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Valves: Know A to Z for making an efficient piping system

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Valves: Know A to Z for making an efficient piping system

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A well-designed piping system needs different types of valves and pipe fittings. They synchronize the flow of fluid within the plumbing system. One can either operate them manually or with the help of an actuator that modifies and controls the opening.

Since valves contribute to a considerable percentage of a predominantly successful piping system, it remains important for builders, engineers, architects, and other professionals to select them carefully.

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A well-designed piping system needs different types of valves and pipe fittings. They synchronize the flow of fluid within the plumbing system. One can either operate a valve manually or with the help of an actuator that modifies and controls the valve opening.

Since valves contribute to a considerable percentage of a predominantly successful piping system, it remains important for builders, engineers, architects, and other professionals to select them carefully.

It remains vital that the professionals have the knowledge of all types of valves and the dawn of any new designs. Thorough knowledge of the operation, classification, and functions of valves are equally important since the success of the piping system is entirely dependent on it.

We have put together this guide to help you narrow down your search and provide insights on the basics of valves along with their types and classifications.

In this article, you'll find a detailed overview of:-1. Meaning of valves 2. Functions of valves 3. Classification of valves

a) On the basis of function

b) On the basis of application or service

c) On the basis of motion

d) On the basis of port size

e) On the basis of valve actuator
4. Types of valves
a) Ball valve

b) Butterfly valve

c) Gate valve

d) Globe valve

e) Check valve

f) Plug valve

g) Needle valve

h) Pinch valve

i) Pressure relief valve
5. Valve end connections
a) Threaded or screwed

b) Flanged

c) Butt welded

d) Socket welded
6. Common valve materials

These mechanical gadgets called valves regulate the flow and pressure of a fluid within a piping system. Just like pipe fittings, these are also an essential component of a piping system. These direct and control the flow of liquids, gases, vapors, slurries, etc. from one point to another, shut off water access, and adjust the pressure within a system.

Installed in all types of piping systems, valves remain responsible for performing the following functions:-

Isolation of fluid when required

Regulation of water or fluid

Non-return or prevention of fluid backflow

Special purpose like regulation as well as isolation of fluid flow

Valves find their usage all around the entire household and industrial plumbing sector. Employed to alter the flow of water, regulate the flow, prevent backflow, or block out the flow in case of an emergency, valves are a key element of any efficient piping system. These devices are available in a huge variety of styles, each of which has a distinctive design and serves a specific purpose.

Although each type of valve performs a particular purpose, there are many functions that remain common. Some of the most important functions of valves are:-

1. A valve is used to stop and start a fluid flow. Depending on whether a valve is open or closed, it allows the fluid to flow or halts it.

2. Some valves let you throttle the fluid depending upon the open percentage of the total opening. Lesser the opening, the higher the throttling, and vice-versa.

3. Valves also control the direction of fluid flow. The multiport valve lets you decide the way of the fluid.

4. Some of the automatic control valves maintain the flow and pressure within the system by adjusting, opening, and closing. They are responsible for regulating the flow or pressure within the piping system.

5. Pressure and vacuum relief valves safeguard the system from overpressure and during vacuum conditions by relieving pressure or vacuum from the piping system and equipment.

a) On the basis of function

Depending upon the design and functions of handling fluids, valves can be of three types, namely:-

These are also popularly known as block valves or shut-off valves. As the name suggests, an on/off valve starts or stops the fluid flow. It basically imitates an electrical switch but for fluids. It is a device that allows unrestricted flow or prohibits it altogether.

Mostly manually operated, on/off valves can be automated with the help of an actuator. These are typically used in areas where there is an immediate need to stop the flow including safety management systems in case of emergencies.

The most common on/off valves are gate, plug, ball, and pressure-relief valves.

(ii) Non-return valve

A non-return valve permits the fluid flow in one particular direction only. It restricts the flow in the opposite direction.

Non-return valves remain employed in a piping system to prevent any type of fluid backflow which would, in turn, damage the system. In addition, we mostly use these valves in pumps and compressors when they are shut down. Non-return valves are also used in process systems having varying pressures.

We know these valves by different names, including reflux valve, retention valve, foot valve, and one-way valve.

All check valves fall under the category of non-return valves.

(iii) Throttling body valve

A throttling valve is used to manage the flow, temperature, or pressure of the fluid. These valves can move to full-open and full-closed positions and hold that position. Therefore, they have the capability to function as an on/off valve as well.

These valves have in-built actuators that provide automatic control. Certain throttling valves are also designed with a hand-operated manual handwheel. However, manually operated throttling valves are not as accurate as the ones equipped with a valve actuator.

Pressure regulating and control valves fall under the category of throttling valves as they maintain constant pressure downstream and vary the flow conditions respectively.

b) On the basis of application or service

(i) General service

A general service valve is ideally designed keeping in mind the non-severe flow of fluids. These usually find their applications in places that have low to moderate pressure and temperature ratings. The optimal pressure rating shall be between class 150 to 600 and temperature rating between -50 to 350 degrees Celsius.

Commonly made out of carbon steel or stainless steel, general service valves have a flexible design that allows them to be used in a wider range of applications.

(ii) Special service

A special service valve is customized for a single application. It is an engineered product designed to function under specific conditions and parameters suiting a particular project.

Moreover, these valves can withstand very high temperatures, high pressure, and a corrosive medium.

(iii) Severe service

A severe service valve is nothing but a special service valve having unique attributes. These valves can handle extremely severe process applications, like high-pressure drops resulting in severe cavitation, flashing, choked flow, or high noise levels.

Along with the highly engineered body, severe service valves have actuation control for automatic operations.

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(i) Linear motion

Linear motion valves are designed with a closure element that moves in a straight line. It further regulates the fluid flow by starting, stopping, or throttling it.

The closure device used in a linear motion valve can either be a disc or any flexible material. Although slower in operations, these valves showcase a higher level of accuracy and stability.

Linear valves are fairly easy to maintain and are available in various sizes, pressure classes, and design alternatives. Although more expensive, these valves are more resistant to cavitation as compared to rotary valves.

