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Lorenzo Ghiberti and Filippo Brunelleschi, The Sacrifice of Isaac, 1401-03

The competition panels, made for the door of the Baptistry in Florence

Filippo Brunelleschi, Dome of Florence Cathedral, 1420-36

hollow construction with beams built to support the dome

Donatello, St. Mark, 1411-13

For Or San Michele

Donatello, David, 1420-60

Contrapposto pose, made of blackened bronze

Lorenzo Ghiberty, The Story of Jacob and Esau, panel of the Gates of Paradise, Baptistry of San Giovanni, Florence, 1435

bronze panel, continuous narritive, depth through perspective, overlap, and size difference

Massacio, The Holy Trinity with the Virgin, St. John, and Two Donors, 1425

triangle composition, Christ, God, and Holy Ghost portrayed seperately

Masaccio, The Tribute Money, 1425

Peter fishing in background, great use of atmospheric perspective and proportion

Domenico Veneziano, Madonna and Child with Saints, 1445

tempera painting, pastel, classical architecture

Paolo Uccello, Battle of San Romano, 1438

early understanding of perspective and proportion, not mastered yet, scale and some aspects of proportion are off.

Fra Angelico, Annunciation, 1440-45

Monasterial painting of Mary and Gabriel in a courtyard

Sandro Botticelli, Primavera, 1482

Lots of northern influence, floaty feet, portraying venus instead of Mary

Domenico Ghirlandaio, An Old Man and a Young Boy, 1480

New type of portrait, 3/4 view, made from oils

Andrea Mantegna, Camera Picta, 1465-74

Masterful use of perspective, looking up at a circle painted in the ceiling

Giovanni Bellini, St. Francis in the Desert, 1480

Great use of atmospheric perspective and linear perspective, using learning on Christian subjects

Giovanni Bellini, Madonna and Saints, 1505

Very similar to Domenico Veneziano's painting

Pietro Perugino, The Delivery of the Keys, 1482

Michelangelo, Moses, 1513-15

statue of 6 figures, tomb of a pope

Early Renissance

Florence is where it’s born

Why were there so many geniuses?

Guild system, jobs started when they were children, they were surrounded by it for their whole lives

People were competing and comparing and learning from one another

Lorenzo Ghiberti and Filippo Brunelleschi The Sacrifice of Isaac 1401-1403

Typology, Old Testament figures that stand for New Testament figures

Early Renaissance Art and Classicism in Architecture

Brunelleschi Dome rivals pantheon dome

Dome is a classical structure created by the Greek and Romans

Brunelleschi used beams to support the dome, made it hollow, and built it to support itself

Cantilevered scaffolding

Renaissance

New birth of classical antiquity

Classicism

Greek and Roman Architecture

Humanism

Humans can create on their own

THere is a great human potential yet to be tapped into

Greek architecture

Not a pillar, column

Capital (top of column)

Doric (plain)

Ionic (rolls)

Corinthian (fancy)

Pediment (triangle)

Frieze (art in pediment)

Roman architecture

Arch

Arcade (lots of arches in a row)

Barrel Vault (tunnel made out of arches)

Groin Vault (criss cross arches)

Dome (lots of arches in a circle)

Santa Maria Novella

Lots of greek and roman things mixed together

Vetruvius

Perfect shapes and proportions

Squares and circles

9/20/2024

Early Renaissance

Circles and squares, perfect shapes

Classical construct (domes, arches)

Greek and Roman concepts in building

What does classicism look like in sculpture?

LINEAR PERSPECTIVE

Time period 15th century or 1400s

Nanni di Banco, Quattro Coronati (Four saints) one of the niches

Predela (another work below a sculpture)

Donatello, St. Mark

Mark= patron saint of the linen guild

Doryphoros is a precursor to the St. Mark statue

Contrapposto- weight placed on one leg

Contrapposto was way more focused on in renaissance

Donatello’s David

Really heavy contrapposto

Nudity in christian art is shown usually in Adam and Eve, and to depict a soul

Florence saw David as a kind of mascot

He was an underdog, able to overcome enemies

Malan threatened Florence a lot of times but they never fully succeeded

What did the city of florence do for its artists?

Gave artists a sense of community

What did art do for the city of Florence in the 1400s?

Brought them fame for the art created

Early Renaissance Art and Linear Perspective

Brunelleschi’s experiment

Painted the baptistry, put a hole in the painting, looks at a mirror through the painting to compare it to the building

Lorenzo Ghiberty, Gates of Paradise, east doors of the Baptistery of San Giovanni

These sculptures showed a lot more depth due to size changes and overlap

High relief (front) to low relief (back)

Continuous narrative, same characters in the different parts of a composition

Analytic Lens Chart

Formal qualities- elements and principles of design

Iconography - subject matter and symbolism

Social historical influences - what’s going on at the time?

What makes it special? - what was unique about the time, artist, special to me

9/25/2024

Northern European Influences in Early Renaissance Art

International Gothic Style (Late Gothic Style)

Really rich colors/ materials

Lots and lots of pattern

Elegance

Floaty feet

Fra Angelico. Annunciation. 1440-45

Fra Filippo Lippi, Madonna and Child with Two Angels, 1450-1465

Sandro Botticelli, Primavera 1482

Paints Mary as Venus

Naturalism of drapery

Transparency of clothing

Early Renaissance portraiture

Piero della Fancesca, Double Portrait of the Duke and Duchess of Urbino 1474

Early Renaissance Portraits usually done from the side

Northern Europe influences ¾ view portraits

Domenico Ghirlandaio An Old Man and a Young Boy 1480

Tempera painting shows some hard lines on the edges of figures

Early Renaissance Art Outside of Florence

Andrea Mantegna, Camera Picta 1465-74

Di Sotto in su, “Seen from below”

All Creatures of our God and King

Giovanni Bellini, St. Francis in the Desert 1480

Giovanni Bellini, Madonna and Saints 1505

9/27/2024

Pietro Perugino

Popes coming back to rome, art more christian backed

Triumphal Arches in background

General sense of symmetry

Sense of proportion

Early Renaissance

Return to classical forms in sculpture and architecture

Desire to combine classical forms with Christian beliefs

Understanding of contrapposto

Linear perspective and understanding of how to depict things mathematical

Understanding of light source, modeling, atmospheric perspective

Beginning of use of oil paint in Italy

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Leonardo da Vinci, The Virgin of the Rocks, 1485

There are 2 of them, weird otherworldly background

Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper, 1495–98

pretty obvious which one this is, fresco on wall of a church

Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa, 1503–05

Once again, very obvious which one it is

Donato Bramante, Tempietto, Rome. 1502–11

super symmetrical building, very classical with a cross on top

Michelangelo, Pietà, 1498

Mary holding Christ, Mary is very large

Michelangelo, David, 1501–04

Yet again, pretty obvious, big white marble statue, originally comissioned for a roof, placed in town square

Michelangelo, Ceiling fresco of Sistine Chapel, Vatican, Rome
1508-12

Pretty obvious again, Adam and God reaching to eachother, fresco

Raphael, La Belle Jardiniere, 1507

Lady with 2 naked babies at their feet

Raphael, School of Athens, Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican,
1508-11

Super famous, a whole lot of people in a courtyard, big archway framing it.

