event important to our modern understanding of democracies?

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Gaia&Elis: One of the reasons why it is important is because it shows us how democracies have a fair democratic system on who we *vote, this system is also important for our generation because then we can see the understanding of democracy from different angles: for example some people instead of thinking about their own country they think about themselves although some voters might choose to support a candidate even if they don't agree with their party's declared position.

*You don't have to have a membership

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Why is this event important to our modern understanding of democracy

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Why is this event important to our modern understanding of democracy

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This event is important because it explains us how women changed some rules so that they could vote. This shows us that we can change for a better world

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There has been debate over when political parties came into existence in England - whether it was during the Exclusion Crisis (1679-1681), when the terms Whig and Tory were first used as party labels, or after the Glorious Revolution (1688-1689). It was not until the mid- to late nineteenth century that we can trace the development of the modern political party and the multi-party system.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_UjYOfmkn8

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A global history of women’s rights, in 3 minutes

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https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/overview/magnacarta/#:~:text=Magna%20Carta%20was%20issued%20in,as%20a%20power%20in%20itself.

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https://www.britannica.com/summary/Constitution-of-the-United-States-of-America

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Constitution of the United States, Fundamental law of the U.S. federal system of government and a landmark document of the Western world. It is the oldest written national constitution in operation, completed in 1787 at the Constitutional Convention of 55 delegates who met in Philadelphia, ostensibly to amend the Articles of Confederation. The Constitution was ratified in June 1788, but because ratification in many states was contingent on the promised addition of a Bill of Rights, Congress proposed 12 amendments in September 1789; 10 were ratified by the states, and their adoption was certified on Dec. 15, 1791. The framers were especially concerned with limiting the power of the government and securing the liberty of citizens. The Constitution's separation of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government, the checks and balances of each branch against the other, and the explicit guarantees of individual liberty were all designed to strike a balance between authority and liberty. Article I vests all legislative powers in the Congress-the House of Representatives and the Senate. Article II vests executive power in the president. Article III places judicial power in the hands of the courts. Article IV deals, in part, with relations among the states and with the privileges of the citizens, Article V with amendment procedure, and Article VI with public debts and the supremacy of the Constitution. Article VII stipulates that the Constitution would become operational after being ratified by nine states. The 10th Amendment limits the national government's powers to those expressly listed in the Constitution; the states, unless otherwise restricted, possess all the remaining (or "residual") powers of government. Amendments to the Constitution may be proposed by a two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress or by a convention called by Congress on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the states. (All subsequent amendments have been initiated by Congress.) Amendments proposed by Congress must be ratified by three-fourths of the state legislatures or by conventions in as many states. Twenty-seven amendments have been added to the Constitution since 1789. In addition to the Bill of Rights, these include the 13th (1865), abolishing slavery; the 14th (1868), requiring due process and equal protection under the law; the 15th (1870), guaranteeing the right to vote regardless of race; the 17th (1913), providing for the direct election of U.S. senators; the 19th (1920), instituting women's suffrage, and the 22nd (1951), limiting the presidency to two terms. See also civil liberty; commerce clause; Equal Rights Amendment; establishment clause; freedom of speech; judiciary; states' rights.

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Constitution of the United States summary

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Constitution of the United States, Fundamental law of the U.S. federal system of government and a landmark document of the Western world. It is the oldest written national constitution in operation, completed in 1787 at the Constitutional Convention of 55 delegates who met in Philadelphia, ostensibly to amend the Articles of Confederation.

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https://fb.watch/cC3T0snfCs/

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ppTiyxFSs0

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ek_3VPSTeIM

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Magna Carta: A Major First Step - History of Global Democracies | Academy 4 Social Change

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https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2021/09/17/global-influence-of-the-u-s-constitution/#:~:text=The%20Constitution%20introduced%20novel%20governmental,and%20ratification%20by%20the%20states.

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September 17 is designated as Constitution Day to commemorate the signing of the U.S. Constitution in Philadelphia on September 17, 1787. Today's post comes from Thomas Richardson, an archives technician at the National Personnel Records Center in St. Louis, MO.
The drafting of the United States Constitution was a landmark event in the history of governments. Older nations were ruled by laws created by the reigning monarch, and representative and democratic government was practically nonexistent in the 18th century.

The Constitution mural by Barry Faulkner in the Rotunda of the National Archives Building in Washington, DC. (Records of the National Archives)

Rather than govern by the rule of a sovereign, the United States Constitution dictated rule by popular consent with laws drafted by the people's representatives. It was an experiment of social, political, economic, and public opinion combined to create a new type of society governed by the rule of law.

The foundation was the Constitution, which resulted from months of debate between convention delegates. On September 17, 1787, the delegates signed the final version. The Constitution introduced novel governmental doctrine and practices such as checks and balances, separating powers between branches, and defining said powers. The amendment process also made the Constitution a living document that could be changed with enough support from the people and ratification by the states.

Coupled with its ways of delegating authority and allowing for representative government, a major legacy of the Constitution was its global impact on legal thinking and adaptation in emerging nations. Beginning in the mid-19th century, European colonies referenced the U.S. Constitution in developing their own freely elected governments, citing the rights of man and the separation of powers. President of Mexico Benito Juarez implemented practices like judicial review when introducing more liberal policies into the Mexican constitution. Juarez drew much of his legal inspiration from the United States because of its republican and democratic practices. A number of Latin American countries followed suit in the 19th and 20th centuries by developing similar constitutions and a federalist framework of government.