Some of the linear motion valves are gate valves, globe valves, pinch valves, etc.

(ii) Rotary motion

A rotary motion valve uses a closure element that rotates through a quarter turn to open or close the flow. Rotary valves are usually smaller in size and weigh less than linear motion valves.

Image Source: hardhatengineer.com

It should be noted that rotary valves are limited to certain pressure drops and are known to have cavitation and flashing problems. However, as technology continues to advance, these problems are becoming less common.

A ball valve, butterfly valve, plug valve, etc. belongs to the rotary motion valves category.

d) On the basis of port size

The ports of the valves are the connections that carry the fluid into the valve and away from it.

(i) Full port

A full port valve refers to the bore of the valve having no restrictions in the piping.

It has a closure element that allows the fluid to flow freely and does not restrict the flow at all. This is possible because the internal flow passageways are large enough to pass the flow without any significant restriction.

(ii) Reduced port

A reduced port or a standard port valve causes a restriction in the flow.

It has a closure element that restricts the flow. The flow area, in this case, is less than the inside diameter of the pipeline. This restriction allows the valve to take a pressure drop as flow moves through the closure element, allowing a partial pressure recovery.

e) On the basis of valve actuator

A valve actuator is a mechanical device used to operate a valve.

(i) Manual

These valves are operated manually and use handwheels, levers, chains, or gear wheels to actuate.

(ii) Actuated

These valves remain connected to an external power source like an electric motor, air/pneumatic system, hydraulic system, or solenoid that allows valve operations from the control room.

These valves activate when the system fulfills a specific flow condition. Automatic valves usually prevent backflow or over-pressure of the system.

Different types of valves have several models, each with distinct characteristics and functional capacities. Some valves are self-operated while others use an actuator.

Therefore, depending upon the operations, valves come in the following types:-

Ordinarily, a ball valve offers maximum longevity among all valve types. It is a rotary motion valve using the quarter-turn technique. Not prone to leakage or any kind of failure, ball valves utilize a ball-shaped disc to start or stop the fluid flow.

The majority of the ball valves are quick in operations, low maintenance, and compactly designed. Offering greater reliability, ball valves are smaller and lighter as compared to a gate valve of the same size.

These, certainly, are considered the most popular valve due to their extensive range of applications and ease of operations. However, these should only be used to open and close fluid passages. They are not suitable for throttling fluid flow.

A ball valve can withstand high pressure without being damaged. Unlike other valves, these valves do not need lubrication or replacement used in the right manner.

Commonly used in residential and industrial applications, a ball valve is of the following types:-

A butterfly valve is used to isolate and regulate fluid flow. It is yet another popular shut-off valve with a quarter-turn rotary motion valve. It has a rotating disc at the center of its short circular body.

Having a compact and lightweight design, a butterfly valve is used to stop, control, and start the flow. It is considered suitable for large valve applications and can be used to throttle fluids.

However, throttling fluids using butterfly valves for extended periods of time is not advisable. This is because continuous exposure to running water can potentially erode the disc and weaken the watertight seal of the valve.

Mostly found in household plumbing and industrial plumbing, this valve type is manually operated, takes up minimal space, and costs lesser than other valves serving a similar purpose.

The most common types of butterfly valves are:-

Flanged ends butterfly valve

Wafer ends butterfly valve

Lug ends butterfly valve

Butt welded butterfly valve

Zero offset butterfly valve

Double offset butterfly valve

Triple offset butterfly valve

A gate valve is a linear motion valve and the most common type as well. These are used to start or shut off fluid flow when in a fully closed or fully open position.

It consists of a gate-like disc that is actuated by a handwheel. In the closed position, the disc is responsible for shutting off the flow.

Gate valves are used in almost all types of fluid applications and provide good and tight shutoff. Widely used in wastewater plants, food processing facilities, and process plants, gate valves are not suitable for throttling service.

Moreover, these valves are furnished with a wedge-shaped metal gate that can halt or allow the fluid to flow by lowering or raising it.

However, gate valves will last in the long run only if they aren't used frequently. For applications where the valves need to be turned on/off regularly, a ball valve is a much preferred choice.

These valves are of the following types:-

A globe valve is employed to stop, start, and manipulate the flow of the fluid. As the name suggests, these valves have a spherical body. Since these valves provide better shut off, globe valves are used in systems where leak tightness is a major requirement.

Unlike ball valves and gate valves, globe valves are designed to regulate and throttle fluid flow. However, when dealing with low pressure, these valves tend to leak.

In comparison to the gate valves, these are a costlier option and are of three types, namely:-

A check valve ensures that the fluid flows only in one direction in the piping system. It is responsible for backflow prevention. This type of valve uses a pressure-controlled disc for this purpose.

Moreover, a check valve is ideal for application in high-pressure units. Regardless of any fluctuations in pressure or backflow of fluids, these permit access of fluid in a particular direction only.

Similar to a globe valve, a check valve uses a ball or piston supported by a spring. This spring opens under specified pressure conditions. In case of multiple gases being mixed into one stream, a check valve prevents the mixing of the gases in the original source.

Moreover, a check valve is capable of functioning without any manual assistance. They are fully automatic and work without any electricity/power aid. Hence, a check valve will continue to prevent backflow without any interference in the event of an electrical failure as well.

A check valve is mainly of four main types, namely:-

A plug valve- a cylindrical valve used to isolate or change the direction of the flow. It consists of a cone-shaped "plug" that rotates when one turns the handle resulting in the diversion of flow across multiple channels.

Just like an on/off valve, a plug valve ensures a tight shutoff of fluid. This type of valve remains ideal for high-pressure and temperature applications. Having a self-cleaning mechanism, these valves make used in a vacuum as well.

We use a plug valve mostly in gas supply lines, low-pressure steam lines, water treatment plants, pulp, paper, and chemical industries.

Following are the types of plug valves:-

A needle valve comprises a sharp needle-like disc controlled by a rotating stem. Used to isolate, regulate, and throttle fluids, a globe valve, and a needle valve are designed in a similar manner. This type of valve works best in a small diameter piping system having precise control over the flow.