Giorgione, The Tempest, 1505

Breastfeeding lady sitting on ground in front of a city, guy off to the left

Titian, Man with a Blue Sleeve, ca. 1520

Big blue puffy shirt, body sideways but the guy is facing us

Titian, Madonna with Members of the Pesaro family, 1526

Framed in an arch, Mary sitting at the top of steps holding a child above the other people.

- Ninja Turtle Artists

- Michelangelo, Donatello, Leonardo Da Vinci, Raphael

9/30/2024

Oil paint has softer modeling

Tempera has harder outlining

Leonardo da Vinci, studied dead bodies and other things to understand how to depict the body

Embryo in the Womb, 1510

Vitruvian Man, 1487

That one picture of a guy with arms and legs out, set in a circle/square, proportion study

The Virgin of the Rocks, 1485

Paramital construction, elements placed in a triangle

Sfumato, subtle gradations of light to dark

Domenico Ghirlandaio (Early Renaissance) Last Supper, 1480

Leonardo Da Vinci The Last Supper, 1495-98

Combined all sorts of mediums, causing paint to separate from the wall

Leonardo Da Vinci, Mona Lisa, 1503-05

Renaissance and earlier monuments in Rome

Donato Bramante, Tempietto, San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, 1502-11

Martyrium, Chapel in honor of a martyr

10/2/2024

Rottgen Pieta, Bonn, Germany, 1300

Michaelangelo, Pieta, 1498

Pieta can mean pity, or Piety- which is another word for holiness

Naturalism vs. Realism

Naturalism, Looks realistic

Realism, true to real life

Terribilita=awesome force

Michelangelo, Moses, 1513-15

Sistine Chapel Michelangelos ceiling fresco, 1508-12

Took him 16 years to complete

Michelangelo, Studies for the Libyan Sibyl, 1508-12

Michelangelo, The Fall of Man and The Expulsion from the Garden of Eden, Chapel ceiling, 1508-12

Raphael, Self-Portrait, 1505

Raphael, La Belle Jardiniere, 1507

10/4/2024

Titian, Man with a Blue Sleeve, 1520

Titian became the most famous portrait painter of his time.

Titian also painted a lot of church paintings in Venice

Titian, Madonna with Members of the Pesaro family 1526

Painted with oil

St. Francis is always wearing brown robes

Peter, shown with keys most of the time, also with a yellow robe

First time 2 point perspective is shown

The Frari Basilica

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Potormo, The Deposition From the Cross

Late Renaissance and Mannerism

Architecture of late renaissance

Gulio Romano, interior courtyard facade of Palazzo del Te, Mantua, Italy 1525

Pretty plain, less open and less intricate than high renaissance

Things are there that don't have a purpose

This style aimed at an educated audience ot recogize how he is playing with elements of design

Michelangelo and Bartolommeo Ammanati, Vestibule of the Laurentian Library, Florence. Begun 1423; stairway designed 1558-59

Once again, elements that have no real function

weird useless stairs on the sides

non functional columns

Old St. Peters Basilica, 4th century

Michelangelo, St Peters, Rome, 1546-64, dome completed by giacomo della porta, 1590

Late Renaissance/Mannerism in painting

Rosso Fiorentino, The Descent from the Cross, 1521 (oil on panel)

Not super realistic

weird proportions going on, sizing doesn't make a whole lot of sense.

Everybody is elongated

There's no real attempt to make it a believable space

Painted for a church in Florence

Jacopo da Pontormo, Pieta/ Or Descent from the Cross, 1526-28 (oil on panel)

Lack of weight in the people

weird, otherworldly colors chosen

no perspective used at all

misproportionate figures

another painting comissioned by a church

Parmigianino, Self Portrait, 1524

painted in a sort of fish eye lens

not distorted to look perfect, it was a stylistic choice

Parmigianino, The Madonna with the Long Neck

Super long neck, exaggerated proportions across the board

Mary is really big

Christ is really weird looking

ignoring balance of painting, figures crowded to one side

just a weird painting

Mannerism:exaggerated

technical virtuosity

unbalanced compositions

complexity

elegance

erudite subject matter

Made for the very educated

expressiveness

distortions of proportions

artifice/exaggeration

Bronzino, Portrait of a Young Man, 1530

weird fingers

he has a lazy eye

elbow popped out, sort of towards viewer

long neck

Back wall of the sistine chapel, still fresco

Michelangelo, The Last Judgment, 1534-41

Righteous on the right hand

Wicked on the left

Late Renaissance/Mannerism: Painting in Venice

Titian, Rape of Euoropa, 1559-62

Rape in art means abduction

Europa kidnapped by the cow who is Zeus

Loose brush strokes

blended = tight

Painterly

Paolo Veronese, The Feast in the House of Levi, 1573

The Inquisition didn't like it.

It's chaotic

There are animals at the table

Drunkards

Germans

So irreverent

No calm, rational feeling of high renaissance

Jacopo Tintoretto, The Last Supper, 1594

More value placed on expression than accuracy

There are random things happening, it feels very much like every day life

Sofonisba Anguissola, Self Portrait, 1556

Very, very small, almost like a pendant

Not a whole lot of distortion of normal mannerism paintings

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Albrecht Durer, Self Portrait, 1500

Painted straight on, usually saved for royalty or for Christ

Oil paint

Albrecht Durer, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 1498

Albrecht Durer, Great Piece of Grass, 1503

Albrecht Durer, Hare, 1502

Albrecht Durer, The Four Apostles, 1523-26

During this time churches generally stopped comissioning artists

Switch to making prints, move, find better ways to advertise yourself, etc.

