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the first steam locomotive was built by English engineer Richard Trevithick in 1801. unlike modern locomotives, it was driven on roads rather than rails. in 1804, Trevithick was the first person to drive a steam locomotive on the rails of a tramway.

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The production of steam engine revolutionised manufacture and transport ,and was later used to generate electrolysi. coal suppliers were vital to fuel the ir, and the ever-increasing demand for coalled  to the opaning of new mines

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before the industrial revolution, iron producers had to heat the iron ore to extract the raw metal or pig iron from it. generations the heat to smelt iron ore required charcoal, but making charcoal was time-consuming and demanded large quantities of wood. because of this, wood supplies across Britain were dwindling. in 1709 Abraham Darby, an iron producers at coal Brookdale in Derbyshire, England, found a way to bake coal to make a substance known as coke. coke was a new, smokeless fuel that burned much hotter than ordinary coal. quickly, coke replaced charcoal as the fuel used to smelt iron ore. iron foundations were established near coalfields, and the iron and coal industries became strongly linked.

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cromptons mule was invented in 1779 by Samuel cromptons by combining the spinning Jenny's carriage and the water frame's rollers. it allowed a single power source to spin multiple machines, and worked with wool or cotton yarns. however, it still required a skilled weaver to operate. these spinning mules were developed further so they could be operated by unskilled workers. steam power was later applied to the spinning mules for use in cotton-spinning factories

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the water frame was invented by richard arkwright in 1768, the water frame was an innvaction of james hargreaves' invention, as it could be powered by a waterwheel and produce yarn of any type.

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invented by James Hargreaves in 1765, helped increase the supply of yarn. it could spin eight the ads at once, whereas the traditional spinning wheel could only spin one thread at a time

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invented by John Kay in 1733
introduced a more efficient way of weaving on hand looms
it only required one  weaver to shoot the yarn from one side of the width of the loom to the other.
this was especially useful for very wide looms .
weavers could produce cloth much more quickly, increasing the demand for spun yarn