# data[].attributes.body
-Who
Homer Plessy vs the New Orleans court/presiding judge John H. Ferguson.
-What
A challenge by Homer Plessy against the Separate Car Act.

# data[].attributes.body
-When
1892
-Where
It started in the New Orleans Court, and ended in the Supreme Court.

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-Why
It started when Homer Plessy (1/8th black) was in a white train car and was arrested, so he brought it to court for violating the constitution.
-How
It turned out in the federal approval of segregation, which took almost a century to undo.

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December 1, 1955

Rosa parks just sits down on the bus, people think it bad because she was supposed to give up her seat to a white person. They asked her to get up and she said no. The police arrested her.

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It began in the late 1940's and ended in the late 1960's.
The Birmingham Bus Boycott was a civil rights protest where African Americans refused to ride the city buses in Montgomery, Alabama to pretest segregated seating.

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Movement organized in early 1963 by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to bring attention to the integration efforts of African Americans in Birmingham, Alabama.

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-Why
Because of Racism in Voting. Taking away the rights and power of People of Color, by restricting voting through violence, unfair testing, etc.
-How
Different activism groups got together and organized
non-violent protests against Voter Discrimination.

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-Who
Congress on Racial equality, Klu Klux Klan.

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Summer of 1964 Voter Drive (Freedom Summer)

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Summer of 1964 Voter Drive (Freedom Summer)

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-When/Where
1964, Mississippi.

# data[].attributes.body
-What
Protests against racism in voting. They were violently opposed by the Klu Klux Klan.

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Plessy v. Ferguson, Separate but equal does not work and everything is still separate and unequal.

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5 school segregation cases combined to form Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Cases: Briggs v. Elliot, Davis v. Board of Education of Prince Edward County (VA.), Bolling v. Sharpe, and Gebhart v. Ethel.

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Topeka

City in Kansas
capital city of Kansas

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Head of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, served as chief attorney

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sociological scientist tested and suspected school systems had a tendency to make black children feel inferior to white children, and thus such a system should not be legally permissible.

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end of the Court's 1952-1953 term
rehear the case in December 1953

Chief Justice Fred Vinson died and was replaced by Gov. Earl Warren of California.

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May 17th, Case was heard before the U.S supreme court

The Supreme Court ruled that separating children in public schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional.

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Why is this topic relevant to our unit this term?

It is a example of how racism is being battled against using systems in society.

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How does your topic or topics relate to how and why people use political, government, and social systems to affect change in society that wants to increase equality for all citizens?

This topic uses a political and social system for change by using education as the system that will be changed.

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on May 31, 1955, the Justices handed down a plan for how it was to proceed; desegregation was to proceed with "all deliberate speed."

It was not till years later, that desegregation was truly enforced

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Bloody Sunday

# data[].attributes.body
Marquette Frye was pulled over for drunk driving and was eventually beaten by police causing a week of riots in watts. the national guard was eventually called in.

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Marquette Frye was a man that was pulled over for drunk driving in watts, Los Angeles and after taking a breathalyzer they tried to arrest him, he resisted arrest and was beaten by the police while his mom yelled at them and a crowd was watching.

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in August of 1965, riots broke out in Watts, CA

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50 years on, a look back at the Watts riots

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This topic is relevant because it shows the civil unrest between police and black citizens in Los Angeles around the time that there were protests happening in the southern states. This shows that Martin Luther King's protesting worked well to get the message around that black people were being oppressed.

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My topic relates to how people use political systems to affect change in a society that wants to increase equality because this shows how long our country has been pining for equality and these incidents are still happening after 60 years.

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M.L.K was a civil rights activist, Priest and Baptists

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Non-Violent Protests, fought for equality and for the economically disabled.

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This happened in Birmingham, Alabama, 1950

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M.L.K fought for equality because took inspiration from Gandhi on Nonviolence. Also, he realized the power in Gandhi's approach to standing up to oppression with "truth-force."

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M.L.K started by doing a bus boycott, then he started non-violent protests.

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M.L.K was assassinated by James Earl Ray after his speech in, April 4th, 1968, Memphis, TN he was sentenced 99 years' imprisonment then one year was added after his re-capture for a total of 100 years.

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Everyone knows his because of his actions affected the public's opinion and people began questioning the laws of how African-Americans were treated. The non-violent protests also caught of many people.

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-Civil Rights Movement that started in 1960
-Organized to protest against Segregation
-4 African American students staged a sit in at a segregated lunch counter
-Drinks and food were thrown at them, and they were called many names and racial slurs.