A needle valve widely used for continuous blow-off services. Typically, these valves have a seat diameter fairly smaller than the size of the pipe.

These find their applications where we need to adjust or carefully measure the flow to protect the equipment.

Also known as a clamp valve, a pinch valve is a linear motion valve. These are used to start, control, and stop fluid flow. For this purpose, a pinch valve uses a rubber tube, also called a pinch tube, and a pinch mechanism.

A pinch valve is ideal for application in systems that convey solid material pneumatically. In addition, these are an excellent option for application areas prone to corrosion and metal contamination of fluids.

However, a pinch valve is not suitable for high temperature and pressure applications as well as in gas medium.

i) Pressure relief valve

A pressure relief valve, also known as the pressure safety valve, is used to protect the equipment or the piping system. In case of overpressure or vacuum, this valve releases it.

Offering improved safety standards, pressure relief valves are spring-automated. These valves can potentially return a system to the desired pressure in event of over-pressure in the piping system.

These are of following types:-

Reclosing-type pressure relief devices

Non-reclosing type pressure relief devices

Safety relief valve

Pressure relief valve

Vacuum relief valve

Pressure vacuum relief valve

An end connection that matches your piping is the key element. Each valve end has some unique properties in addition to the general ones. These properties make a particular valve the best-suited one for your requirements than another.

We use countless types of end connections for the installation of a valve.

In general, all terminal connections serve the same purpose. However, selecting the wrong valve end connection affects your productivity and compromises workplace safety.

Finding the best end connection for your pipes is based on several factors, such as:-

Pressure rating

Leakage prevention

Ease of installation

Ease of removal for repair or replacement

Valve integrity and durability

Adherence to industry standards

Weight and size

Cost

Here is a quick overview of the most commonly used valve end connections:-

Image Source: assuredautomation.com

Image Source: assuredautomation.com

Image Source: assuredautomation.com

Image Source: assuredautomation.com

Used on small-bore piping with no threaded connections

Provide long-term and leak-proof connections

Suitable for pipelines that handle high pressure and temperature

Used on valves made of steel

The socket's inner diameter is slightly larger than the pipe's outer diameter

Suitable for smaller sizes, typically 2" and below

Also referred to as "weld-in place"

Image Source: assuredautomation.com

The main components of valves make use of various materials considering their strength and resistance to corrosion, extreme temperatures, and wear in the long run.

The most common materials used in water applications are as follows:-

Has slightly higher pressure tolerance than cast iron

Excellent machinability

Possesses the toughness and strength of cast iron

Usually used in steam, gas, water, and oil pipeline systems

Cost-effective material

Readily absorbs shock

Offers poor corrosion resistance

c) Stainless steel valves

Has excellent corrosion resistance

Highly durable and ensure long-lasting service

Holds up against harsh water very efficiently

Most commonly used in the petrochemical industry and general plant systems

Comparatively expensive than cast iron, bronze, and brass valves

Heat resistant

Available in two grades- 304 and 316, the latter grade being superior in quality

A valve controls or directs the flow of a fluid by opening, closing, or partially blocking fluid flow. Regardless of being a type of pipe fitting, the valve is considered to be an individual and distinctive category.

Each valve serves a unique purpose, has special features, and offers a wide variety of styles designed to meet specific plumbing requirements. In addition, these use different materials, including carbon steel, stainless steel, ductile iron, brass, bronze, etc.

Designed to handle liquids as well as gases, valves are classified on the basis of their functions, applications, actuators, and other design parameters. However, one confusing facet of valve classification is that one particular valve might fall under more than one category. Therefore, it is important for professionals to carefully equate a particular valve with a particular valve classification.

Selecting the right valve for your next project might seem complicated and intimidating. However, by starting with the general characteristics included in this article, you can easily narrow them down to the best valve for your requirements.

It is noteworthy to know the most appropriate type of end connection to best fit your application. This will ultimately result in maximizing efficiency and safety. It is crucial to find the right valve based on several factors like pressure rating, ease of installation, weight, size, etc.

Depending on your intended usage, the material of the particular valve remains an important aspect in ensuring safe operation. Different materials have different properties and choosing the right one results in reducing maintenance and replacement costs over the useful life of a valve.

With all the information provided in this article, hope you will find a new perspective in analyzing and selecting the right valve for the right application.

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Valves: Know A to Z for making an efficient piping system - Building And Interiors

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A well-designed piping system needs different types of valves and pipe fittings. They synchronize the flow of fluid within the plumbing system. One can either operate a valve manually or with the help of an actuator that modifies and controls the valve opening.

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Pipes: A detailed technical guide for a sound plumbing system

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Pipes: A detailed technical guide for a sound plumbing system

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In building construction, plumbing pipes are designed to transport treated drinking water/potable water to end-users or consumers. These, aided by pipe fittings, can serve different purposes such as water supply, drainage, waste disposal, etc.

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In building construction, plumbing pipes are designed to transport treated drinking water/potable water to end-users or consumers. These can serve different purposes such as water supply, drainage, waste disposal, etc.

Therefore, it is right to say that piping systems are designed in such a way that these primary purposes are served:-

A pipe is a tubular or hollow cylinder used to convey fluids such as water from one place to another. It can also be used for structural applications.

They usually differ depending upon their sizes:-

Large diameter main pipe that supplies water to towns

Smaller branch lines that supply water to a street or group of buildings

Small diameter pipe that supplies water within individual buildings

In every building, an adequate amount of water should be available at required places to meet the needs and demands of occupants. The transmission of water is done with the help of piping systems within the structure above or below the ground.

As builders and architects, it is of utmost importance to understand the pros and cons of different types of pipes available in the market and then make an informed choice.

