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MLA: Rothstein, Richard. , "State-Sanctioned Violence", Chapter 9 "The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated AmericaNew York; London, Liveright Publishing Corporation, A Division of W. W. Norton & Company 2017.

Summary: The Color of Law, is a book that tells you the truth about everything you've ever thought of when it comes to racism and segregation in America. It covers mostly about the involvement of federal and private agencies that helped worsen segregation and created the slums and separation we see today.

How am i going to use this: I plan on focusing on Chapter 9 "State-Sanctioned Violence" Out of all the topics in the book, this chapter covers more about the violence that the authorities could have prevented but didn't, I think this would be a good base and a good material for a body paragraph.

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 "How can we enhance police accountability in the United States?"

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 "How can we enhance police accountability in the United States?"

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MLA: Rashawn Ray, "How can we enhance police accountability in the United States", Brookings.edu August 25,2020
https://www.brookings.edu/policy2020/votervital/how-can-we-enhance-police-accountability-in-the-united-states/
Summary: This Article talks about the recent events that claimed the lives of multiple African American citizens, following the question why are police more likely to get away with misconduct and why does it take so long for offices to be charged adding the question that i think is the most important, Why are bad-acting "bad apple" cops allowed to stick around?, The author proposes that restructuring civilian payouts from taking it out of the tax payer's money to letting police department insurance policies handle the payout. Second is to not allow officers who had committed misconduct during duty to have the license revoked and denied chances to become a police office again.
How am i going to use this: I plan to use this article as another one of the possible solutions or at-least a comparison from other articles and academic journals i've seen that had solutions to police brutality in it.

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MLA: Wikipedia "Police brutality in the United States", Wikipedia.com
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality_in_the_United_States
Summary: This wikipedia page covers every event, theories and solutions of police brutality and its practices in America, it covers the time Slave patrols were created to the present, it talks about the actions of the police towards the citizens, famously the Rodney King incident and the following laws made to make sure this never happens again. or so they thought.
How am i going to use this: I plan to use this wiki page to be able to navigate my way through time, since it has a collection of detailed incidents and policies that should help me better paint a picture on my argumentative essay.

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"What the data say about police brutality and racial bias- and which reforms might work".

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"What the data say about police brutality and racial bias- and which reforms might work".

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MLA: Lynne Peeples, "What the data say about police brutality and racial bias- and which reforms might work", Nature.com, News Feature.
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01846-z
Summary: This News Article talks about some of the ways we could help reduce racism in this country, especially the use of unnecessary force to apprehend commonly African Americans and other minorities. This article also mentions the problem that might arouse finding a solution, Peeples is saying that without enough evidence to support the policies that can remedy this problem, leaders might miss the opportunity to support it. The need for data about the use of excessive force by the police is a very important key to reforming the way we police in this country.
How am i going to use this: I plan to use this article as one of the sources for solutions in my essay, it has very valid concerns that i think would help me gather enough to get to my point.

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"Racism and Police Brutality in America"

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"Racism and Police Brutality in America"

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MLA: Chaney C, Robertson R. Racism and police Brutality in America. Journal of African American Studies 2013.
Abstract: What, if any, changes have occurred in the nation's police departments 21 years after the Rodney King beatings? To answer these question, this study examined findings provided by the National Police Misconduct Statistics and Reporting Project (NPMSRP). An Additional goal of this study was to examine how the public generally perceive police and how race and racism shape this discourse. To answer this secondary question, we examined narratives provided by 36 contributors to the NPMSRP site. The following two questions were foundational to this study (1) What do findings from the NPMSRT suggest about the rate of police brutality in America? (2) How do individuals perceive the police department, and what implication do these perceptions hold for black men in America? In general, fatalities at the hand so police are higher than they are for the general public. Grounded theory analysis of the data revealed that individuals perceive members of law enforcement in the following ways: (a) Contempt for law enforcement, (b) suspicion of law enforcement, (c) Law enforcement as agents of brutality, and (d) respect for law enforcement. Supporting qualitative data are presented in connection with each of the aforementioned themes.
Summary: This Academic Journals entails the study to determine and explore the ideas regarding law enforcement by devoting attention to the numbers. Urging that US Department of Justice should be on alert and vigilant in enforcing the law and the administration of justice for the victims, usually the topic is all about NPMSRP's narrative data to capture the extent and structure of assessments of law enforcement.
How am i going to use this: I plan to use this academic journal as my evidence to support my issue and further elaborate just how much injustice was going on.