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-4 African American students, David Richmond, Franklin McCain, Ezell Blair Jr. and Joe McNeil.
-4 College students at The Agricultural and Technical College of North Carolina
-"We did not want to set the world on fire, we just wanted to eat."

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1st February 1960: Start of the Greensboro sit-ins to protest segregation

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- Happened between the 1920s and 1930s.
- A time of racism, injustice, and importance
- A time that exalted African culture
- The golden age for African American artists, writers, and musicians alike. Gave them pride and control over how the Black experience was represented in American culture
- Set the stage for the civil rights movement

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- Began in a predominantly upper class white neighborhood in Manhattan called Harlem.
- It was being rapidly overdeveloped which lead to abandoned empty buildings which landlords were desperate to fill
- This lead to the Great Migration. Black families from other neighborhoods began flocking to Harlem. White residents began fighting to keep African Americans out of the area but failed.
- Bigger and bigger groups of African American families began migrating to Harlem which led to the population expanding drastically.

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- 1909  the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was formed. Played crucial role in Harlem Renaissance
- Dubois was a writer and a speaker for the black community during the Harlem Renaissance. He used his powerful words and writing to inspire the African American people to separate from mainly white cities which played a big role in the great migration.

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- Jazz was a big part of the Harlem Renaissance. It drew in not only Harlem residents but white audience as well.
- Louis Armstrong. Nicknamed "Satchmo", "Pops", and "Ambassador Satch"
Came to light in 1920, inspired many musicians.  Charismatic Presence
- Duke Ellington Major figure career spanned more than half a century. Composed thousands of songs
- Billie Holiday, innovative influence on jazz and pop music. Known for vocal delivery, improvisational skills.
- Bessie Smith, jazz and blues singer. Began singing in 1923. Fame lessened by end of 1920s. died in 1937 in car accident at 43

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6 million African Americans migrated to the North from 1916-1970s

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6 million African Americans migrated to the North from 1916-1970s

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Most of the African Americans moved to NY. Harlem became the largest black community in the US-African Americans migrated to Northern states for better rights

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Most of the African Americans moved to NY. Harlem became the largest black community in the US-African Americans migrated to Northern states for better rights

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During the 1910-1920s the black population doubled in Chicago, Detroit and NY

# data[].attributes.subject
During the 1910-1920s the black population doubled in Chicago, Detroit and NY

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African Americans migrated to the North because the North had rights that the South didn't have. One reason was because they had lots of availability for jobs. 

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African Americans migrated to the North because the North had rights that the South didn't have. One reason was because they had lots of availability for jobs. 

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Southern African Americans couldn’t vote, have political jobs, housing and education was bad. White people took the law into their own hands. 

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Southern African Americans couldn’t vote, have political jobs, housing and education was bad. White people took the law into their own hands. 

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Almost 4,000 African Americans were killed by lynching in the South.

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Almost 4,000 African Americans were killed by lynching in the South.

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12 black students. These 12 were Alfred Williams, Alvah Jay McSwain, Anna Theresserr Caswell, Bobby Cain, Gail Ann Epps, Maurice Soles, Minnie Ann Dickey, Regina Turner, Robert Thacker, Ronald Gordon Hayden, William Latham, and Jo Ann Allen.

Threats after transferring

Clinton, Tennessee 1956-1957

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Students, mobs, and KKK

Racial slurs, threats, physical

National guards

6 finished the 1956 school year

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School bombed and destroyed

They desegregated schools

What they impacted

Museum dedicated to them

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Outlawed discriminatory voting practices

The act banned the use of literacy tests. It also allowed the U.S. government to investigate the use of poll taxes in state and local elections.

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- The 1965 Voting Rights Act was signed 95 years after the 15th amendment was ratified on August 6th, 1965
- The 15th Amendment was supposed to give citizens the right to vote no matter what color, race or previous condition of servitude.

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President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act with MLK

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- The Voting Rights Act helped a lot, even though many people still didn't register to vote. Especially in the South.
-  Before the Voting rights act was signed, black citizens were lied to about polling dates and given very lard literacy tests and white polling officers would fail them purposefully even if they got the answers correct.
- It gave African-Americans more legal power to challenge voting restrictions.

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https://youtu.be/Ruznqv1vf2c

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-Civil rights group
-Ella baker
-Martin Luther King Jr.
-James Forman, Bob Moses, and Marion Bary

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-SNCC & Freedom Riders
-C.O.R.E
-Why?(SNCC)
-students in Greensboro, North Carolina

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-Supreme court decision 1961

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Who, what, where, and when (Freedom Riders history)

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Who, what, where, and when (Freedom Riders history)

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The history of Freedom Riders.