In this article, we will discuss the following aspects of pipes in detail:-1. Types of pipes

Stainless steel pipe

Copper pipe

Galvanized Iron (GI) pipe

Cast iron pipe

Concrete pipe

PPR pipe

UPVC pipe

CPVC pipe

2. Piping system 3. Pipe fittings 4. Standard and pipe dimensions 5. Guidelines for stacking and storage of pipes 6. Identification of pipes by color 7. Maintenance of pipes and fittings 8. Top pipe manufacturers in India

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A stainless steel pipe is one of the strongest and most durable pipes available. They are capable of withstanding the high pressure of water and provide ease of usage. Available in comparatively longer lengths, steel pipes incur low installation costs.

Having a high price point, stainless steel pipes promise a high level of quality. These pipes are available in both flexible and rigid versions and in a variety of sizes.

Stainless steel pipes are used to carry fluids from one place to another under pressure. These pipes are made from steel sheets, are lightweight, and can be bent easily.

Thermal conductivity is very poor in these pipes.

These pipes are not only expensive but also difficult to fabricate.

Copper is one of the most traditional materials used to manufacture plumbing pipes. It remains a popular choice even today. There are two types of copper pipes used in a plumbing system:-

Rigid copper: It is used all over a house or building for the supply of water. It is also referred to as hard copper.

Flexible copper: It is used in areas where space is tight and flexibility is required. It is a malleable option and therefore, is referred to as soft copper.

The main drawback of using copper pipes is their cost.

Although copper pipes are recyclable, they cannot be considered a "green" product.

Applications

Domestic water supply

Air conditioning and refrigeration

Fuel gas and medical gas

Fire sprinklers

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GI or Galvanized Iron pipes are made of mild steel sheets coated in a layer of zinc to prevent rusting. These pipes are used to supply water, gas, or any other liquid inside the building.

These types of pipes are prepared from 12 mm or 0.5 inches to 15 cm or 6 inches in diameter. They are available in 6 meters or 20 feet length.

The ends of pipes are threaded so they can be screwed into each other.

Advantages

Offering impeccable strength, GI pipes manage to resist rust for a long time.

GI pipes have a low installation and maintenance cost. Therefore, these are very economical.

Galvanized iron pipes last around 20 to 50 years before starting to break down.

Disadvantages

Rust can build up on the inside of these pipes over a period of time.

If corrosion occurs, the presence of lead can make the water unsafe to drink.

Although these pipes are very sturdy, they are also extremely heavy making them difficult to work with.

Applications

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Cast iron pipes were very popular for drainage systems in the first half of the twentieth century. However, these pipes can still be found in many places today.

These pipes are susceptible to rust over time. Cast iron pipes come in different sizes, the smallest one being four inches.

Cast iron pipe is made from pig iron and is typically 5 cm to 120 cm in diameter. The usual length of a pipe section is 12 ft., but a length of 20 ft. can be easily achieved as well.

These pipes are dipped in a bituminous compound for protection against corrosion and for enhanced hydraulic qualities.

These pipes are available in various shapes, like L-shape, T-shape, I-shape, U-shaped, etc.

Advantages

Disadvantages

These pipes are very heavy and hence, have a high transportation cost.

Due to their heavy load, cast iron pipes are manufactured in smaller lengths.

Applications

A concrete pipe has a long product life and offers one of the best service lives out of any other pipe materials. It is easy to join and install. However, alkaline water may quickly degrade thin sections of a concrete pipe.

The precast concrete pipe is available in sizes up to 72 inches in diameter, and sizes up to 180 inches have been made on special order.

These are reinforced except in sizes less than 24 inches in diameter. For heavy drainage and to dispose off the water, concrete pipes of large diameters are used. Smaller diameter pipes are used for small flows.

Advantages

Disadvantages

They are heavy and therefore, have high transportation and installation costs.

It is difficult to re-establish the inner and outer pipe coating if it is damaged during repair work.

Applications

Polypropylene or PPR pipe is a straight, rigid, and cylindrical pipe commonly available in green or white color. This type of pipe offers an outer diameter ranging from 20 mm to 110 mm.

Resulting from European technology, PPR pipes are made out of Polypropylene Random Copolymer plastic. These pipes have low thermal conductivity and are cost-effective as well.

Advantages

Disadvantages

Special tools are required for the installation of PPR pipes.

It is not a popular material for pipes anymore.

Applications

Residential cold and hot water systems

Sanitary and pure water pipelines

Hot water recycling system

Industrial and agricultural pipelines

Image Source: captainpipes.com

Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (UPVC), also referred to as rigid PVC, pipe and fittings are used for all plumbing purposes in residential and commercial buildings.

These pipes are suitable for looping at each floor level, outdoor installations, and concealed pipelines for cold water distribution. The material, UPVC, has strong resistance to chemicals, sunlight, and oxidation from water.

Advantages

Disadvantages

A UPVC pipe is not recommended for hot water piping.

This pipe material may become brittle if exposed to sunlight for longer periods.

Applications

Image Source: FlowGuard Pipe and Fittings

Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride, abbreviated to CPVC, is closely related to PVC. Although both the materials are made from the same basic component, the main difference is that CPVC is chlorinated. This chemical difference gives CPVC the ability to withstand extreme temperatures, unlike PVC. Therefore, some building codes call for CPVC as a replacement for PVC to transport hot water.

A CPVC pipe is a strong, durable plumbing solution and has found its applications all over the world for more than 50 years.

Originally developed by Lubrizol Advanced Materials, CPVC's inherent chemical resistance and ability to withstand high heat and pressure make it suitable for residential, commercial, and industrial piping systems.

Advantages

Made out of plastic material, CPVC pipes do not react to corrosive substances and do not rust as well.

CPVC pipes have an indefinite lifespan.

Having the ability to handle high water pressure, CPVC pipes are ideal for the main water supply line.

CPVC is a lightweight material and hence, easy to move and work with.

CPVC can tolerate extreme temperatures up to 200 degrees Fahrenheit.

Disadvantages

CPVC is ideal for indoor application only as it is vulnerable to breakage if exposed to sunlight for a long period of time.

This type of pipe costs more than PVC pipes.