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What is the Correlation and Effect of Segregation to Over-Policing and how do we fix it?

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What is the Correlation and Effect of Segregation to Over-Policing and how do we fix it?

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White America still argues that segregation and racism did not start with the authorities nor was it their fault, i say thats entirely not true, Police and authorities has a role to play in segregation and racism in America, but the question is how much?

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"Possible Remedies"
In this chapter Rothstein elaborates ways to fixing a nation permanently but discloses that this would be close to impossible, and he lists reason on why "Many of our serious national problems either originated with residential segregation or have become intractable because of it". (Rothstein Ch12)
To summarize the whole chapter i find that this sentence captures it all "Our focus can be only to develop policies that promote an integrated society, understanding that it will be impossible to fully untangle the web of inequality that we've woven",
Key Terms:
-"Fair Share Act" (Rothstein Ch12)
- "Neighborhood Segregation" (Rothstein Ch12)

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"How can we Fix it"
This chapter talks about the possible ways and effects of systematic segregation in the country. Starting by talking about ending dejure segregation and residential segregation a task that seems impossible, saying that we could all use the same utilities white Americans have deprived the African Americans of this country for so long and still make a transition to integration. The chapter also touches on how to fix school segregation, stating that desegregating schools does not need to undo the previous practices of discrimination but to only practice integration from here on. Adding the reduction of discriminatory barriers in the labor market and segregation's effect on intergenerational wealth.
Key Terms:
- Equal Opportunity Society (Rothstein ch 11)
-  Section 8 voucher (Rothstein Ch11)
- Gentrification (Rothstein Ch 11)
- De-Unionization (Rothstein ch11)
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"The policy that keeps on forbidding"
Here Rothstein talks about the government and the agencies's specific policy to at least somewhat segregate by keeping African American workers from accumulating wealth. First many local governments "taxed African Americans more heavily than whites", ( Rothstein qtd. Ch10) resulting in smaller incomes and lesser savings, denying african american families the opportunity to gain wealth  and contribute. Second is the denial of the congress to give African Americans free access to free labor, Promotion and getting paid less than their white co workers, most times  required to follow union agency contracts to be able to work. To become a member of the union a company has to agree to a  NLRB contract that states they cannot hire African Americans without NLRB certified agreement.

Key Terms:
-    Legally Empowering Unions(Rothstein 10)
-National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) (Rothstein Ch10)
-FHA  (Federal Housing Administration) (Rothstein Ch10)

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"Permitted Violence"
Here tells a tale of the time where white Americans ran out of ideas to keep African Americans in segregated neighborhoods so they resorted to using violence as a means to drive away "unwanted neighbors" a type of violence condoned and promoted by public officials and fellow neighbors, where they would start a riot at a sight of an African American moving into a white neighborhood, even turning a blind eye when harassment turns into murder.
Key Terms:
- Jim Crow Laws (Rothstein Ch9)
- Interracial Violence (Rothstein Ch9)
-  Sedition (Rothstein Ch9)
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"Segregation Tactics"
This chapter covers tactics used by government and private agencies to combat integrated housing project. Starting with the deliberate manipulation of the law to Condemn and change zoning designations to prevent African American from building. The use of Highway construction as a way to eliminate slums and blighted areas and the relocation of schools as the master plan to create an incentive to draw African American families to a location they chose they should reside.

Key Terms:
-   American Friends Service Committee(AFSC) (Rothstein ch 8)
- Elimination of slums and blighted areas (Rothstein ch 8)
- Urban renewal programs (Rothstein ch8)

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"Subprime Loans, more like Subliminal racial discrimination"
This chapter talks about the direct effect of IRS's and non profit organization's actions to maintain a racially exclusive neighborhoods. Around the time of racial zoning, when private real estate agencies and mortgages companies created Redlining. Church, Universities, Insurance companies, Banks and thrifts' involvement and leadership towards-maintaining neighborhood segregation was a common occurrence, so often and also unconstitutional was ignored by the IRS.The IRS's willingness to grant tax exempt status to groups that promoted residential segregation was unchecked for a while, and the compound effect of such neglect had left African Americans no where to go with no penny in their pockets. The act of going to court to evict an African American family in a white neighborhood, resulted in overcrowding in lower class neighborhoods, and mortgages companies discriminating policy towards lending to "colored people"  led to them heading for the bank which took advantage of them by offering subprime loans with toxic contract conditions making repayment difficult, again leaving them with nothing.