Hans Holbein the Younger, Portrait of Sir Thomas More, 1527

Hans Holbein the Younger, Jean de Dinteville and Georges de Selve, 1533

Anamorphic perspective

Used a lot in sidewalk chalk, super distorted unless viewed from the correct perspective

Hans Holbein the Younger, Henry VIII, 1540

Pieter Aertsen, The Meat Stall, 1551

Painted of the open market

made for peoples homes, not immediately religious

Lots of religious hints and symbolism

Fish that cross over eachother

wooden stake with meat on it represents cross

Genre scene, a scene from everyday life (igonographical)

Background scene is the flight to egypt, Mary, Joseph, and Jesus

Scene on the right, tavern scene of a man picking up oysters

oysters representing lust

Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Return of the Hunters

Bruegel painted scenes of the poor

Bruegel was not a peasant or poor himself

3 men coming back from a hunt

Paid for by a wealthy merchant

Most artwork is bought by normal citizens and private collectors instead of churches or kings.

Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Peasant Wedding, 1568

Bride sitting in front of the green sheet

It's inside of a grain storage

Eating porridge

Using the door as a serving tray

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Caravaggio, The Calling of St. Matthew, Contarelli Chapel, San Luigi dei Fancesi, Rome, 1599-1600

Not manneristic at all

Some tokens from renaissance, very naturalistic

religious matter

New century

Contarelli Chapel

Oil panting

Caravaggio, The Conversion of St. Paul, Cerasi Chapel, Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome, 1601

Caravaggio, Judit Beheading Holofernes, 1599-1602

Not in our version of bible, found in apocripha

Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith and Holofernes, 1611-12

way more brutal

Almost like an upside down triangle

Found in Florence today

Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith and her Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes, 1625

Candle gives a reason for the dramatic light and dark contrast

Artemisia Gentileschi, Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting, 1638-39

Carlo Maderno, Facade of St. Peters Rome, 1607-12

the front of the largest church in the world

sculptures make it very boroque

Columns are not evenly spaced

Dramatic columns

Colossal order

More than one story tall, very dramatic looking

Colannade by Gianlorenzo Bernini, designed 1657

"welcoming arms of the church"

Bernini, Baldacchino, 1624-33, At crossing, St. Peters, Rome

8 stories made of bronze

Peter is supposedly buried underneath it

Old twisted columns tributes to solomons temple

Francesco Borromini, Facade of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome, 1665-67

Interior dome is full of lots of complex shapes, very decorative

Gianlorenzo Bernini, David, 1623

Super dynamic

about to throw

Very energetic

lots of emotion in his face

Armor at his feet

Gianlorenzo Bernini, The Ecstasy of St. Teresa, 1645-52

Baroque art identification

very dramatic

Tenebrism

strong contrasts of light and dark

Mostly oil paintings

Dynamic Balance

Emotional

Viewer involvment

Naturalism of High Renaissance

Baroque Art in Spain

Francisco de Zurbaran, St. Serapion, 1628

Very naturalistic

solemn, peaceful

Juan Sanchez, Quince, Cabbage, Melon, and Cucumber, 1602

Momento Mori: remember you will die

Diego Velazquez, Juan de Pareja, 1650

Very painterly, soft edges, you can see the paint.

Diego Velazquez, The Maids of Honor, 1656

Formal Qualities

linear perspective

correct body proportions

atmospheric lighting

Realistic lighting

Oil painting

Loose brush strokes

Iconography

Self portrait of Velazquez

Royal family

king and queen in mirror in the back

Princess (brightest spot/highlight area)

The rest of the people are maids to the princess

Social Historical Influences

most people going against religious iconography

A time of great power for spain

Not a typical posed portrait

More focused on every day life

Paintings in the back by Reubens

Boroque period

Reformation/counter reformation

What makes it special?

There are people painted in a royal image that are not royalty

From the perspective of the king and queen, they aren't really in it.

Diego Velazquez, The Spinners, 1655

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Peter Paul Rubens, Drawing after Michelangelos Ignudi from the Sistine Chapel Ceiling, 1601-02

Lots of baroque art is on a huge scale

Cathedral of Our Lady, Antwerp, Belgium

Painted for Flanders originally

Peter Paul Rubens, The Raising of the Cross

Painted for a catholic church

Lots of super small details

Peter Paul Rubens, Four Studies of a Head, 1613-15

Very loose brush strokes

Anthony Van Dyck, Portrait of Charles I Hunting, 1635

Fairly casual feel to it

The kings elbow is sticking out at us

Patronage more and more from rising middle-class merchants, bankers, and other private collectors

New Subject matter: Portraits, views of home interiors, still lifes, genre scenes, and landscapes

Jacob Jordaens, The King Drinks, 1638

Regular people drinking and having fun

There are still religious aspects to it, the plaque above the man in the middle

Jan Steen, The Feast of St. Nicholas, 1660-65

family on Christmas morning

Clara Peters, Still Life with Nuts, Candy, and Flowers, 1611

Used to be called banquet pieces

William Claesz, Heda, Still Life with Oysters, a Roemer, a Lemon, and a Silver Bowl, 1634

Even still lifes had a moral

Oysters symbols of lust; watch out for the worldly temptations and wants

Vanitas: Reminder of the brevity of life

Momento Mori: Remember you will die

Rachel Ruysch, Flower Still Life, After 1700

Jacob Van Ruisdael, Bleaching Grounds Near Haarlem, 1670

Local painting, made from regular people, possibly those that would recognize that area

Frans Hals, Banquet of the Officers of the St. George Civic Gaurd, 1616

New kind of portrait, the group portrait

Frans Hals, The Jolly Toper, 1628-30

Judith Leyster, Self-Portrait, 1633

Judith Leyster, The Proposition, 1631

The guy is offering money for sex, and she is not happy about it.

