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Nîtôtemtik, Tansi. “Indigenous Art & Music: A Recap.” Blog, 30 Nov. 2018, ualbertalaw.typepad.com/faculty/2018/11/indigenous-art-music-a-recap.html. Accessed 12

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Padlet was unable to format my Works Cited so here's the link to my MyBib works cited.

https://www.mybib.com/j/SadAmbitiousKangaroo

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Bradford-Lea, Monica, and Andrea Ruttan. “Honouring Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls.” Nac-Cna.ca, 12 Feb. 2021, nac-cna.ca/en/stories/story/MMIW

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Through the passage of time, what is now known as "High Park" was home to Indigenous peoples for 11,000 years before the land was stolen. The indigenous inhabitants of High Park used controlled burns to maintain the Black Oak Savannahs benefiting the ecosystem and the communities that reside there. The burns helped stimulate the growth of plants and opened up landscapes, making hunting easier (Keefe).

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Cajas, Samay. “Samay Arcentales Cajas.” Samay Arcentales Cajas, samaycajas.com/. Accessed 9 June 2023.

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Samay Arcentales Cajas is a Kichwa artist that specializes in film, photography, and as a film designer. She also explores human-land relations and the new media dimensions of Indigenous cosmology. She has done many things like holding a solo show at Latinx Voices in Tkaronto and being featured at ImagineNATIVE, Xpace Cultural Centre, Mayworks Festival of Working People, Maysumak Quichwa Film Showcase, and more (Toronto Arts Council ). I've featured most of her art in my Padlet with it being the background of the padlet and the image heading for many of my sections.

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Cajas, Samay. “Samay Arcentales Cajas.” Samay Arcentales Cajas, samaycajas.com/. Accessed 9 June 2023.

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How Indigenous peoples nurtured Canadian ecosystems

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How Indigenous peoples nurtured Canadian ecosystems

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Before colonists seized the land, indigenous peoples built the framework for Canada's ecosystems. There is no menacing villain in charge of the masses as in Aldous Huxley's Brave New World; instead, the populace is so deluded that they crave the leisure of the lack of free choice. We lack what Indigenous people had: the inherent value of the Earth, appreciation for it, and giving back to it when they took it, while now the majority of people are constantly consuming, always avoiding the problem and other difficulties. The Earth is facing issues such as climate change and the melting of polar ice caps, the destruction of the Amazon Rainforest, and many other crucial ecosystems. We are letting ourselves be taken advantage of because we are too used to the sameness of letting things like the environment go to waste and constantly consuming that we are ruining our futures, so this is why we need to take a page out of Indigenous peoples books when it comes to the environment for the continuation of the human race but more importantly to save our planet (Keefe).

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One thing I found interesting in the article that I mention briefly was how different plants, flowers, trees, and byproducts of such were used to create natural remedies but I now want to mention some of the effects of the different natural resources provided aid which I will be talking about in the next few points (Keefe).

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Many trails that Indigenous people used still bare the names European colonizers gave them such as "Indian Road", "Indian Trail", "Indian Grove", "Indian Valley", and "Wendigo Way" (Keefe).

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Rodriguez, Jeremiah. ““Beading Is Medicine”: Intricate Map Connects Indigenous Artists across Canada, U.S.” CTVNews, 7 Apr. 2021, www.ctvnews.ca/lifestyle/beadi

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It is almost proven that the Black Oak Savannah has flourishing wildlife because of the work that its Indigenous inhabitants did before the land was stolen. Many of the plants and species that Indigenous peoples used before are still in the "High Park" region and include oak, willow, hemlock, maple, pine, beech, cedar, sassafras, hawthorn, cherry, dogwood, sumac, milkweed, jewelweed, wintergreen, hairy bush clover, woodland fern leaf, wild lupine, nettles, purple coneflower, cylindrical blazing star, pearly everlasting, columbine, lichens and big bluestem grass. These things had many uses, for example, bark sap and different kinds of flowers and grasses could be used for medicine to disinfect wounds, etc. These parts of nature weren't just used for medicine but also had ceremonial, food, and utility purposes. When Indigenous peoples took from the land they always made sure to offer their gratitude for whatever they took and the reason why they needed it. This was because they believed that every living thing had a spirit and a consciousness and deserved to be respected. According to teachings and oral history, plants and animals were regarded as older relatives who have wisdom to pass down about living harmoniously with the natural world (Keefe).

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Cajas, Samay. “Samay Arcentales Cajas.” Samay Arcentales Cajas, samaycajas.com/. Accessed 9 June 2023.

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I believe that when looking back on how Indigenous inhabitants treated the land, we should reflect and try to change for the better as currently we are destroying the planet and treating it disrespectfully when we should treat the Earth as it should, a miracle with inherent value that provides us with shelter, food, and water. Indigenous peoples knew how to live harmoniously with the land because they didn't treat the natural world like something to be owned or conquered but like a superior being or at the very least an equal and only used what they needed. In conclusion, we can all learn a thing or two about the way Indigenous peoples lived and take practice in the way they cared for the land as that is something we desperately need now (Keefe).

