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March 7, 1936: The Militarization of the Rhineland

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March 7, 1936: The Militarization of the Rhineland

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The Rhineland was located in Western Germany, and bordered France. Hitler militarized the Rhineland by sending over 20,000 military troops. This was a violation of the Treaty of Versailles, which claimed that the Rhineland was to be demilitarized. Hitler claimed to be reacting to a French-Soviet military agreement by violating the Treaty. The French and British opposed the militarization of the Rhineland, but did not react to the violation in a significant way. Due to the lack of standing against Hitler, he continued to make aggressive demands and actions, because he was aware that his adversaries were not fond of starting a war.

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Sept. 30, 1938: Chamberlain's Policy of Appeasement 

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Sept. 30, 1938: Chamberlain's Policy of Appeasement 

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"Appeasement" is defined as giving into aggresive demands to maintain peace. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain appeased to Hitler's aggression by giving him the Sudetenland, in return for no further demands. Chamberlain had allowed Hitler to take the Sudetenland, due to the increase of Hitler's aggressive demands. Chamberlain believed that the likeliness of war would diminish, and Hitler would halt his aggressive demands. Instead, Hitler didn't cease his aggression, and his demands progressively intensified.

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A Midwife at Auschwitz delivered 3,000 babies.

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The Non-Agression pact was an agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union. In the pact, Hitler and Stalin agreed not to attack one another, which allowed German aggression to sustain from threats of interference from the Soviets. Additionally, the pact included the Soviet Union's and Germany's right to take land in Eastern Europe, and divide Poland. The British and the French were appalled at the pact, and it made the British and French come to a realization that Hitler's acts can only be stopped by force.

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Germany's invasion of Poland marked the beginning of WWII. In Germany's invasion, the usage of the new tactic, Blitzkreig, was introduced. Germany used air attacks to damage defenses and instigate panic and chaos. Other military weapons, such as tanks and infantry, broke through barriers and swept Poland. The massive attack on Poland left Poland soldiers defenseless in stopping the Germans. In response to the devasting invasion on Poland, Great Britain and France, who were allies of Poland, declared war on Germany.

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German forces moved through the Ardennes forest to defeat  Allied forces. French leaders believed that the Germans were incapable of passing through the Ardennes forest, which resulted in the minimal use of resistance. This made it easy for Germans to break through the defense, and continue onward to the French coast. German forces moved the Allied forces into Dunkirk, which was a trap to capture hundreds of thousands of Allied soldiers. Operation Dynamo was used to rescue the Allied troops by ship at Dunkirk. Over 300,000 soldiers were saved, and were taken to Great Britain. Although the histroic rescue at Dunkirk was successful, trouble prevailed in France.

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Who appeased to Hitler's aggressive demands?
a. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
b. Joseph Stalin

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June 22, 1940: France surrenders to Germany:

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June 22, 1940: France surrenders to Germany:

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Germany was able to march to Paris, due to the low resistance. Due to this, France surrendered to Germany. The majority of France was occupied by Germany, which resulted in French officials that collaborated with Hitler being put in control of occupied France. The controlled area of France became known as Vichy, France. Although France had surrendered, some of the French tried to break France away from its situation, by French leaders escaping to Great Britain and organizing a resistance to Hitler's control, and by other French fighters fighting for freedom within France. Even though people fought for their country to be liberated, it did not occur until years later.

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July 10 - Oct. 31, 1940: Battle of Britain

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July 10 - Oct. 31, 1940: Battle of Britain

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Due to Hitler's goal of destroying Britain, he sent thousands of aircraft to attack British targets by flying them over the English Channel. Great Britain's defenses were enhanced, because of the usage of the new technology, radar. Due to the advancement of Britain's defenses, Hitler's plan of destroying the British Royal Air Force was ruined. Although Germany was not dominant in the battle, it didn't stop them. The London Blitz occured, and it involved German planes bombing London and other British civilian areas, which killed thousands of civilians, and demolished parts of London and other cities. The goal of bombing British civilians was to incite fear in civilians, and break their determination to defeat the Germans. The Germans were defeated more frequently, amid all of the damage that had occured in British cities. Then, Hitler was forced to step down from his goal of invading Britain. The east would be Hitler's next victim to target.

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Prior to the Siege of Leningrad, Hitler broke the Non-Aggression pact with the Soviet Union, by sending an estimated amount of 3 million German soldiers into the Soviet Union. The Germans planned to seize Leningrad, but did not succeed, because of the harsh winter that occured. The failure in Hitler's plan caused him to order a siege on Leningrad. "Siege" is defined as military blockade that is designed to force a city to surrender. The devastating siege lasted for about 900 days. The harsh winter and the siege was extremely crucial to the civilians of Leningrad, which caused the loss of 1 million lives.

