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Maslow's theory was that you must have your basic needs met before you were able to learn.

5 levels of needs

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The Theory of Cognitive Development

Each person constructs their understanding by building off of other things they already know

Children learn in 4 major stages.

Sensorimotor stage (Birth to age 2) - role playing, object permanence, and thinking symbolically.

Proportional stage (2-7) - can't think logically or understand cause and effect, Animism, egocentrism, and think about actions that follow the rules

Concrete Operational (7-11) - thinking logically, hierarchical classification, and water placement.

Formal Operational (12+) - think abstractly, use logic and reason, can do hypothetical situations, and can test solutions to problems.

Children are an active participant in their learning

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The Theory of Social Interaction

Social interaction with others is the primary force driving cognitive development.

Focus on how social relationships, social interaction, historical context and culture interact with cognitive development.

Social interaction with a more intellectual person can drives your growth.

Expert helping guide learner through the task.

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B.F Skinner had the theory of behaviorism.

He studied operant conditioning

He studied behavior in rats/mice

He believed that behavior was not as predictable with punishment as it was for reinforcement

Behavior would be the one thing that may solve the worlds problems

Believed that environment explained behavior, not internal thoughts

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The study of how observations can influence behavior. Social Learning Theory/ Social Cognitive Theory.

Studied how children learn through observation

Used the Bobo doll experiment

Believed in the idea of self-efficacy

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Gardner believed in the theory of multiple intelligences.

5 intelligences

People can have multiple intelligences or may have multiple things that they are good at or are not good at.

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Maslow used observations to complete his research. (I understand why he gathered this information but he did not create his own research.)

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Piaget observed children of all ages to see how they learned and progressed in their learning. After he found his theory he continued to refine it until he came to this conclusion.

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Vygotsky believed that learning happened through social interaction with someone intellectually more knowledgeable than you. He also believes that you can use language as a tool to help learners development.

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B.F Skinner found his theory by using experiments proving operant conditioning. He used rats/mice and placed them into his Skinner box to test and prove his theories.

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Bandura experimented with the Bobo doll to test and prove his theory that children learn through observation.

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Gardner used ideas from neuroscience and phycology to come up with the idea that people learn differently based on what they might be good at. His research is still ongoing.

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When a child is having things going on at home that are out of your control, they may not be able to achieve the goals you have set for them in your classroom. For example, if a child got kicked out of their home they may not be able to reach their classroom goals during that time.

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When children try to figure out the meaning of vocabulary words they may use Piagets theory. When children hear the world Iceland and when asked what that word may mean they might respond with things having to do with ice. They understand that the word ice has a connotation with cold things and automatically assume it is a place or something to do with create ice.

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When in a mathematics class, a teacher may show themselves completing the problem. Then, during the next problem the teacher will do the problem along with the students and guide them through it. During the third problem, the students will complete the problem by themselves while the teacher stands by to answer questions and provide help when they need a gentle nudge. By repeating the third piece over and over the learner begins to understand how to do the problem. The social interaction helps promote the students learning even further. This is the I do, We do, You do method.

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In education you can use operant conditioning my reinforcing behavior that the students are doing correctly rather than punishing the behavior that is not appropriate. For example, if a student is having trouble with completing their reading you might create a sticker chart that reinforces their good behavior (when they do their reading homework).

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Teachers can have a negative and positive effect on their students. Students learn from their teachers just as much as they learn from those at home. If a teacher is using kind words towards others the student is going to be more likely to act the same way towards their peers. Along with that, older students can be role models for the younger students. For example if a kindergarten student sees a sixth grade student running in the hallway, the kindergartener may learn that is is appropriate to run in the hallways as well.

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In education we talk a lot about UDL and making lessons that can help the students show what they know in the way that feels best for them. By creating multiple options to complete an assignment, teachers allow students to expand their knowledge by letting them do what they feel they can complete the best.

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- Phycological Needs: Food, water, sleep, shelter

- Safety Needs: Stability, protection from physical harm

- Love and Belonging Needs: Friendship and belonging within a group

- Esteem Needs: Self-respect, accomplishment, and positive self-image

- Self-Actualization Needs: Drive for full potential and self-growth

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- Assimilation: Learner incorporating new perception into existing schemes

- Scheme: Cognitive structural thought

- Accommodation: Revisiting a scheme so that the new experience makes sense

- Assimilation + Accommodation: Equilibrium or a state of cognitive balance and comfort (this results in cognitive development)

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- Private Speech: Talking to yourself through something or to themselves

- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): The level of competence a learner can do alone and what they can do with assistance

- Scaffolding: Support for learning and problem solving that comes from outside source

- Intellectual Other: Someone who is able to assist with learning

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- Reinforcement: Something that increases the probability of the behavior happening again

- Punishment: Something that decreases the probability of the behavior happening again

- Negative: Taking something away

- Positive: Adding something

- Operant Conditioning: Learning voluntary behavior through consequences, which either reinforce or punish

- Skinner box: Apparatus used in the operant conditioning experiment in which Skinner places rats/mice into a box and reinforced and punished them involving food.

- Shaping: Developing behavior over time (shaping behavior gradually over time)

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- Bobo Doll Experiment: Experiment created by Bandura in which some children witnessed an adult being aggressive towards a blow up doll and in turn became aggressive with it as well. Children who were not witnesses to this aggression and were shown kindness in turn were kind to the doll.

- Self-Efficancy: If you believe that you are good at doing something you are more likely to try harder and achieve their goals .

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- Linguistic: Using language to express understanding

- Logical/Mathematical: Understand logically using cause-effect

- Spatial: Recreating visual images and transform spatial relationships to understand

- Musical: Recognize musical patterns and think musically to understand

- Bodily/Kinesthetic: Use of whole body to make or create something

- Naturalist: Noticing natural features and discriminate among living things

- Interpersonal: Understanding other people

- Intrapersonal: Understanding yourself and what your abilities are