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Pictured is the Kaaba. This represents the heart of Mecca and ultimately the Muslim world, being the site of Hajj. 

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This captures cultural attire and the importance of camels, being vital for transportation and a symbolic creature.

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The walls of Constantinople are significant because they were thought of as impenetrable, thus ensuring the security of the Byzantine Empire for centuries. 

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The city of Jerusalem is a holy city where pivotal religious events occurred.

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The Alhambra was a historical Islamic palace in Spain, exemplifying Islamic expansion.

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The Nile River was vital for transportation and agriculture in Egypt, solidifying Egypt's status as the 'breadbasket of the Roman Empire.'

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Marrakesh served as a center of trade and culture in Morocco.

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The Red Sea connected multiple regions for global trade and cultural exchange.

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Córdoba's historical religious diversity makes it an insightful case study for understanding cross-cultural and religious dynamics.

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Baghdad was the centerpiece for the Abbasid Caliphate during the Islamic Golden Age.

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Severus of Antioch, Christian patriarch of Antioch

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Antioch is where the followers of Jesus were first labeled as "Christians." Antioch became one of the most influential hubs of the Christian world

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The Indus provided Muslims a route for exchange and expansion into South Asia. It served as the lifeline for Pakistan.

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Kufa served as the capital of the Rashidun Caliphate. It became a vital home for Shia Muslims.

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A cultural hub for Islamic Morocco and Sufism.

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Nishapur, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran

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Nishapur, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran

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Nishapur, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran

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Nishapur existed as a focal point on the Silk Road, allowing for diverse exchanges between cultures.

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Tarsus was a strategic location for military campaigns against the Byzantines.

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This sea connected Istanbul to trade routes and broader Asia, Africa, and Europe

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The mountains provided geographic barriers that allowed for the consolidation of Empires.