Rembrandt van Rijn, The Night Watch, 1642

comissioned by the warriors guild or whatever it is

The little girl is a mascot

Rembrandt van Rijn, The Hundred Guilder Print, 1647

Christ healing people

only cost about $50 in usd today

Story of the rich man who had much and was bade to leave it all and come unto christ

People brouht the children unto Christ

Rembrandt van Rijn, Self Portrait, 1658

Full frontal position

almost trying to tell us that he is the king of art

Jan Vermeer, Girl with the Pearl Earring, 1665

Jan Vermeer, Woman Holding a Balance, 1664

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Theme: Grand Manner

Georges de La Tour, Joseph the Carpenter, 1642

Jesus and Joseph

Georges de la Tour, Magdalene with the Smoking Flame

Nicolas Poussin, The Death of Germanicus, 1627-28

Nicolas Poussin, The Abduction of the Sabine Women, 1633-34

lots of it based off of Giovanni Bologna, Abduction of the Sabine Woman, 1538

Nicolas Poussin, Et in Arcadia Ego,

Nicolas Poussin, Landscape with St. John on Patmos, 1640

A very ideal landscape

Idyllic Landscape

Claude Lorrain, A Pastoral Landscape, 1648

First artist to show evidence of plein air painting

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Nicolas Pineau, Room in the Hotel de Varengeville, 217 Boulevard St. Germain, Paris, 1735

gold, light, lots of stucco turned into fancy mouldings

detail everywhere

Jean Antoine Watteau, Gersaint's Signboard, 1721

Paintings everywhere in the room

Francois Boucher, Portrait of Madame de Pompadour, 1756

Kings mistress

Jean Honore Fragonard, The Swing, 1767

New rich people thing called liesure time

super playful and fun

edgy for the time

Jean Antoine Watteau, A Pilgrimmage to Cythera, 1717

Ideallic image of aristocratic life

again, they are taking advantage of liesure time

Poussinistes vs. Rubenistes

Poussinistes were focused on drawing, line, and sophisticated art

Called themselves the colorists, were more focused on colorful depictions and interesting visuals

Rubenistes take over the rococo art period

Jean-Antoine Watteau, Seated Young Woman, 1716

3 color drawing, white, black, and red

Characteristics of Rococo Art:

Luxury, opulence

Aristocratic Tastes

Conspicuous leisure

pastel colors

Subjects of love, flirtation, fantasy

Private, intimate scenes

Lush landscapes

Canaletto, Entrance to the Grand Canal, Venice, 1730

used essentially a light box

Rosalba Carriera, CHarles Sackville, Second Duke of Dorset, 1730

English aristocrat

pastel chalks

Jean Simeon CHardin, Soap Bubbles, 1733

He was middle class himself

Thomas Gainsborough, Mr. and Mrs. Andrews, 1750

William Hogarth, The Orgy, scene III of The Rakes Progress, 1734

Moral narritive

many people bought prints of this painting

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Raphael Mengs, Portrait of Johann Joachim Winckelmann, after 1755

Winckelmann wrohe History of Greek Art, the first art history book

Giovanni Paolo Pannini, Ancient Rome, 1757

The Grand Tour: The culmination of young aristocrats classical education

The Enlightenment: Focus on Logic and Virtue

2 types of revolutions:

Industrial Revolution (Began Britain 1760)

Political Revolutions (US in 1776, France in 1789

Jean-Antoine Houdon, Bust of Jean Jacques Rousseau

urged a return to nature and innocence

Jean-Antoine Houdon, Voltaire Seated, 1781

Doctrine of Progress

Characteristics of Neoclassical art:

Planarity

Linearity

Tight Brushwork

Even lighting

Sculptural Forms

Classical architecture, figure, dress, and themes

Serious, moralistic subjects

Strong hero figures

Austerity and reduction of form

Nationalism expressed through patriotism

Jacques Louis David, The Oath of Horatii, 1784

classical roman story

clear roman outfits

Jacques Louis David, The Death of Marat, 1793

Charolette cordet

Johann Zoffany, The Academicians of the Royal Academy, 1772

the two women who helped found the academy are in paintings on the wall

Angelica Kauffmann, COrnelia Presenting Her Children as Her Treasure, 1785

very tight brush strokes

very austere

Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, 1772

modele after ancient Rome

Benjamin West, The Death of General Wolfe, 1770

Jean Baptiste Greuze, The Village Bride, or The Marriage: The Moment When a Father Gives His Son in Law a Dowry, 1761

New fashion, very simple when compared to classical clothing

overall there is a lot more of a simplicity

Marie-Louise Elisabeth Vigee Lebrun, Portrait of Marie Antoinette, 1783

very rococo esque

Marie Louise Elisabeth Vigee Lebrun, Self Portrait with Daughter, 1789'

Super simple elements

Roman dress

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1789-1849

Fascination with:

Power of nature, sublime

Exoticism

Supernatural

Violence/horrific themes

Nationalism (personal past vs. classical)

Longing for the past

Intense emotion, passion

Imagination

Francisco Goya, The Family of Charles IV, 1800

Painted himself into the back corner

Francisco Goya, The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters, from Los Caprichos, 1799

Prints of a gyy being tormended by creepy bats

Francisco Goya, The Third of May, 1808, 1814

Got the stigmatas, or just in the pose, showing that he is dying for no good reason

John Henry Fuseli, Thor Battering The Midgard Serpent, 1790

William Blake, Elohim Creating Adam, 1795

Monoprint

Essentially a liftoff or reverse print

John Costable, The Haywain (Landscape: Noon) 1821

Joseph Mallord William Turner, Snowstorm: Hannibal and His Army Crossing the Alps, 1812

Powerful and scary

Sublime

Joseph Mallord William Turner, The Slave Ship, 1840

Painted for an anti slavery society

story about a captian that threw sick slaves overboard

JMW Turner, Rain, Steam, and Speed- The Great Western Railway, 1844

Super loose with his brush strokes and paint

Celebrating new technology

Romanticism in Germany

Caspar David Friedrick, Monk by the Sea, 1810

Caspar David Friedrick, Abbey in an Oak Forest, 1809

Kind of spooky

dead trees surrounding a freestanding wall

Romanticism in America

Thomas Cole, The Oxbow, 1836

no classical ruins in America to paint

Part of the Hudson River School

French Romanticism

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Portrait of Napoleon on His Imperial Throne, 1806

very neoclassical feeling

Super over the top

Jean Auguste Dominique Inres, Comtesse d'Haussonville, 1848

Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, Princesse de Brogile, 1851