Applications

A piping system is a network of pipes arranged in a proper manner for the purpose of transfer of fluids. It is a collection of various components, pipe fittings, and valves put together to perform a specific job.

The piping system in a building is largely governed by the type of building and how it has been planned. The system to be adopted is dependent upon the building and place of installation.

The piping system can be categorized into two, namely:-

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A single stack piping system has no particular trap ventilation as such. In this system, the stack itself acts as a vent through the roof.

Moreover, it is important to carefully measure the horizontal distance between sanitary fixtures and drainage stacks and the vertical distance between the connections of branches of both.

(i) One pipe (partially ventilated) system

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Also known as a single stack partially ventilated system, in this piping system, soil pipe and waste pipe are connected to a single vertical stack with an extra pipe for ventilation.

(ii) One pipe (fully ventilated) system

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Also called the single stack fully ventilated system, in this piping system the soil pipe and waste pipe are connected to a single vertical stack. Another trap pipe is individually ventilated and connected to a separate stack.

In a two-pipe system, all the soil appliances are connected to a soil stack and other plumbing fixtures.

(i) Two pipe system with a common vent pipe

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In this piping system, there is a common vent stack for ventilation of soil and waste stacks.

(ii) Two pipe system with an independent vent pipe

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In this system, there are individual or independent vent stacks for the ventilation of soil and waste stacks.

Pipe fittings are used in piping systems for connecting straight pipe sections, adapting to different shapes and sizes, and for regulating the flow of fluids or distributing them. These fittings are used in plumbing to manipulate the flow of materials within the piping system.

A pipe system not only comprises pipes but also other elements like pipe fittings, joints, strainers, valves, bolts, flanges, gaskets, and supports.

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Image Source: Kanak metal and alloys

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Elbows are used for the purpose of changing the angle or direction of the pipe. These are most commonly found in 45-degree and 90-degree turns.

The bend in these fittings resembles an arm joint. These fittings can be made of different materials.

Image Source: Haihao Pipe Fitting Factory

A tee, as the name suggests, resembles the letter 'T' and is the most common type of pipe fitting. It is used to merge or divert the flow of fluids.

In addition, T-fittings can connect pipes having different diameters or alter the direction of flow of fluids or both. These are made out of different materials and are available in various sizes and finishes.

A coupling is yet another pipe fitting used to make a branched connection. It serves the purpose of connecting two pipes.

There are two types of couplings, regular coupling, and slip/repair coupling.

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A reducer reduces the flow by sizing down the pipe's inner diameter. Therefore, reducer may refer to any fitting which results in any alteration of pipe diameter. This change may be made to meet the flow requirements of the piping system or fit a pipe of a different size.

Reducers are of two types:-

Concentric: A reducer having a common centerline,

Eccentric: A reducer having an offset centerline.

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Bushings are used to make the diameter of any pipe smaller in size. These pipe fittings require very little application space and are capable of making abrupt changes.

There are two types of bushings:-

Face bushings: The type that takes minimum space

Hex bushings: The type that can be tightened with the help of a pipe wrench.

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Unions are similar to couplings in functionality. The main difference is that a union is more convenient and easy to use. Being easily removable, unions are a great option that offers easy maintenance and prevents the inconvenience of any future replacements. On the other hand, the coupling is a permanent fitting that can only be taken out by cutting it off.

A union contains three parts:-

Pipe caps or caps are specialized fittings that are used to close any open end. These can be made out of rubber, plastic, or even metals.

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An adaptor is responsible for connecting two pipes that are not of the same size or material. Most commonly used for copper and PVC pipes, adaptors change the end of a non-threaded pipe to male or female threads, as needed.

Some common types of adaptors are:-

Expansion adapters

Mechanical joint (MJ) adapters

Flange adapters

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Generally used to close any pipe opening, plugs are pipe connectors that come in handy during the time of inspection or repairs. It can either be made out of metal, plastic, or rubber.

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A swage nipple is similar to a reducer in functionality. The only major difference is that swage nipples generally connect butt welded pipes to a screwed pipe.

Similar to a reducer, these are also concentric as well as eccentric.

The different end connections available in a swage nipple are:-

PBE: Plain Both Ends

PLE: Plain Large Ends

PSE: Plain Small Ends

BLE: Beveled Large Ends

TSE: Threaded Small Ends

A check valve or a non-return valve is a pipe fitting that allows the pipe fluid to flow in one direction only. It has two openings in the body, one for fluid to enter and the other for fluid to exit the pipe.

Majorly, these are of six types:-

Ball check valve

Diaphragm check valve

Swing check valve

Stop-check valve

Lift-check valve

In-line check valve

Image Source: AliExpress

A nozzle is a device designed to regulate the direction or properties of a fluid flow entering or exiting a closed pipe.

A pipe nozzle is a pipe fitting having a tube of assorted cross-sectional area. It is used to direct or manipulate the flow of fluids. Pipe nozzles are often used to regulate the rate of flow, speed, direction, mass, shape, and pressure of the flow that surfaces from them. In a pipe nozzle, the velocity of fluid increases with an increase in its pressure energy.

Image Source: exportersindia.com

A globe valve is a pipe fitting used in a case where frequent adjustment of the flow rate is required. It is a compression-type valve with a disk or a plug that is compressed into a seat to form a tight seal in its spherical body.

Image Source: globalsources.com

PVC or polyvinyl chloride pipe fittings connect two sections of a PVC pipe together. These come in a huge variety of configurations. They may be glued (S) or threaded (T) or both.

Glued fittings are also known as slip fittings. While specifying a PVC fitting, the size and type of connection are also required to be mentioned.

o) Copper tubing fittings

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Copper tubing uses compression fittings or a soft metal or thermoplastic ring. This ring is then squeezed into the pipe.

These fittings adapt to the pipe surface creating a seal. These are most commonly used in hot/cold water applications.

4. Standard and pipe dimensions

For the purpose of sizing a pipe, each country has its own set of standards and codes.

The following table shows the major organizations for standards:-

These standards establish common grounds in terms of engineering criteria, principles, manufacturing process, practices, materials, etc., and establish a standard way of working that minimizes mismatching.