Nationalists such as Jose Rizal of the Philippines and Sun Yat-sen of China drew inspiration from the Constitution in their calls for political reform. Rizal advocated for reform from the Spanish government, calling for basic freedoms, reinstating the former representative parliament in the Philippines, and equality among Filipinos. Rizal cited the U.S. Constitution in pushing for Filipino representation in the Spanish Parliament-similar to calls for American representation in the British Parliament prior to the American Revolution. Sun Yat-sen was reportedly heavily influenced by the U.S. Constitution in forming a provisional Republican government in China in the early 20th century.

Learn more about the U.S. Constitution and Constitution Day in these posts:
Global influence of the Constitution was at its peak at the turn of the 20th century as former European colonies began self-governance and formed federal and parliamentary models of government. Independence movements after World War II heavily referenced the U.S. Constitution. African self-rule in the 1950s and 1960s borrowed heavily from the British model of government, but they drew significant inspiration from the U.S. Constitution when creating courts, separating powers, and defining powers of the executive branch. The last two decades, however, have seen a decreasing reliance on the Constitution for ideas and model of government.

The worldwide influence of the U.S. Constitution has been profound, although not without its critics. However, its impact on the history of ideas and legal thinking has remained strong since September 17, 1787.

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Global Influence of the U.S. Constitution

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September 17 is designated as Constitution Day to commemorate the signing of the U.S. Constitution in Philadelphia on September 17, 1787. Today's post comes from Thomas Richardson, an archives technician at the National Personnel Records Center in St. Louis, MO. The drafting of the United States Constitution was a landmark event in the history of governments.

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https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/womens-history/the-fight-for-womens-suffrage

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The women’s suffrage movement was a decades-long fight to win the right to vote for women in the United States. On August 26, 1920, the 19th Amendment to the Constitution was finally ratified, enfranchising all American women and declaring for the first time that they, like men, deserve all the righ…

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https://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/members/partysystem/

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The next largest party becomes the Official Opposition. The other non-government parties are also called opposition parties. If an MP does not have a political party, they are known as an 'Independent'.

Members of the House of Lords are organised on a party basis in much the same way as the House of Commons but with important differences: Members of the Lords do not represent constituencies and many are not members of a political party.

Lords who do not support one of the three main parties are known as Crossbenchers or Independent Peers. There is also a small number who are not affiliated to any of the main groups.

History of the party system

The system of political parties, which has existed in one form or another since at least the 18th century, has been a central element in the working of the constitution. Since the Second World War, all the Governments in the UK have been formed - or led - by either the Labour Party or the Conservative Party.

Opposition parties

The day to day work of the Commons often depends on a working relationship between the Government and the Opposition - sometimes referred to as 'the usual channels'. However, the role of the Official Opposition is to challenge the Government, to make sure an alternative viewpoint is expressed and to act as a 'government-in-waiting', ready to take over, should the Government lose the confidence of the House.

While in opposition, parties in both Houses generally aim to:

contribute to the creation of policy and legislation through constructive criticism

work together, where possible, to oppose government proposals they disagree with

put forward their own policies and try to win concessions from the government

Where do MPs sit in the Commons?

MPs from the same party tend to sit together in the House of Commons Chamber. The Chamber is a rectangular shape so the Government and the Opposition can face each other. The Government sits on the benches to the right of the Speaker. The official Opposition and MPs from other parties sit on the benches to the left of the Speaker.

Where do Members of the Lords sit in the Lords?

As in the Commons, the Government and the Opposition face each other. The Government and the Bishops sit on the right of the Lord Speaker. The Opposition parties sit on the benches to the left of the Lord Speaker while the Crossbench Peers sit mostly on benches that cross the Chamber of the House of Lords behind the clerks' table.

Frontbenchers and backbenchers

In both the Commons and the Lords, Government ministers and Opposition shadow ministers sit on the front benches and are known as 'frontbenchers'.

MPs and Members of the Lords who do not hold ministerial positions sit towards the back of the Chamber and are known as 'backbenchers'.

Independent MPs and Crossbench and Independent Lords

MPs and Members of the Lords do not have to belong to a political party. Instead, MPs can sit as Independents and Lords can sit as Crossbenchers or Independents.

Bishops in the Lords

The Anglican Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the Bishops of Durham, London and Winchester and the 21 other senior diocesan bishops of the Church of England have seats in the Lords. This is for historical reasons. When they retire as bishops their membership of the House ends.

Crossing the floor

Members of either the House of Commons or House of Lords can change political party at any time - known as 'crossing the floor'. The term comes from the fact that, traditionally, Members of Parliament from opposing parties sit on opposite sides of the Chamber.

Therefore, a Member who changes party usually has to cross the floor of the House to sit on the other side of the Chamber. The term is used to signify the changing of allegiance.

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The next largest party becomes the Official Opposition. The other non-government parties are also called opposition parties. If an MP does not have a political party, they are known as an 'Independent'.