# data[].attributes.body
Magna Carta was written so a group of barons in the 13th century could protect themselves from the king.
King john was a bad person and they had enough of him.

# data[].attributes.body
A system of law enforcement and policing in which members of society were mutually responsible for the behavior of their peers.
It was made to preserve law and order in English communities.

# data[].attributes.body
The tithing was an early form of law enforcement in medieval England that was established under the mutual pledge system.
Money was an issue so they used it to was used to support the clergy, maintain churches, and assist the poor.

# data[].attributes.body
The shire-reeve, whose job it was to maintain the King's peace in the Shire, was later shortened to the modern term sheriff.
The Shire-Reeve, in the days of King Alfred the Great of England, in 871, was responsible for collecting taxes and enforcing the King's Orders. The duties and the role of the Sheriff were better defined in 1215 when King John signed the Magna Carta.

# data[].attributes.body
A system of protection in early England in which citizens, under the direction of a constable(chief peacekeeper), were required to guard the city and to pursue criminals.
The primary purpose of the watch and ward was to guard the city gates at night.

# data[].attributes.body
Any person aware of a robbery or felony was required to raise a hue and cry "with horn and voice" to create an alarm for the pursuit and capture of the criminal.
All who heard the call were obliged by law to join in the chase; failure to do so would incur a heavy fine and any misuse of the hue and cry was also punishable.

# data[].attributes.body
The first police and fire departments were established by the burgomasters and schepens.
First, they served a means of deterrence. Their name derives from the fact that patrolmen would jangle keys on a ring, as making loud noises was often perceived as a way to deter would-be criminals from violating the law. They also had wooden rattles that they would use.

# data[].attributes.body
It was their job to respond to criminal complaints, investigate, and apprehend criminals.
Henry Fielding decided, circa 1749, that London needed to have an organized, dedicated law enforcement body to address the rising crime in the city. London was experiencing an especially high increase in crime, and something needed to be done.

# data[].attributes.body
The Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 introduced a centralized and unified system of police in England. The Act constituted a revolution in traditional methods of law enforcement.
In 1829, Sir Robert Peel established the London Metropolitan Police Force

# data[].attributes.body
Was the first modern police force in England (provincial police forces in England and Wales were not established until after the County Police Act of 1839).
Its original area of jurisdiction covered a seven-mile radius from Charing Cross in central London.

# data[].attributes.body
The slave patrols that were used in the Southern slave States from 1704 through the period before the Civil War are an example of policing that went beyond informal policing but did not have the characteristics of modern policing and also represent a development not usually covered in histories that suggest that the evolution of policing was essentially Northern and urban in nature.

# data[].attributes.body
Policing the frontier, in the sense used in this article, applies to the work of the army in protecting the Indian reservations and land grants from the encroachment of white settlers; in protecting government property and officials.
Frontier law was often handled by self-appointed

# data[].attributes.body
An early form of American law enforcement in which volunteers patrolled their community from dusk to dawn to keep the peace.
Night watchmen patrolled the streets from 9 or 10 pm until sunrise, and were expected to examine all suspicious characters.

# data[].attributes.body
The NYPD was established in 1845, and today, is responsible for policing an 8.5-million-person city, by performing a wide variety of public safety, law enforcement, traffic management, counterterror, and emergency response roles.
It was an attempt to control rising crime.

# data[].attributes.body
The department was established in 1854 structured after the model developed by Sir Robert Peele for the London Police force. The Boston Police Department was the first paid, professional public safety department in the country.
Without police protection, the city was quickly experiencing robberies and riots.

# data[].attributes.body
The National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement (also known unofficially as the Wickersham Commission) was established on May 20, 1929, by Hoover under the chairmanship of former attorney general George W.
The Commission recognized that Prohibition was unenforceable and provided great potential for police corruption.

# data[].attributes.body
The reform era (1930–1970) attempted to cope with police corruption and lack of professionalism, and law enforcement strived to develop a professional crime-fighting force with police resources focused on arrests; it was reactive in nature.
Some of the common reforms involve bans on chokeholds and no-knock warrants, and improvements to police data collection procedures.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.coursesidekick.com/law/study-guides/atd-bmcc-criminaljustice/section-4-1-early-history-of-policing#:~:text=The%20shire%2Dreeve%2C%20whose%20job,the%20Latin%20phrase%20posse%20comitatus.

https://www.cram.com/flashcards/criminal-justice-2849998#:~:text=Constable%20Watch%20System,city%20and%20to%20pursue%20criminals.

https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095948888#:~:text=The%20practice%20in%20medieval%20England,and%20cry%20was%20also%20punishable.

https://lawenforcementactionpartnership.org/peel-policing-principles/#:~:text=In%201829%2C%20Sir%20Robert%20Peel,they%20were%20two%20centuries%20ago.

https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/southern-slave-patrols-transitional-police-type

https://text-message.blogs.archives.gov/2021/05/04/the-national-commission-on-law-observance-and-enforcements-report-on-lawlessness-in-law-enforcement/#:~:text=The%20National%20Commission%20on%20Law%20Observance%20and%20Enforcement%20(also%20known,former%20attorney%20general%20George%20W.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Britannica Money

Discover all you need to know about retirement, investing, and household finance, without the jargon or agenda. Get reliable guidance, insight, and easy-to-understand explanations, written, edited, and verified to Britannica's exacting standards.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Explore the fact-checked online encyclopedia from Encyclopaedia Britannica with hundreds of thousands of objective articles, biographies, videos, and images from experts.