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-Group of white and African American activist
-C.O.R.E (Congress of Racial Equality)
- May 12 in hill rock, south Carolina

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On May 2, 1963, more than one thousand African American students attempted to march into downtown Birmingham but hundreds got arrested.

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The next day they tried going back and protesting but the police used fire hoses on them.

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-September 15 1963.
-Birmingham, Alabama
-Bombingham"

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Addie Mae Collins, Cynthia Wesley, Carole Robertson, and Denise McNair

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Addie Mae Collins, Cynthia Wesley, Carole Robertson, and Denise McNair

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-The four girls who were killed
-All 14 except McNair who was 11

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Sarah Collins in a hospital bed after the bombing.

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Sarah Collins in a hospital bed after the bombing.

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-She lost her right eye but survived
-14 others were injured

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Robert E Chambliss. One of the convicted bombers

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Robert E Chambliss. One of the convicted bombers

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-The church was bombed in 1963 but the first trial was held in 1977
-Thomas Blanton and Bobby Frank Cherry in 2001 and 2002

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Terrorist attack by the KKK                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

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Terrorist attack by the KKK                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

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The KKK tried to use violence to suppress black ideas, they just drew more attention to the cause

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Medgar Evers was a civil rights activist who was shot and killed in his own driveway, 2332 Margaret W Alexander Drive, Jackson, MS, United States by Bryan De La Beckwith and only got arrested 30+ years after the murder

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Was a white supremicist who was also part of the Ku Klux Klan. He was from Greenwood mississippi. On June 12 he positioned himself outside Medgars home with a rifle and shot him in the back of the head. On February 5th 1994  he was convicted with first degree murder and life in prison.

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How Medgar Evers effected history was after his death his movement uproared and got thousands of new memebers. The reason why he was killed was because he was causing change and was part of the NAACP.

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He was shot in the head and crawled back into his home to his family this all happend in 1963

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Justice for Medgar Evers Comes 30 Years After His Murder

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Protests leading up to The Civil Rights Act of 1964

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Protests leading up to The Civil Rights Act of 1964

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended segregation in public places and prohibited discrimination of race, color, religion, sex or national origin.

Black people could no longer be denied service because of their race.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 (after the Civil Rights Act) ended literacy tests and other discriminatory voting practices.

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"Title VII prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex and national origin."

https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/title-vii-civil-rights-act-1964

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Lyndon B. Johnson shaking hands with Martin Luther King Jr. after he signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964

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Lyndon B. Johnson shaking hands with Martin Luther King Jr. after he signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964

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How does your topic or topics relate to how and why people use political, government, and social systems to affect change in society that wants to increase equality for all citizens?

This topic relates to how and why people use political, government, and social systems to affect change because the Civil Rights Act prohibited discrimination and segregation. Also, the Voting Rights Act affected change to assure equal voting rights.

Why is this topic relevant to our unit this term?

This topic is relevant to our unit because when similar to now, society and legislation realized that things needed to change, and that was put to use through a law. And some states currently are trying to take away parts of the Civil Rights Act due to attempting to take away voting rights.

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1964: "The Importance of the Civil Rights Act"

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1964: "The Importance of the Civil Rights Act"

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1964: "The Importance of the Civil Rights Act" | PBS LearningMedia

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Learn about the impact of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, often considered one of the most influential laws in U.S. history, in this video from American Experience: "1964." It not only ended segregation in public places, it altered the "southern way of life" and created a new America.

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Huey Newton, Bobby Seale

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Original purpose was to protect residential black areas in Oakland, California

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Open Carry

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Treasurer Bobby Hutton

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the original name of the panther party was the black panther party of self defense

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these are the two people that created the black panther party Huey newton and Bobby seale.

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it was a revolutionary organization of African american people that defended African american neighborhoods

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when it was created and where it was founded

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when it was created and where it was founded

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the party that bobby seale and Huey newton  created was in Oakland California on October,15 1966

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why the black panther party was created 

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why the black panther party was created 

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the reason Huey newton and bobby seale created the black panthers was to protest against racism and and patrol African american neighborhoods to protect them from police brutality

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the black panther party then started to weaponize all African american citizens for self defense against white american police

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the party was first inspired by Malcolm x and stockily Carmichael when bobby and Huey where still in college both stockily and Malcolm where both black nationalist leaders.

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- Born July 25, 1941
- 14 Years old
- Born Chicago, Illinois
- African American