Antoine Jean Gros, Napoleon in the Pesthouse at Jaffa, March 11, 1799, 1804

lots of islamic architecture

Gericault, The Raft of the Medusa, 1818-19

They ate eachother

after a shipwreck, they made a raft and had to try to survive on it

Delacroix, Liberty Leading The People, 1830

Painted for a cause

depicted liberty leading people in a revolt against govt

Liberty isn't a real person

Eugene Delacroix, Death of Sardanapalus, 1827

Story of the last assyrian king

Curves everywhere, very dynamic feeling

adds to the chaos

Eugene Delacroix, Women of Algiers, 1834

Use of color theory in the shadows

Portrait of Jean Baptiste Camille Corot, 1850

Jean Baptiste Camille Corot, View of Rome: The Bridge and Castel Sant'Angelo with the Cupola of St. Peters, 1826-27

Plein Air artist in Rome

Feels almost classical

Jean Baptiste Camille Corot, Souvenir de Mortefontaine (Oise), 1864

Dreamy, ideallistic landscape

Very Romantic

Romanticism in Architecture: Revival Styles

Sir Charles Barry and A. W. N. Welby Pugin, Houses of Parlament, London, begun 1836

Looks almost gothic and midevial

John Nash, Royal Pavillion, Brighton England, 1815-23

Weird mishmash of a bunch of different places architecture

Trinity Church, NYC, 1846

Very gothic

Provo city center temple

still lots of gothic themes

Truman O. Angell, Salt Lake Temple, 1853-1893

Super gothic and cool

Personally this is the best romantic building

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Realism, Ipressionism, and the Pre-Raphaelites

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Realism, Ipressionism, and the Pre-Raphaelites

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"Art of the Everyday"

What's new in Paris in the second half of the 19th century?

Napoleon III

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte

First elected president of France

Last monarch to reign in France

Commissioned grand reconstruction of Paris

Japonisme and Japanese Prints

Ukiyo-e

pictures of the fleeting world

Kitagawa Utamaro, Naniwa Okita Admiring Herself in a Mirror, 1790-95

Interesting angles and croppings

Katsushika Hokusai, Under the Wave off Kanagawa also known as The Great Wave, from the series Thirty six Views of Mount Fuji, 1830-32

Utagawa Hiroshege, Otsu, 1840

Travelers visiting a town

bids eye view

Utagawa Hiroshege, Kinryusan Temple at Asakusa, 1856

Winter scene at a temple

Utagawa Hiroshege, Banboo Yards, Kyobashi

Ando Hiroshege, Plum Estate, Kameido, from the series, One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, 1857

Characteristics French took from these prints

Flat shapes

Sharp contours

Compressed space

Cropping

Angles

Assymetry

Bethe Morisot, Cradle, 1872

a woman working on a veil

pretty loosely painted

Berthe Morisot, Summers Day, 1879

no distinct shapes

color and light blocked in

everyday moment

loose brush strokes

outdoors

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Realism, Impressionism, and the Pre-Raphaelites (cont.)

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Realism, Impressionism, and the Pre-Raphaelites (cont.)

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Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (England)

secret society started by 3 students at the London Royal Academy: William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti

Wanted to reform ills of the Industrial Revolution through spirituality and art

Looked to Early Renaissance and Gothic art (art before Raphael) as pure, genuine art

Wanted to depict "truth" by close observation of nature and details

Work is characterized by rich, pure color on a white ground; also included symbolism

Looked to literature for subject matter, especially Shakespeare, the Bible and Arthurian legends

William Holman Hunt, The Awakening Conscience

Local color, or the color used when light is ignored

John Everett Millais, Christ in the Carpenters Shop (Christ in the House of His Parents) 1849-50

Arts and Crafts Movement

Reaction to Industrial Revolution and mass production of items with poor quality

William Morris started a company that made items for homes with hand crafted beautifully made items

Nature was an important inspiration

William Morris, Green Dining room

very focused on nature

sense of symmetry

James Abbot McNeill Whistlet, Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket, 1875

John Singer Sargent, Madame X, 1884

John Singer Sargent, Carnation, Lily, Lily Rose, 1885-86

focus is the light, not the people

Works to Know:

Japanese Prints:

Kitagawa Utamaro, Naniwa Okita Admiring Herself in a Mirror, ca. 1790–95
Katsushika Hokusai, The Great Wave, from the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji, c. 1830-32
Utagawa Hiroshige. Plum Estate, Kameido, from the series 100 Famous Views of Edo. 1857

Realism:

Gustave Courbet. Burial at Ornans. 1849–50
Gustave Courbet. The Stone Breakers. 1849
Rosa Bonheur. Plowing in the Nivernais. 1849
Édouard Manet. The Luncheon on the Grass (Le Dejeuner sur l’Herbe). 1863
Edgar Degas. The Dance Class, 1885
Thomas Eakins, Max Schmitt in a Single Scull, 1871 (Realism in America)

Impressionism:

Claude Monet. Impression, Sunrise. 1872
Claude Monet. The Gare Saint-Lazare: Arrival of a Train. 1877
Claude Monet, Rouen Cathedral, 1893
Auguste Renoir. Dance at La Moulin de la Galette, 1876
Auguste Renoir. Luncheon of the Boating Party. 1881
Camille Pissarro. Climbing Path, L’Hermitage, Pontoise. 1875
Berthe Morisot. Cradle, 1872
Berthe Morisot. Summer’s Day, ca. 1879
Mary Cassatt. The Child’s Bath. 1891–92
Mary Cassatt, In the Loge, 1878

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood:

William Holman Hunt. The Awakening Conscience. 1853
John Everett Millais. Christ in the Carpenter’s Shop. 1849–50

The Arts and Crafts Movement:

William Morris (Morris & Co.). Green Dining Room (William Morris Room). 1867

The Aesthetic Movement:

James Abbot McNeill Whistler. Nocturne in Black and Gold: ca. 1875
John Singer Sargent, Madame X, 1897

John Singer Sargent, Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose, 1885-86

Ideas to Know:

Styles: Realism, Impressionism, Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, Arts and Crafts Movement, Aesthetic Movement

Ukiyo-e (Japanese prints)

flat shapes
sharp contours
compressed space
cropping
angles
asymmetry

Color Theories: Optical Blending, Complementary Colors
Leisure Time (upper and upper-middle classes)
Art for Art’s Sake
Communist Manifesto (support of workers’ rights)
Independent Art Shows

Realism vs. Naturalism

French poet and critic Charles Baudelaire argued that the arts should reflect the here-and-now

Emphasis on ordinary, everyday, modern experience; neither idealized nor dramatized