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Keefe, Kathleen. “Indigenous History of Today’s High Park – High Park Nature.” High Park Nature, 2018, highparknature.org/article/indigenous-history/. Accessed 

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Bee Balm AKA plants of the genus Monarda is a purple or red plant that can grow several feet tall and provide nutrients for hummingbirds and butterflies (Foster). Bee Balms can be used as a remedy for stomach pain, fever, and insomnia (Keefe).

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Keefe, Kathleen. “Indigenous History of Today’s High Park – High Park Nature.” High Park Nature, 2018, highparknature.org/article/indigenous-history/. Accessed 

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The Rhus Typhina L. or the Staghorn Sumac is a tree/foliage that can grow up to 25 ft and either bears red leaves in the pinnate variety or for female Staghorn Sumac's they bear yellowish-green velvety buds with red berries (The University of Texas at Austin). While vegetation with the name "Sumac" are usually poisonous, the Staghorn Sumac isn't and has many benefits such as the leaves being used for ceremonial pipes, the berries for drinks, the roots to stop bleeding, and the stem to make yellow dye (Keefe).

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Keefe, Kathleen. “Indigenous History of Today’s High Park – High Park Nature.” High Park Nature, 2018, highparknature.org/article/indigenous-history/. Accessed 

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Part of the daisy family, the Coneflower/Echinacea is a tough flower being deer-resistant and is usually in a violet, pastel purple hue, in similar varieties, or in a yellow colour (Boeckmann). The flower can be used for cold sores, sore throats, hemorrhoids, burns, snake and insect bites, and the plant can also strengthen ones immune system (Keefe).

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Keefe, Kathleen. “Indigenous History of Today’s High Park – High Park Nature.” High Park Nature, 2018, highparknature.org/article/indigenous-history/. Accessed 

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White Oak trees are impeccably impressive, being able to live for hundreds of years and growing to heights of 20-35 metres tall (Ontario). The white oak serves many purposes being crafted into sewing awls, their acorns being used for food, and the roots for tea to help with diarrhea (Keefe).

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Cajas, Samay. “Samay Arcentales Cajas.” Samay Arcentales Cajas, samaycajas.com/. Accessed 9 June 2023.

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The names of many routes are named by colonizers

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The names of many routes are named by colonizers

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While in recent times, the names of these pathways may of (doubtedly) changed,  but these names staying the same for countless numbers of years after the country supposedly recognized the immeasurable harm done onto Indigenous people we still kept offensive names on land that is not ours. These names can be especially offensive because many of them were named by colonizers. While the article did not mention the original Indigenous name of the trail is, names that don't start with "Indian" would be a good start for a change or getting Indigenous peoples perspectives on what the trails should be called would be the best course of action (Keefe).

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McIntosh, Rob. “Indigenous Art Card - Medicine Tent.” Rob McIntosh, robmcintosh.ca/products/indigenous-art-card-medicine-tent. Accessed 9 June 2023.

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The Indigenous inhabitants that lived on the land of "High Park"

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The Indigenous inhabitants that lived on the land of "High Park"

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There were many different groups of Indigenous peoples that lived on the land of "High Park" and while I've mainly been talking about what they did, the nature in they used, the things they did that benefitted the land but I haven't actually discussed who the peoples were. The Indigenous peoples that lived on the land of "High Park" include the Anishinaabe, the Haudenosaunee, and the Wendat peoples (Aspinall).

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Koehler, Paul . “Solomon, Dana.” Glenn Talent Management, 2023, www.glenntalent.ca/artist/solomon-dana/. Accessed 12 June 2023.

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Dana Solomon is an Anishinaabe and Afro-Guyanese performing artist specializing in dance and acting. Dana has created a dance program for Indigenous peoples called "First Fire" and provides dance training in a multitude of forms. The program also explores topics such as the residential school system, missing and murdered Indigenous women, and girls and two-spirit people through movement storytelling. Dana also has made her first feature film called Between the lines as well as the rest of the work she's done (Toronto Arts Council).

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Roots Music. “This Single from Emerging Artist Semiah Will Make You Want to Hit “Repeat” All Day | Roots Music Canada.” Roots Music Canada, 4 Oct. 2021, www.roo

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Semiah Kaha:wi Smith is a young Mohawk artist from Six Nations, Ontario. She grew up around artistry with multiple family members being artists themselves and so becoming an artist was only natural to her. Semiah has released two songs in 2021 and is set to perform at the Unity Festival in Six Nations. Semiah has feared being pigeonholed as and Indigenous artist but has decided to still include Indigenous teachings and messages in her art (Carreño Rosas ). In the song featured above, Semiah talks about loving someone beyond life in a rather spiritual way which matches well with the songs upbeat yet elusive indie-pop genre (Roots Music).

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Nothing Can Kill My Love For You - Semiah