In addition, a few other generally referred to standards are The American Petroleum Institute (API) Standards, The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Standards, and The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Standards.

The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), so far, has not developed any standards for the design of pipes. Therefore, ANSI and ASME are widely used for their design in India.

Image Source: theprocesspiping.com

Pipe Schedule 40
*Schedule 40 chart gives dimensions of all types of pipes including stainless steel, zinc-coated, PVC, galvanized iron, copper, and carbon and chrome pipes.
5. Guidelines for stacking and storage of pipes

In order to standardize the storage, handling, and stacking process of pipe and pipe fittings, engineers, architects, and builders across the country follow certain specifications.

a) Stacking and storage of cast iron, galvanized iron, and asbestos cement pipes and fittings

Pipes should only be unloaded when there is a requirement for them. Moreover, before unloading, trenches to store them must be ready.

Store these pipes on clear, level, and firm ground surfaces. For stability of the stack, wedges should provide additional support to the bottom layer.

The stack height shall not exceed 1.5 m. Moreover, it is advisable to store pipes in length-wise or cross-wise patterns or in a pyramid shape.

Each pipe stack shall be marked with an identifiable batch number with particulars of suppliers and shall contain pipes belonging to the same class or size.

Cover, stack, and store cast iron pipe and fittings separately from the asbestos pipe and fittings.

Keep the rubber rings away from grease, oil, light, and heat in a clean environment.

b) Stacking and storage of polyethylene pipes

c) Stacking and storage of UPVC pipes

Store UPVC pipes on a flat surface that is free from stones and sharp objects.

For the purpose of storage, pipe racks and stacking in large piles must be avoided.

Do not store a UPVC pipe inside another pipe.

Never store a UPVC pipe in a stressed or bent condition. Moreover, store them away from any type of heat source at all times.

The height of a UPVC pipe stack should not exceed 1.5 m.

Stack different classes and sizes of pipes separately.

Protect the pipe ends from abrasion.

UPVC pipes should be stored in shade in tropical conditions. However, during cold weather, care should be exercised for handling them as they get brittle and prone to breakage.

If a pipe somehow becomes kinked, the damaged portion should be cut out completely.

6. Identification of pipes by color

To indicate the class of its contents, each pipe shall be marked with the appropriate primary identification color as per details given below:-

Apply the color marking to the entire length of the pipe or as a band of color near the valves, junctions, walls, etc. The minimum width of the color band should be 25 mm.

Where, in the usual course of manufacture or to satisfy the requirements of any other Indian Standards, a pipe is painted to a required color, the identification color shall be applied after the pipe is fixed in position.

Display charts showing the colors for primary identification at points where needed for reference.

7. Maintenance of pipes and fittings

Replace the worn-out pipe fittings from time to time before they become brittle, fragile, or lose their shape permanently.

During preventive upkeep analysis, cracks on the walls and footings near the pipe anchors will indicate a defective layout with regard to thermal expansion.

Check and prevent any vibrations and expansions caused by the process equipment from being carried on to pipelines connected to them.

Check, if any modification like expansion or shifting of equipment is affecting the pipeline installation.

Before and during its use ensure the strength of the pipe by hydrostatic testing.

To prevent corrosion, depending on the material of your pipe, you should use an anti-corrosive coating.

As high mineral content can shorten the lifespan of your water pipe by clogging it, invest in a whole-house water softener system.

8. Top pipe manufacturers in India

Supreme is a renowned market leader in India's plastic industry providing cost-effective piping solutions. Their wide range of products caters to almost all types of application segments. Right from above-the-ground to underground applications, Supreme pipes have everything in plastic piping products.

Established in 1996, Astral Pipes offers CPVC, PVC, and Pex plumbing pipe and fittings for hot/cold water. It is one of the most reputed PVC pipe manufacturing companies in India.

It is a top-rated PVC pipe and fittings company in India. Finolex pipe and fittings are available in various sizes, pressure classes, and diameters making them suitable for a wide variety of applications in both agricultural as well as non-agricultural sectors including housing, industrial, and construction.

The leader in the manufacture of PVC and CPVC piping systems, Ashirvad Pipes is ISO 9001:2008 certified and is a National Award winning company. It develops and manufactures UPVC riser/column pipe used in the erection of submersible borehole pumps up to the depth of 1,000 feet and more.

Jindal Pipes Ltd., India's one of the best and largest manufacturers of ERW, black and galvanized steel pipes, and tubes, offers different pipe thicknesses from 2.00 mm to 9.50 mm having an Outer Diameter (OD) ranging from 1/2′ to 14′ NB. Their products conform to various national and international standards. Incorporated for the manufacturing of steel pipes and tubes, this company has brought great development in its manufacturing process.

Apollo Pipes is a company that relies on modern technology for the manufacture of PVC pipes. Having an extensive range of products, Apollo Pipes offers CPVC pipes and fittings, UPVC pipes and fittings, SWR pipes and fittings, UGD pipes, pressure pipes and fittings, UPVC column pipes, UPVC casing pipes, HDPE pipes, sprinkler system, solvent cement, etc.

Ajay Pipes is a company whose products reflect innovative technology and impeccable quality. It offers CPVC pipe and fittings, UPVC pipe and fittings, SWR pipe and fittings, and UDS pipe and fittings with high strength & durability.

This company offers the cheapest range of PVC pipes worldwide and they provide PVC pipes for all residential and commercial projects. Dutron is a pioneer of PVC hose pipes in India and has also started manufacturing PVC braided hoses, flat delivery hoses, corrugated pipes, and plastic sheets.

Tata Pipes is one of the first brands of plumbing pipes in India. These pipes mainly carry liquids and low-pressure gases. Tata Pipes have an average 360 GSM zinc coating, better than IS 1239 spec to provide corrosion protection to the pipes.

Viega has advanced to become an internationally operating market leader with a wide range of products covering the entire installation technology sector. Ensuring German quality standards, Viega offers connectors and pipe fittings with press connections made of gunmetal and multi-layer pipes.