Championed laborers and common people

Impressionism

Interest in capturing:

everyday subjects
on-the-spot outdoor scenes
fleeting moments, impermanence
atmosphere, light, colored shadow
modern urban life, leisure activities
upper middle class/nouveau riche
times of day/year
look of ukiyo-e (Japanese prints)

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (England)

Secret society started by 3 students at the London Royal Academy: William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti

Wanted to reform ills of the Industrial Revolution through spirituality and art

Looked to Early Renaissance and Gothic art (art before Raphael) as pure, genuine art

Wanted to depict “truth” by close observation of nature and details

Work is characterized by rich, pure color on a white ground; also included symbolism

Looked to literature for subject matter, especially Shakespeare, the Bible, and Arthurian legends

Arts and Crafts Movement

Reaction to Industrial Revolution and mass production of items with poor quality

William Morris started a company that made items for homes emphasizing craftsmanship and truth to materials

Nature was an important inspiration

The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Art’s Sake

Art that focused on formal elements of art rather than story-telling or symbols

Whistler compared art to music, which depends on harmony and form rather than subject matter

Chapter 26: Post-Impressionism, Symbolism, and Art Nouveau

Works to Know:

Post-Impressionism

Paul Cézanne. Still Life with Apples in a Bowl. 1879–83
Paul Cézanne. Mont Sainte-Victoire. ca. 1885–87
Paul Cézanne. Mont Sainte-Victoire Seen from Bibemus Quarry. ca. 1900
Georges Seurat. A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte. 1884–86
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, At the Moulin Rouge, 1892
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. La Goulue. 1891
Vincent van Gogh. Night Café. 1888
Vincent van Gogh. Starry Night. 1889
Paul Gauguin. The Vision after the Sermon, 1888

Symbolism

Odilon Redon. The Eye Like a Strange Balloon Mounts Toward Infinity, 1878
Henri Rousseau, The Sleeping Gypsy, 1897Edvard Munch. The Scream. 1893
Gustav Klimt. The Kiss. 1907–08
Henry Ossawa Tanner. Angels Appearing before the Shepherds. ca. 1910
Auguste Rodin. The Burghers of Calais. 1884-89

Art Nouveau

Victor Horta. Interior stairwell of the Tassel House, Brussels. 1892–93
Alphonse Mucha, Dreaming (Reverie), lithograph, 1897

Ideas to Know:

Symbolism: Emphasized world of dreams, moods, fears, and desires over the everyday, contemporary world; dissatisfaction with modernity

Art Nouveau (1890-1900): Mostly architecture and decorative arts; characterized by abstract organic forms; influenced by William Morris’s Arts and Crafts Movement

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Georges Seurat, Le Chahut, 1889-90 (Post Impressionism)

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Georges Seurat, Le Chahut, 1889-90 (Post Impressionism)

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Paul Gauguin, Vision after the Sermon, 1888 (Symbolism)

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Paul Gauguin, Vision after the Sermon, 1888 (Symbolism)

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Reliquary Gaurdian Figure (Eyema-o-Byeri) Gabon, Fang peoples, mid 18th

Kota or Bakota, Gabon, Republic of the Congo: Reliquary gaurdian figure 'mbulu ngulu', from before or around 1920

Headdress: Male Antelope (Ci Wara), 19th-20th century Mali, Bamako region, Bamana, wood, metal bands

Headdress: Female Antelope (Ci Wara), 19th-20th century Mali

Akua'ba, n.d., (Asante people) Ghana, wood

Ife Portrait Heads, c. 14th-15th century, brass, 35cm high, Ife, Africa

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Henri Matisse, Woman with a Hat, 1905 (Fauvism)

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Henri Matisse, Woman with a Hat, 1905 (Fauvism)

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Käthe Kollwitz, Memorial Sheet of Karl Liebknecht (Gedenkblatt für Karl Liebknecht), 1919-1920 (German Expressionism)

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Käthe Kollwitz, Memorial Sheet of Karl Liebknecht (Gedenkblatt für Karl Liebknecht), 1919-1920 (German Expressionism)

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Georges Braque, Houses at l'Estaque, 1908 (Cubism)

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Georges Braque, Houses at l'Estaque, 1908 (Cubism)

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Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase, No.2 1912

This painting was shown in the US in 1913, the armory show

Giorgio de Chirico, Mystery and Melancholy of a Street, 1914

italian square

feeling of foreboding

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Reaction against World War I

Focused on absurdity, element of chance (Enlightenment values of logic and reason only lead to war)

Challenged status quo in art, culture, etc.

Hans Arp, Squares Arranged According to the Laws of Chance, 1916-17

Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917. Photograph by Alfred Stieglitz, from The Blind Man, May 1917

they did not like this piece

It's a urinal that he signed under a fake name and submitted to an art show in NY

Dada is an anti establishment movement in the arts

Raoul Hausmann, Mechanical Head (Spirit of the Age), 1920

Responding to a government that entered Germany that he did not approve of.

criticizing germany for the tradition of precision, and how it is a superficial exactness.

criticism of the german govt and people.

Hannah Hoch, Cut with the Kitchen Knife through the Beer-Belly of the Welmar Republic, 1919. Photomontage

protest piece

lots of other artists featured

Kathe Kollwitz, Never Again War!, 1924

lithograph, print

crude, was made to oppose traditional art in an academy

wanted it to look crude and cheap

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1930s, Element of chance

Randomness related to dream states

Juxtaposition

Joan Miro, Composition, 1933

Spain

Organic shapes called biomorphic forms

Living and changing

Oil painting

Rene Magritte, The Treachery of Images, 1928-29

All art is an image, no art is real

naturalistic painting, abstract idea

Rene Magritte, The False Mirror, 1928

Focusing on ideas

eye with clouds in it

Salvador Dali, The Persistence of Memory, 1931

very small painting

feels like a dream

not a rational painting

melty clocks

Spain, same as Miro

Henri Carier-Bresson, Behind the Gare Saint-Lazare, 1932

photograph of a guy jumping

Man Ray, The Gift, 1921

iron with spikes on it

Meret Oppenheim, Object (Luncheon in Fur), 1936

weird plate and bowl made out of hair

Organic sculpture of the 1930s

Alexander Calder, Lobster Trap and Fish Tail

American artist working in Paris

this is the first mobile

huge and independent, every part moves on its own

Henry Moore, Recumbent Figure, 1938

Dame Barbara Hepworth, Oval Sculpture (No.2), 1943

very interested in organic shapes

solids with voids, like a giant egg shape with holes in it

Piet Mondrian, Composition No. II/Composition I//Composition en Rouge, Bleu et Jaune (Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow), 1930