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The attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, the American naval base, shocked Americans. Hideki Tojo, the Japanese General was in charge of the attack. The attack lasted for only two hours, but caused thousands of lives to be lost, and severe damage. The effects of the attack on Pearl Harbor included 2,400 American deaths, the wreakage of about 200 aircrafts, and the sinking and damage of 8 battleships at the harbor. The aftermath of the attack caused America to abandon isolationism from WWII, which led to America declaring war on Japan the day after the tragic attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

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Feb. 19, 1942: Japanese Internment Camps 

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Feb. 19, 1942: Japanese Internment Camps 

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Due to the attack on Pearl Harbor, American government officials and other Americans were concerned that German, Italian, and Japanese descents would aid the Axis powers in defeating the Allies. In result of this assumption, some German and Italian Americans faced restrictions, but Japanese Americans suffered the most. Over 100,000 Japanese Americans on the West Coast were evicted from their homes, and sent to internment camps. The conditions in the internment camps were crowded, due to four to five families living in barracks, eating in common places, and sharing bathrooms with multiple families. The Japanese Americans were forced to live in such uncomfortable conditions for three years or more, until WWII ended. The majority of the Japanese descents that were sent to internment camps were American citizens, but the American government did not change their assumptions about the Japanese Americans. Internment camps slowly began to close when the war came to an end. All Japanese internment camps officially closed in 1946.

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Executive Order 9066 - Japanese American Incarceration

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General Douglas MacArthur led a small group of American soldiers and poorly equipped Filipino soldiers to fight in the Phillipines. They surrendered because of the unfortunate circumstances of the troop, at the Bataan Peninsula in April 1942. The defeated troops faced the Bataan Death March, in which 70,000 prisoners were forced by the Japanese to march to a remote prison. About 10,000 Filipino soldiers and 600 American soldiers were killed, due to lack of food and water, heat, and violence from their captors. Thousands of more prisoner deaths occured in the camp where some troops were imprisoned.

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Japan's goal in the Battle of Midway was to capture the island of Midway, which was an important American military base. The Japanese troops were superior over the American troops on the amount of ships and aircraft carriers they could bring, but the Japanese code was broken by America. Due to this, the U.S. knew the information of the next attack, such as the location and date. This resulted in the Allies switching to the offensive side, rather than staying on the defense in the battle.

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Due to their advantage in the Battle of Midway, the Allies began a new strategy called island hopping. Island hopping consisted of skipping over powerful Japanese targets, and aiming for weaker targets. The bases for upcoming attacks were the weaker targets. The Allies were capable of moving closer to Japan by using the island hopping strategy.

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The Battle of Stalingrad was one of the most violent battles of WWII. The Germans fought ruthlessly, by bombing the city to rubble, and killing those who survived. Joseph Stalingrad did not want his city to become defeated, since it was named in his honor, which led for more violence to occur to fight endlessly for the city. Approximately tens of thousands of people died in the early phase of the battle. Later, in November 1942, the Soviets became superior in the battle, and surrounded 250,000 men in the Axis powers. Inspite of the Axis' defeat, Hitler demanded the troops to persist to fight, but the soldiers would become severely defeated by hunger, coldness, and attacks from the enemy. The Axis powers became more desperate for liberation from the Soviets, but Hitler did not fulfill their needs. The Battle of Stalingrad would result in 90,000 Axis soldiers becoming prisoners of war in Soviet camps, where many soldeirs would perish. At least 500,000 died in the Axis powers, and between 500,000 and 1 million Soviet soldiers perished. The battle caused the Axis to retreat to the West. The Battle of Stalingrad would create a positive turning point in the war for the Allies.

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Only 20% of the males born in the Soviet Union in 1923 survived WWII.

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Erwin Rommel, the German general of the Afrika Korps pushed British troops away from Libya to Egypt, which was where the battle took place. Supplies were limited in the Afrika Korps, which made them less successful. The British were victorious in the battle, because they used the Korps' limitation of supplies to their advantage, and won the battle by using private German codes to gain information. The Axis powers that were located in North Africa became inferior, because of the weakness that was put upon them in result of the outcome of the Battle of El Alamein.

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American General, Dwight D. Eisenhower led the American and British force in Operation Torch, in North Africa. The Allied Force was capable of creating strongholds of Allied troops in the east and west, which was a disadvantage to the Afrika Korps. The Axis Forces surrendered in May 1943, because they became trapped after many battles. This resulted in about 250,000 Axis soldiers being captured, and the Allied Powers gaining control of North Africa.

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Allied forces invaded France. The Allies were successful on the first day, because over 150,000 soldiers landed on Normandy beaches, and broke through powerful German defenses. The casualties of D-Day were extreme, but it ended in great success for the Allied forces. It was a victory for the Allies, because they reconquered the majority of France swiftly. This resulted in the Germans surrendering Paris at the end of August.