In the building and construction industry, piping systems and pipe materials play a vital role in performing the task of conveying fluids. Type of fluid and the circumstances of conveying them influence the materials used for making a pipe. Fluids can be hazardous, corrosive, or flammable in nature. Thus, pipes made out of different types of materials carry different types of fluids.

Pipes come in different sizes. They can be divided into three main categories: metallic (galvanized iron, cast iron, steel, copper, etc.), cement (concrete cement, etc.), and plastic (UPVC, CPVC, etc.)

With this article, you would be now clear that CPVC is a higher grade of PVC. It uses all the advantages of PVC and overcomes all the limitations of UPVC.

A piping system not only involves different types of pipes but also other components like fittings, valves, etc. In plumbing, many types of fixtures are joined together as per requirement. Pipe fittings join straight pipes, change the direction of flow, or join pipes of different sizes.

Pipeline maintenance commences at the planning stages of your operation and continues throughout the life of your business. The best way to avoid issues in a pipe and keep energy costs down is to make sure that the piping system is working properly.

As a professional, it is your responsibility to ensure a smoothly operating and efficient piping system. For this, builders, architects, and engineers across the country follow certain standards. These comprehensive specifications provide instructions for pipe stacking, storage, and installation.

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Pipes: A detailed technical guide for a sound plumbing system - Building And Interiors

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In building construction, plumbing pipes are designed to transport treated drinking water/potable water to end-users or consumers. These can serve different purposes such as water supply, drainage, waste disposal, etc.

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Ceiling fans: How to choose the best one for your room?

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Ceiling fans: How to choose the best one for your room?

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The main purpose of a fan is to circulate air in the room. However, it is not limited to that only. Today’s fans come with several unique and never-seen-before features.

Additionally, installing a good ceiling fan size with the right material and specifications assures great performance and longevity. For instance, a small ceiling fan in a big room will have to work in twice its original capacity to deliver substantial results. Similarly, a big ceiling fan size in a small room disrupts the comfortable flow of air and creates a difficult environment.

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A ceiling fan is a mechanical fan that is mounted on the room's ceiling. It is one of the most common home electrical appliances. The widespread utility of ceiling fans is credited to affordable purchasing, functional and maintenance costs. It is used in every home, office, and building.

The main purpose of a ceiling fan is to circulate air in the room. However, it is not limited to that only. Today's ceiling fans come with several unique and never-seen-before features.

Additionally, installing a good ceiling fan size with the right material and specifications assures great performance and longevity. For instance, a small ceiling fan in a big room will have to work in twice its original capacity to deliver substantial results. Similarly, a big ceiling fan size in a small room disrupts the comfortable flow of air and creates a difficult environment.

Therefore, it becomes essential to understand the factors associated with a ceiling fan.

This article discusses the following aspects of ceiling fans: 1. Components of ceiling fans

a. Fan motor

b. Fan blades

c. Ceiling fan capacitor

d. Fan control

e. Motor housing
2. Types of ceiling fans
a. Standard cooling fans

b. Flush mount ceiling fans

c. Ceiling fans with light

d. Ceiling fans with remote control

e. Outdoor ceiling fans

f. Commercial ceiling fans

g. Damp and wet ceiling fans
3. Aesthetic considerations for ceiling fans
a. Ceiling fan blade material

b. Ceiling fan colour

c. Best ceiling fan designs for home
4. Best ceiling fan brands
a. Atomberg ceiling fan

b. LG ceiling fan

c. Orient ceiling fan (i-series)

d. Havells ceiling fan (smart fans)

e. Usha ceiling fan
5. Ceiling fan price
a. Standard ceiling fan price list

b. Smart and light-enabled ceiling fan price list

A ceiling fan seems like a generic, ideal household appliance sans many parts or features. However, the best ceiling fans comprise many essential elements that make up a complete fan unit for optimal use.

A ceiling fan motor is the energy source of a fan. The fan motor comes in two types-

1. Drive motors

2. Stack motors

The direct-drive motor is more energy-efficient, long-lasting, and works silently.

A fan motor is one of the most important components as the fan's efficiency is directly proportional to it.

The fan blades give you the most opportunity for customization and aesthetics. They are the most noticeable part of a ceiling fan. The fan blades traditionally have been made out of aluminium, steel or plastic but these days solid wood, plywood and MDF are also used as a fan blade material. In addition to defining the overall look of the fan, the fan blades also determine the airflow.

There are many factors that dictate the fan blade's performance:

It is the blade's angle of positioning from the fan's base. You need to have higher fan blade pitches to move more air.

The bigger the fan blade, the more airflow it is able to generate.

A common ceiling fan usually comes with three fan blades. However, there are several fan variants that come with one, two, four, or five blades. 1 or 2 fan blades are mostly used in industrial fans. Talking about ceiling fans for homes, we generally go for 3 or 4 fan blade versions.

Image Source: Y Lighting

Also known as the blade span, it is the diameter of the circle that we see when the fan is in motion. In simpler words, the fan blade sweep reaches from the tip of one blade to the other that is directly across. Mini fans come with a blade span of 18 inches and the large ceiling fans have 68 inches blade span. The bigger fan blades can go beyond 99 inches.

It is important to know the appropriate fan size for your room. A small ceiling fan in a big room will need to work twice as hard to provide enough airflow. This will cause the motor to burn out and damage quickly. Placing a huge fan in a small room would mean inviting a tornado. Therefore, follow this guide to choose the right fan size.

Under 144

Bathroom, Breakfast Nooks, Utility Rooms, Small Bedrooms, Porches

Under 42″ Fans

1,000-3,000

144-225

Medium Bedrooms, Kitchens, Dining Rooms, Dens, Patios

44-50″ Fans

1,600-4,500

225-400

Master Bedrooms, Family Rooms, TV Rooms, Small Garages, Gazebos

Fans Over 50"

2,300-6,500

Over 400

Great Rooms, Large Garages, Basements, and Open Floor Plans

Fans Over 62"

5,500-13,500

c. Ceiling fan capacitor

Another important part of a ceiling fan, the capacitor disperses air all around the room. Its main job is to maintain the speed and movement of a ceiling fan. If your fan capacitor has even the slightest fault, it will directly affect the fan speed.