International style

De Stijl (The Style)

Dutch movement

Sought to create utopian environment through geometric abstaction

Sought universal order

Gerrit Rietveld, Schroder House, 1924

Like modern art but in a house form

Gerrit Rietveld, Armchair, 1917

Mondrians style incorporated into furniture and everyday items

Art in America

American Regionalism

Representational Local (Midwest) Imagery

Grand Wood, American Gothic, 1930

The painting of the farmer and his wife holding a pitchfork

Harlem Renaissance

Jacob Lawrence, Self Portrait, 1977

influenced by cubism

Jacob Lawrence, In the North the Negro Had Better Educational Facilities, from the Migration of the Negro series, 1940-41

60 different paintings, all of them telling a story

Mexican art: Seeking National Identity

Diego Rivera, Flower Carrier, 1935

showed indiginous life instead of as descendants of europeans

Frida Khalo, The Two Fridas, 1939

weird body parts showing through the two women, their hearts visible

Unibrows

Social Realism in America

Edward Hopper, Nighthawks, 1942

Showing America as it was

wartime America, world war II

Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother, California, 1936

dust bowl

drawing

Georgia O'Keeffe, Yellow Calla, 1926

Georgia O'Keeffe, Jimson Weed, 1932

Holds record for painting sold at highest price by a female

Georgia O'Keeffe, Deer's Skull with Pedernal, 1936

Deer skull on a tree

looks almost impressionistic

Charles Demuth, My Egypt, 1927

Stuart Davis, Hot Still-Scape for Six Colors - 7th Avenue Style, 1940

Protest Art

Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 1937

this painting is massive

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Post War Art

Jackson Pollock, Autumn Rhythm: Number 30, 1950

not a random spray of paint, he purposely did this

Action Painting/Gesture painting/All-over painting

Abstract Expressionism: Action Painting

Arshile Gorky, The Liver is the Cock's Comb

Willem do Kooning, Woman, I, 1950-52

Franz Kline, Mahoning, 1956

Abstract Expressionism: Color Field Painting

Mark Rothko, No.61 (Rust and Blue), 1953

Post- War Sculpture

David Smith, Cubi series as installed at Bolton's Landing, New York.

Left: Cubi XVIII, 1964. Center: Cubi XVII, 1963, Right: Cubi XIX, 1964

Louise Nevelson, SKy Cathedral- Moon Garden Plus One, 1957-60

Everything painted one color

non representational, made from random stuff she found on the streets of NY

Post Abstraction

Robert Rauschenberg, Odalisk, 1955-58

Combines: works that combined painting, sculpture, collage, and found objects

Jasper Johns, Three Flags, 1958

Three american flags on top of eachother

three dimensional, three canvases stacked

Installations

Allan Kaprow, Yard, 1961

room full of tires

George Segal, The Gas Station, 1963

plaster castings of people, left white

Performance Art

Joseph Beuys, How to Explain Paintings to a Dead Hare, Nov.26, 1965

walked around with a dead rabbit mumbling about paintings...

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Pop Art:

Reaction to eletism of Abstract Expressionism

Sought a mass-produced look- accessible

Similar to Dada in love of ready-made, common objects

Roy Lichtenstein, Drowning Girl, 1963

comic book art, redesigned slightly but made really large

Andy Warhol, Campbell's Soup Cans, 1961-64

All of the different kinds of soup that you can buy

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Also called Land Art or Environmental Art

Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty, Great Salt Lake, Utah, 1970

wanted it to represent the constantly changing element to nature

Symbol of eternal life

Christo and Jeanne-Claude, Running Fence, Sonoma and Marin counties, California, 1972-76

was only up for 2 weeks

the whole process of the creation is what they call the full artwork

Activist Art

Betye Saar, The Liberation of Aunt Jemima, 1972

took negative stereotypes and empowered them through her art

Judy Chicago, The Dinner Party, 1979

big triangle of tables

everything is handmade

table set for all the influental women in history

Video Art

Nam June Paik, Electronic Superhighway: COntinental U.S. 1995

TV screens behind neon lights shaped like the states of the U.S

Installation Art

Yayoi Kusama, A Dream I Dreamed, 2014

Room full of yellow things with black dots

Yayoi Kusama, Infinity Mirrors, 2017

mirrors completely surrounding you

Ai Weiwei, Kui Hua Zi (Sunflower Seeds), 2010

artificial sunflower seeds

all of them hand painted

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Modernist Revolution:
Early Modern Sculpture
Constantin Brancusi. Bird in Space. 1928 (unique cast)

African Art
Reliquary Guardian Figure (Eyema-o-Byeri), Gabon, Fang peoples, 18th-19th century

Reliquary guardian figure (mbulu ngulu), Gabon, Kota (or Bakota), Gabon, c. 1920

Headdress: Male Antelope (Ci Wara), 19th–20th century Mali, Bamako region

Akua’ba, n.d., (Asante people) Ghana, wood
Ife Portrait Heads, c. 14th-15th century, brass, 35 cm high, Ife, Africa

Fauvism
Henri Matisse. Femme au chapeau (Woman with a Hat). 1905

Henri Matisse. The Red Studio. 1911

Cubism
Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (The Young Ladies of Avignon). 1907 (Pre-Cubism)

Georges Braque, The Portuguese, 1911 (Analytical Cubism)

Pablo Picasso. Guitar, Sheet Music, and Wine Glass. 1912 (Synthetic Cubism)

German Expressionism: Die Brücke
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. Street, Dresden. 1908

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Street, Berlin, 1913

German Expressionism:

Vasily Kandinsky, Improvisation 28 (second version), 1912

Vasily Kandinsky. Sketch I for “Composition VII.” 1913

Paul Klee. The Niesen. 1915

Paul Klee, Twittering Machine, 1922

Italian Futurism
Giacomo Balla, Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, 1912

Umberto Boccioni. Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, 1913

Responses to Modernism
Marcel Duchamp. Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2. 1912

Marcel Duchamp. Bicycle Wheel, 1913

Marc Chagall. I and the Village. 1911

Giorgio de Chirico. Mystery and Melancholy of a Street. 1914

Russian Suprematism
Kazimir Malevich. Suprematist Composition: Airplane Flying. 1915 (dated 1914)