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What was one of the most violent battles of WWII?
a. Operation Torch
b. Battle of Stalingrad

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Kamikazes were first used in a battle in the Phillipines, which was the Battle of Letye Gulf. Kamikazes involved Japanese pilots loading their planes with explosives to purposefully crash into Allied ships to harm and kill Allied soldiers. The usage of Kamikazes caused Axis troops to risk their own lives in fighting against the Allies. Although Kamikazes were used in this battle, Allies reigned victorious and took control of the Phillipines. The Axis Forces were unfortunate, because Japan's navy was destroyed.

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The Yalta Conference was held in Soviet Union territory. FDR, Chruchill, and Stalin had difficulties concurring on plans for peace after the war ends. At first, the presidents' goal was to agree on what to do with postwar Europe. Although the presidents of Allied countries had difficulties concurring, they agreed on how to govern Germany, which was to be conquered soon. FDR and Churchill agreed with Stalin's plan of keeping territory that was a part of Poland. By keeping territory that was a part of Poland, Stalin had to respect the democracy of Eastern European counries his troops were stationed at.

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Feb. 19 - March 26, 1945: Battle of Iwo Jima

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Feb. 19 - March 26, 1945: Battle of Iwo Jima

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The Battle of Iwo Jima was violent, and resulted in thousands of deaths in the span of a month. 7,000 Americans died by trying to capture Iwo Jima. Out of aproximately 20,000 Japanese troops, only 1,000 survived, because most of them fought to the death to defend the tiny island. After this battle, the Americans' next target was Okinawa.

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March 26 - July 2, 1945: Battle of Okinawa

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March 26 - July 2, 1945: Battle of Okinawa

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The Battle of Okinawa was one of the bloodiest battles in WWII. In the span of three months, about 12,000 American lives were lost, and about 100,000 Japanese defenders lost their lives. The high casualties of the Battle of Okinawa were rooted from the usage of Kamikazes, rainy weather, and violent fighting on air, sea, and land. Ultimately, the Allies won the Battle of Okinawa. The Allies' next target would be to invade Japan, but the Allies did not fulfill this goal.

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April - June, 1945: Forming of the United Nations

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April - June, 1945: Forming of the United Nations

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The United Nations was a world organization that was proposed by the Allies. In comparison to the League of Nations, the United Nations' purpose was to encourage international cooperation and prevent future wars. FDR convinced Stalin to join the United Nations, and Joseph Stalin eventually joined. The United Nations' security council was made up of the U.S., Great Britiain, France, China, and the Soviet Union. The nations that were a part of the UN security council acquired more power than the other nations that were members of UN.

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Due to the Allies crossing the Rhine River, the Soviets were capable of reaching Berlin. Once they did, the Soviets found Hitler's body near his Berlin bunker. Adolf Hitler had committed suicide. Due to the death of the Nazi's leader, Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945. May 8, 1945, was declared Victory in Europe Day, because the European war was officially over.

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The U.S., China, the Soviet Union, France, and Great Britian were a part of the UN security council.
a. False
b. True

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America did not fulfill its goal of invading Japan, because up to 1 million Allied troops' lives would be lost in the event of an invasion, according to an estimation. American leaders considered dropping the atomic bomb on Japanese cities as an alternative, in order to end the war quickly. The decision of whether to abandon the idea of dropping the atomic bomb, or following through with the plan was a difficult decision for President Harry Truman to face. His advisers showed support for dropping the atomic bomb, claiming that the atomic bomb would bring WWII to a quick end and save American lives. The Allies sent a demand for Japan's surrender on July 26, 1945, but Japan did not respond. Eventually, Truman decided to drop the atomic bomb, which resulted in severe damage in the Japanese cities. The first atomic bomb killed over 70,000 people instantly, but Japan resisted from surrendering.

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Due to the absence of Japan's surrender to the Allies, another atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, just a few days after the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. An additional 40,000 people lost their lives. The atomic bombing of the Japanese cities would cause tens of thousands of victims to die from radiation poisoning. After the bombing of Nagasaki, Japan surrendered.

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The defeat of Japan was announced by the Japanese emperor, Hirohito. The announcement of Japan's surrender was made by Hirohito on the radio. In his radio address, he cited that the enemy's "new and most cruel bomb" was a factor in Japan's surrender. The surrender of the Japan declared the official end of WWII. The day of the announcement of Japan's surrender was known as V-J Day, which stands for Victory in Japan Day.

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https://www.ohiohistory.org/learn/education/resource-roundup/march-2017/hitler-reoccupies-the-rhineland

https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/britain-and-france-declare-war-on-germany#:~:text=On%20September%203%2C%201939%2C%20in,nation%20declare%20war%20on%20Germany.

https://calisphere.org/exhibitions/essay/8/relocation/

https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/japanese-relocation

https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/battle-of-okinawa

https://www.businessinsider.com/21-rare-and-weird-facts-about-world-war-2-2015-8

https://bestlifeonline.com/world-war-2-facts/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-iVxs2xuYc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K9xk9GaV0NE