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Diabetes is a condition that causes a person's blood sugar level to become too high.
There are 2 main types of diabetes:

type 1 diabetes - a lifelong condition where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin

type 2 diabetes - where the body does not produce enough insulin, or the body's cells do not react to insulin properly

Type 2 diabetes is far more common than type 1. In the UK, over 90% of all adults with diabetes have type 2.

High blood sugar that develops during pregnancy is known as gestational diabetes. It usually goes away after giving birth.

Non-diabetic hyperglycaemia (pre-diabetes)

Many people have blood sugar levels above the normal range, but not high enough to be diagnosed as having diabetes. This is known as non-diabetic hyperglycaemia, or pre-diabetes.

People with non-diabetic hyperglycaemia are at greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes, but the risk can be reduced through lifestyle changes.

If you have non-diabetic hyperglycaemia, you may be eligible for the NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme. The programme helps people make lasting lifestyle changes and has been shown to help prevent type 2 diabetes.

People with non-diabetic hyperglycaemia are also recommended to have a blood test every year to monitor their blood sugar levels.

It's very important for diabetes to be diagnosed as early as possible because it's likely to get worse if left untreated and can cause long-term health problems.

When to see a GP

Visit your GP as soon as possible if you experience the main symptoms of diabetes, which include:

feeling very thirsty

peeing more frequently than usual, particularly at night

feeling very tired

weight loss and loss of muscle bulk

itching around the penis or vagina, or frequent episodes of thrush

blurred vision

Type 1 diabetes can develop quickly over weeks or even days.

Weight loss is common in people with type 1 diabetes when it first develops and before it's treated, but it's less common in people with type 2 diabetes.

Many people have type 2 diabetes for years without realising because the early symptoms tend to be general, or there are no symptoms at all.

Causes of diabetes

The amount of sugar in the blood is controlled by a hormone called insulin, which is produced by the pancreas (a gland behind the stomach).

When food is digested and enters your bloodstream, insulin moves glucose out of the blood and into cells, where it's broken down to produce energy.

However, if you have diabetes, your body is unable to break down glucose into energy. This is because there's either not enough insulin to move the glucose, or the insulin produced does not work properly.

There are no lifestyle changes you can make to lower your risk of type 1 diabetes.

You can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes through healthy eating, regular exercise and achieving a healthy body weight.

You may be more at risk of type 2 diabetes if you:

are living with overweight or obesity

do not have a healthy diet

have a family history of type 2 diabetes

are of Asian, Black African or African Caribbean origin

take certain medicines such as steroids for a long time

have high blood pressure

have had gestational diabetes during pregnancy

Living with diabetes

If you're diagnosed with diabetes, you'll need to eat healthily, take regular exercise and have regular checks including blood tests.

You can use the BMI healthy weight calculator to check whether you're a healthy weight.

Try to quit smoking if you smoke, and cut down on alcohol.

People diagnosed with type 1 diabetes also require regular insulin injections for the rest of their life.

Type 2 diabetes can get worse over time and people living with type 2 diabetes often need medicine, usually in the form of tablets or injections.

However, some people can put their type 2 diabetes into remission by losing weight, where their blood sugar is reduced below the diabetes range. Some people are able to do this through a low-calorie diet, but this is not suitable for everyone, so it's important to get medical advice first.

Read about:

Diabetic eye screening

Everyone with diabetes aged 12 years old or over should be invited to have their eyes screened regularly.

If you have diabetes, your eyes are at risk from diabetic retinopathy, a condition that can lead to sight loss if it's not treated.

Screening, which includes a 30-minute check to examine the back of the eyes, is a way of diagnosing diabetic retinopathy and detecting the condition early where possible so it can be treated more effectively. In many people, this can stop it affecting their vision or reduce the chance of it getting worse.

It's important to see a doctor if you notice any problems with your eyesight. Do not wait for your next screening appointment.

Read more about diabetic eye screening.

Diabetic foot problems

Diabetes can damage the nerves in your feet and cause a loss of feeling. It can also reduce the blood supply to your feet. This means you may not notice if your foot is sore or injured, and foot injuries do not heal as well. This can lead to ulcers and infections, and sometimes amputations can be needed in serious cases.

Adults with diabetes should have their feet checked every year by a healthcare professional.

It's important to see a healthcare professional as soon as possible if you notice any problems with your feet.

You can read more about diabetes and foot problems on the Diabetes UK website.

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Read about the main types of diabetes, a condition that causes a person's blood sugar level to become too high.

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What is the skeletal system?
The skeletal system is your body's central structure. Il consists of bones and connective tissue, including cartilage, tendons and ligaments. It's also called the muscolo-skeletal system.

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The skeletal system has many functions.

Allows movement: Your skeleton supports your body weight.

Produces blood cells.

Protects and supports organs: Your skull shields your brain, your ribs protect your heart and lungs, and your backbone protects your spine.

Stores minerals: Bones hold minerals like calcium and vitamin D.

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To keep your skeletal system strong and healthy, you should:
•get more of vitamin D and calcium in your diet
•drink much water to help keep tissues healthy
•exercise regularly to streng bones and joints

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The hyoid bone has one more peculiarity compared to the other bones of the body, because it is not connected to any other bone, so it appears suspended. This bone is located in the neck.

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Vocabulary

Bone = osso

Cartilage = cartilagine

Tendons = tendini

Ligaments = legamenti

Blood cell = cellula sanguigna

Organ = organi

Mineral = minerale

Vitamin D = vitamina D

Calcium = calcio

Tissue = tessuto

Joint = articolazione

Hyoid bone = osso ioide

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The muscular system is the set of organs that allow the movement of the subject and the flow of substances such as blood and food. In vertebrates the muscular system is made up of two main types of muscles:

➢- Voluntary muscles,  made up of striated muscle tissue, allow the    movement of the subject.

➢- The involuntary muscles, which are instead of a smooth nature.

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The body is made up of 600 muscles and their main functions are:
1) support the skeleton
2) shape the body
3) help the contraction and relaxation of the muscles the body moves
4) protect the internal organs
5) keep up the balance
6) maintain posture

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Muscular Dystrophies are hereditary diseases caused by defects in various genes that lead to loss of function, reduction or absence of proteins necessary for the correct functioning of muscle fibres.

The consequence is a progressive degeneration of muscle tissue and a deficit in muscle strength which has variable extent, distribution and time of onset.

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The most common muscular dystrophy is Duchenne: Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a rare hereditary diseasethat progressively damages the structure of the muscle. The muscles of patients affected by this pathology present degenerative aspects which gradually lead to the loss of normal motor functions.

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1)Internal organs                                                     Organi interni

2.Blood                                                                   Sangue

3.Vertebrates                                                       Vertebrati

4.Voluntary                                                            Volontari

5.Involontari                                                          Non volontari

6.Support                                                               Sostegno

7.Initial position                                                      Posizione iniziale

8.Body                                                                    Corpo

9.Movement                                                             Movimento

10.Relaxation                                                           Rilassamento

11.Contraction                                                        Contrazione

12.Hereditary diseases                                           Malattie ereditarie

13.Genes                                                                 Geni

14.Fibers                                                                Fibre

15.Pathology                                                           Patologia

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Wordwall - Create better lessons quicker

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Quiz - A series of multiple choice questions. Tap the correct answer to proceed.