Kazimir Malevich, White on White, 1918

Ideas to Know:
- Breaking rules
- Looking for new inspiration: African Art, -- Cycladic Art, Folk Art, children’s art, stained glass
- Fauvism: removing the naturalistic description function from color
- Analytic Cubism: deconstructing space; showing more than one viewpoint at the same time;
- influence of Cezanne
- Synthetic Cubism: building up images; use of collage; “real” vs. illusion
- German Expressionism: Die Brücke: dissatisfaction with industrial modern life; looking to
- German past with woodblock prints
- German Expressionism: Der Blaue Reiter: looking for spirituality and “universal truths;”
- Abstract art vs. non-objective art, non-narrative art, non-representational art
- Italian Futurism: sought to reject the past and bring Italy into the future; interest in new technology, speed, and movement
- Russian Suprematism: “supremacy of feeling;” pro-Russian revolution; wanted to create a new vocabulary and language of art removed from the elitist past

Works to Know:

Dada:
- Hans Arp, Squares Arranged According to the Laws of Chance, 1916-17
- Marcel Duchamp. Fountain. 1917
- Raoul Hausmann. Mechanical Head (Spirit of the Age). ca. 1920
- Hannah Höch, Cut with the Kitchen Knife through the Beer-Belly of the Weimar Republic,
1919
- Käthe Kollwitz. Never Again War! 1924
Surrealism:
- Joan Miró. Composition. 1933
- René Magritte, The Treachery of Images, 1928-29
- Salvador Dalí. The Persistence of Memory. 1931
- Man Ray. The Gift. 1921 (1958 replica)
- Meret Oppenheim. Object (Luncheon in Fur). 1936
- Organic Sculpture of the 30’s:
- Alexander Calder. Lobster Trap and Fish Tail. 1939
- Henry Moore. Recumbent Figure. 1938
De Stijl:
- Piet Mondrian. Composition (Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow). 1930

American Art between the Wars
- Georgia O’Keeffe, Yellow Calla, 1926
- Georgia O’Keeffe, Deer’s Skull with Pedernal, 1936
- Stuart Davis, Hot Still-Scape for Six Colors - 7th Avenue Style. 1940.

American Regionalism
- Grant Wood, American Gothic, 1930

Harlem Renaissance
- “In the North the Negro Had Better Educational Facilities,” from the Migration of the Negro
series, 1940-41

Mexican Art between the Wars
- Diego Rivera, Flower Carrier, 1935
- Frida Kahlo, The Two Fridas, 1939

Protest Art
- Pablo Picasso. Guernica. 1937

Social Realism
- Edward Hopper, Night Hawks, 1942
- Dorothea Lange. Migrant Mother, California. 1936

Precisionism
- Charles Demuth, My Egypt, 1927

Ideas to Know:
Dada: Reaction against World War I; focus on absurdity, element of chance
(Enlightenment values of logic and reason only lead to war); challenged status quo in art,
culture, etc.
Surrealism: 1930’s; element of chance (like Dada); randomness related to dream states;
juxtaposition of unrelated objects; exploration of the subconscious mind; dream images;
stream of consciousness
De Stijl (The Style): Dutch movement; sought to create utopian environment through
geometric abstraction; sought universal order that would make nationalism obsolete;
also called International Style and Neo-Plasticism
Regionalism: Representational; local (Midwest) imagery

Works to Know:
Abstract Expressionism: Action Painting

Jackson Pollock Autumn Rhythm: Number 30. 1950
Abstract Expressionism: Color Field Painting

Mark Rothko No. 61 (Rust and Blue), 1953
Post-Painterly Abstraction

Helen Frankenthaler. Mountains and Sea. 1952

Postwar Sculpture
Louise Nevelson. Sky Cathedral—Moon Garden Plus One. 1957–60

Post Abstraction
Robert Rauschenberg. Odalisk. 1955–58

Jasper Johns. Three Flags. 1958

Installation Art
Allan Kaprow, Yard, 1961

Yayoi Kusama, Infinity Mirrors, 2017

Performance Art
Joseph Beuys, How to Explain Paintings to a Dead Hare, Nov. 26, 1965

Pop Art
Roy Lichtenstein. Drowning Girl. 1963

Andy Warhol. Campbell’s Soup Cans. 1961–64

Minimalism
Ellsworth Kelly. Red Blue Green. 1963

Frank Stella. Empress of India. 1965

Donald Judd, Untitled. 1969

Earthworks
Robert Smithson. Spiral Jetty, Great Salt Lake, Utah. 1970

Christo and Jeanne-Claude. Running Fence Sonoma and Marin counties, California. 1972–76

Activist Art
Betye Saar, The Liberation of Aunt Jemima, 1972

Feminist Art
Judy Chicago. The Dinner Party. 1979

Video Art
Nam June Paik. Electronic Superhighway: Continental U.S. 1995

Installation Art
Yayoi Kusama, A Dream I Dreamed, 2014

Ideas to Know:
- Breaking Rules!
Abstract Expressionism (two branches—Action Painting and Color Field Painting):

- Influenced by Surrealism
- Art about emotion, myth, universal forces
- Brought attention to the paint on the canvas (rather than hiding)
- Brought NYC to the center of the art world

- Installation Art
- Art as experience
- Not collectable

Performance Art
- Art as life
- Improvisation; unpredictable

Pop Art:
- Reaction to elitism of Abstract Expressionism; unemotional
- Similar to Dada in love of ready-made, common objects
- Sought a mass-produced look—accessible
- Interested in mass media and pop culture

Minimalism:
- Unemotional
- Reduced to most basic parts
- “What you see is what you see”—denial of meaning

Earthworks:
- The earth is the canvas
- Interactive
- Out of the gallery—less elitist
- Not collectable

Activist Art:
- Art as political statement

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"What you see is what you see"

Ellsworth Kelly, Red, Blue, Green, 1963

Acrylic paint

Hard-Edge Abstraction

Kelly Green

Frank Stella, Empress of India, 1965

Triangles arranged in unique ways

sculpture combined with painting

Donald Judd, Untitled, 1969

my cover photo

didn't even make them or hang them himself.

had them manufactured and then mailed to galleries for them to hang

Dan Flavin, the nominal three (to William of Ockham), 1963

three LED lights in a room