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What strategies do you see that the Portuguese used to maintain power for so long? Are there any similarities to the other areas in Africa that you have researched? Does this still happen nowadays?

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Portuguese Colonization of the world(note the proximity to coasts)

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Portuguese Colonization of the world(note the proximity to coasts)

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.“." Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. . Encyclopedia.Com. 4 May. 2023 .” Encyclopedia.com, May 24, 2023. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/portugals-african-colonies.

“Africa, Portugal.” South African History Online. Accessed May 24, 2023. https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/africa-portugal.

Cartwright, Mark. “The Portuguese in East Africa.” World History Encyclopedia, May 21, 2023. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1798/the-portuguese-in-east-africa/.

“Classical Student Histories for History Lovers and Homeschoolers.” Heritage History - Library. Accessed May 24, 2023. https://www.heritage-history.com/.

“Https://Matrix.Msu.Edu/.” https://matrix.msu.edu/. Accessed May 24, 2023. http://www.matrix.msu.edu/.

Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira. “Portuguese Colonialism in Africa.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History, March 28, 2018.

https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-183;jsessionid=091B173D5E547013D2B92A592A81BF8F.

Kiprop, Joseph. “What Languages Are Spoken in Mozambique?” WorldAtlas, September 1, 2017. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-mozambique.html.

“Language Data for Mozambique.” Translators without Borders, July 6, 2022. https://translatorswithoutborders.org/language-data-for-mozambique.

"Mozambique History.” Mozambique History | Goway Travel. Accessed May 24, 2023. https://www.goway.com/travel-information/africa-middle-east/mozambique/history/#:~:text=The%20pre%2Dcolonial%20people%20that,forcing%20out%20the%20local%20popula
tions.

“Mozambique.” Encyclopædia Britannica, April 2, 2023. https://www.britannica.com/place/Mozambique.

Portugal in Africa - projects.kora.matrix.msu.edu. Accessed May 24, 2023. https://projects.kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/210-849-30102/PWACOA12-68Portopt.pdf.

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The National System of Education, implemented in the early 1980s, created programs for people of all ages, part-time as well as full-time students, to improve both literacy and technical education. Private and parochial school facilities were nationalized to facilitate the reorganization and unification of the educational system. Although the number of primary, secondary, adult educational, and vocational centres increased rapidly, demand for education quickly outstripped the state’s capacity. Primary school attendance in 1973 was 643,000 and rose to about 1,500,000 by 1979.

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Because the mandated corporations were almost always the only company working in an area, they had complete control over it. They forced the native people to work for them through extremely harsh and inhumane tactics. Often, since they had essentially commandeered all the natural resources of the area, they would force the natives to work for them at the threat of not providing them with food. Even if they did end up giving in and performing manual labor the companies, sometimes they still would not receive food. This enforced a vicious cycle where the companies were reliant on the natives to perform manual labor, and the natives were reliant on the companies providing them with food to survive.

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The Portuguese educational system was two-tiered—designed to promote rudimentary skills among the majority African population and to provide liberal and technical education for the settler population and a tiny minority of Africans. More than four-fifths of students enrolled in the colonial system were restricted to the rudimentary program. The state, in cooperation with the Roman Catholic Church, provided public education, but private education was also available, mostly through church groups. The language of instruction was Portuguese, but at independence only a tiny proportion of the African population was literate in it. There were also Islamic schools in the capital and along the northern coast.

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Prior to independence in 1975, almost one-third of the population was nominally Christian, and a small number were Muslim. Christian missionaries were active throughout the country during the colonial era, and after 1926 the Roman Catholic Church was given government subsidies and a privileged position with respect to its educational and evangelical activities among the African population.

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DIOGO DE AZAMBUJA RECEIVING THE NATIVE CHIEF AT ELMINA.

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From 1498 to 1975, the region that is now Mozambique's territory was called Portuguese Mozambique. The long-term use of Portuguese made Mozambique keep the language after gaining self-rule. The use of the language is particularly visible in the urban regions where 80% of the residents of urban Mozambique are Portuguese speakers. The more educated Mozambican people are fluent in the language. The varieties of the language as used in Mozambique make up the Mozambican Portuguese.

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The Portuguese Colonial Government's habit of leasing or selling off land to be cultivated to large private organizations was routinely done without any notification to the native people beforehand. The unrestricted mandates were often times vertically integrated, meaning that the company controlled every single process involved in the manufacturing of their product. This also gave the companies absolute control over the areas in their mandate, because their is no competition.

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What was the experience of African people living in the now colonized areas?

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What was the experience of African people living in the now colonized areas?

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There are over 40 languages spoken in Mozambique. Portuguese is the country's official language, but it is only spoken by around half of the population. The other most spoken primary languages in Mozambique, include: Makhuwa, Changana, Nyanja, Ndau, Sena, Chwabo, and Tswa. The map provides information about languages spoken throughout the country.

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https://cdn.britannica.com/38/128838-050-50942730/penetration-European-Southern-Africa.jpg

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This process by which the government would lease land to companies, and then have them develop it was a hallmark of Portuguese colonialism. Since these companies were in charge of governing their land, it was often on private plantations where the most egregious human rights violations occurred. These private plantations were wrought with forced labor and crop cultivation, often proliferated by withheld wages and food withdrawal.

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In order to make use of these resources, the colonial governments would sell large tracts of land to companies that would run plantations off of them. In exchange for swaths of leased land, private companies like the Mozambique, Niassa, and Zambezia companies would develop agriculture, infrastructure, and trade in the areas. Unfortunately, the only way to do this was to exploit the people that lived on their now plantation-designated land.

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Mozambique was naturally abundant with resources such as sugar, copra(coconut flesh), and sisal(a fibrous plant). These specific resources need to be farmed, which meant that manpower was needed to make them economically viable.

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The Portuguese rulers believed it was their duty to spread the Catholic religion. Missionary activity began in 1560. Both the Jesuits and Dominicans were active in converting Africans to Catholicism. They even managed to convert one of the heirs to the Mwanamutapa dynasty who gave up his right to be king and joined a convent in Santa Barbara in India.

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Before Mozambique was colonized by the Portuguese, the native Bantu people had mastered agriculture, and the working of Iron. They were so proficient at farming that there was tremendous population growth which forced them to branch their territory out towards the Indian Ocean, and south towards where modern-day Mozambique is.