Key Terms:
- IRS(Internal Revenue Service)               (Rothstein ch 7)
- Brown v. Board of Education (Rothstein ch 7)
- Slum Clearance (Rothstein ch7)
-  Subprime Mortgages(Rothstein ch7)
- Reverse Redlining (ROthstein Ch 7)
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"White flight"
1942 decision by the federal court that determined excluding African Americans by restrictive covenants would decrease property values, because African Americans are more willing to pay a higher price.
A statistical Study by the Appraisal Journal contradicts the FHA's assumption that "African American families presence in a white neighborhood would deteriorate property value". (Ch6 qtd. Rothstein) These were ignored by the FHA and continued their policy for about a decade. Instead, they created the Block busting scheme, a scheme in which agents would scare white homeowners into selling their house, painting  the move of African American families in the neighborhood as a sign of deteriorating property value,; buying at a lower price and selling it to African American families who are willing to pay more because of the inability to obtain mortgages black homeowners would have to accept tenants resulting in Overcrowding. The FHA made sure that "African Americans had few alternative neighborhoods where they could purchase homes at a fair price" (Rothstein ch6)

Key Terms:
-Appraisal Journal ( Rothstein Ch6)
-Blockbusting ( Rothstein Ch6)
- Ghetto (Rothstein ch6)
-Overcrowding(Rothstein ch6)
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"A Gentlemen's Agreement inside a covenant"
Trending as early as the 19th century a private agreement between the builders and property owners agreed to create a deed between the buyer. a Restrictive Covenant, that has lists of required obligation a purchaser must do in order to acquire the property and one of those obligations is to promises never to sell or rent to African Americans. Rothstein writes"Government at all levels became involved in promoting and enforcing the restrictive covenant". (Rothstein ch 5 )
Key words:
- Racial Exclusion (Rothstein ch5)
-  Restrictive Covenant (Rothstein ch5)
- Shelly v. Kraemer(Rothstein ch5)
-  Gentlemen's Agreement(Rothstein Ch5)
-  Fair housing Act(Rothstein Ch5)

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"Own Your Own Home"
The theme of this chapter is preventing and solving threatening future integration.
As a precaution to the fear of the 1917 Russian revolution,  the government wanted as many white Americans as possible to own their own home consequently creating a restricted residential districts, and with The New Deal a color coded maps of areas in the nation, depicting where African Americans live and whites, while preventing future integration. "Government and private industry came together to create a system of residential segregation"(Rothstein CH 4)

Key words:
-Exclusionary Zoning Ordinance(Rothstein Ch4)
-The Better Homes Manual(Rothstein Ch4)
- Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC)(Rothstein ch 4)
- Underwriting Manual(Rothstein ch 4)
-Federal Housing Administration(FHA)(Rothstein ch 4)

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"Racial zoning"
the theme of the chapter is Economic Zoning, this chapter tells the story of the word injustice, right after the civil war when reconstruction has come to an end, the subjugation of African American has been renewed in the south, and segregation ordinance has been created and applied usually by designating zones where the blacks and the whites would live. Seems the main priority of the government and the agencies is to prevent the intermingling of blacks into white neighborhoods,  and how to keep lower-income African Americans from living near middle-class whites and  middle class African Americans from buying a home in a middle-class neighborhood.
Key words:
-Jim Crow laws. (Rothstein Ch 3)
-Reconstruction. (Rothstein Ch3)
- Red Shirts. (Rothstein ch 3)
- Black Inferiority. (Rothstein ch3)
- Buchanan v. Warley. (Rothstein ch3)
- Zoning ordinance (Rothstein ch3)
- Single-Family Neighborhood(Rothstein ch3)

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"Public housing policy" (Black ghettos)
- This chapter entails the beginning of housing development and their policies in response to the rapidly growing population of areas like shipyards and other war industries. It discusses the openly displayed racism in every sector of living, and inequality of opportunity.

Key terms:
-Public housing(Rothstein ch2)
- War guest(Rothstein ch2)
- FHA( Federal Housing Administration)(Rothstein ch2)
-Blockbusting(Rothstein ch2)

- Urban Ghetto (Rothstein ch2)
- The New Deal Program 1933 (Rothstein ch2)
- Racially homogenous Community(Rothstein ch2)

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Jim Crow Laws and Racial Segregation in America | The Civil Rights Movement