There are three major ways to operate a ceiling fan:

Pull chain: It is located right on the fan. A pull chain offers an easy way to regulate the fan speed and turn on or off a ceiling fan with light kit.

Wall switch: A common and convenient way to operate a ceiling fan is by using a wall switch.

TIP: If the switch is installed next to or close to the doorway, the chance of forgetting to turn off the ceiling fan when leaving the room is greatly reduced. Therefore, it is a simple and effective way to reduce energy wastage and hence enable sustainable living.

Remote: A ceiling fan with remote is a smart home appliance solution. A handheld remote makes the fan accessible from every corner of the room.

e. Motor housing

The motor housing is the decorative body of the ceiling fan that encloses the fan motor. Fans that use heavier materials such as die-cast metals for motor housing tend to vibrate less and provide more stability.

Ceiling fans come in many variants. It is not possible to classify all these variants under one umbrella term as these variations depend on several aspects from their utility and operation to their physical and innovative attributes.

In this article, we have tried to distinguish the types of ceiling fans on basis of their functionality and usage.

It is important to understand the various types of ceiling fans because choosing the wrong fan for the wrong place will not only degrade the functionality but also increase energy consumption and overall living cost.

A standard ceiling fan is a typical fan that you find in most homes. It is versatile and comes in many styles. A standard cooling fan comes in many finishes such as black, white, neutral, bronze, etc. These fans come in 3, 4 or 5 fan blades variety. They are mounted on a ceiling with a down rod and are at least 7 feet above the floor.

b. Flush Mount Ceiling Fans

Also known as 'hugger fans' or 'low profile ceiling fans' they are used in rooms with ceiling lesser than eight feet in height. Instead of a down rod, the ceiling fans installation is done using a mounting bracket. The fan's airflow is outstanding. They are used as both cooling fans and heating fans.

Also known as 'fandeliers', the ceiling fans with light are beautiful as well as operational. Ceiling fans with light merge two amazing household fixtures, the fan and the overhead lighting, to give you a wholesome ideal home appliance. The ceiling fan light kit is compatible with halogen, CFL, LED, and incandescent light. There are many beautiful varieties of ceiling fan chandeliers.

Any kind of fan can be made into a ceiling fan with remote control. For someone with mobility or height issues, a ceiling fan with remote is the best option. They are preferred in places with high ceilings and large rooms.

If you want to enhance the look and functionality of your outdoor space, an outdoor ceiling fan is just what you need! A fan makes a useful addition to any outdoor space such as a deck, porch, or patio. You can get a ceiling fan with light to light up your space.

f. Commercial Ceiling fans

If you are looking for a ceiling fan for places such as a restaurant, classroom, office, etc. a commercial ceiling fan should be your choice of electrical appliance. These fans are designed for spaces that have ceilings higher than 10 feet. The commercial fans are designed in a way to offer optimal temperature with their dual functionality. They can be used as cooling fans as well as heating fans.

A dual-function fan changes its rotational direction and generates updraft and downdraft for air to move.

g. Damp and wet ceiling fans

In a country like India where we have both humid places, and places with frequent rainfall, a damp and wet ceiling fans are the best choice. Their fan motors resist moisture damage. They come with all-weather blades that are warp-resistant. They come in many modern ceiling fan and traditional designs.

3. Aesthetic considerations for ceiling fans

Now that we know all about the components and types of ceiling fans, let's find out the ways to add merits to this electrical appliance.

This is not unknown to the masses that a ceiling fan is a common appliance. Its basic functions are well-established as well. However, not many know how to choose the best type of ceiling fan for the appropriate functions. Knowing the right ceiling fan type adds value to the appliance.

There are four main fan blade materials. Each has its uniqueness and usefulness:

Laminated MDF gives a smooth finish to the fan blades. They are the least expensive and commonly used ceiling fans for homes. However, MDF fan blades are not moisture resistant and start to droop if placed outdoors. Nonetheless, they make good indoor ceiling fans.

2. Plastic

ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) plastic fan blades are another widely used inexpensive ceiling fans. They can be moulded into any shape. As a result, designing stylish fan blades in different shapes is possible. These plastic blades look like real wood and can hold up well outdoors. They are moisture resistant.

3. Wood

Processing natural wood into fan blades is a tedious and costly job. Generally, only the premium ceiling fan range comes with real wood fan blades. They have a thicker profile than standard blades. Wood fans are best used indoors.

4. Metal

Most commercial ceiling fans are made of metal. They are great outdoor fans as well. However, they can rust eventually. Wall and portable fans are often made of metal. They are at a high risk of conducting current. Therefore, they are either placed at very high ceilings or are equipped with a protective cage.

Gone are the days when the sole purpose of a ceiling fan was to circulate air. Today, fans greatly influence the aesthetics of a room. Therefore, interior designers and product designers pay extra attention to the selection and designing of ceiling fans.

The ceiling fans come in many colours. The real conundrum is choosing the shade that matches your interiors. Let us find out how to pick the right colour to match the interiors of your room.

Common ceiling fan colour shades and contrasts

The colours, shades, and blends boil down to the user's personal preferences. Contrasts are greatly in trend today. White has always been a favourite. However, there is a whole array of finishes and colours to pick from. Colours like nickel, brass, bronze, dark grey, aluminium, silver, rust, tan gold and black dominate the ceiling fan colour cards.

A great way to match the fan colour with your interiors is to match it with the furniture or the flooring.

For example, if your upholstered furniture is dark blue, go for a dark blue coloured ceiling fan. Or choose a wood finish fan with wooden flooring.

Another way to escape from the mundanity of the interiors is to mix and match things a little. You can choose the basic fan blade finishes for the ceiling fans for bedrooms and go for a vibrant shade for the outdoor ceiling fans.

Contrasting the fan colour with the ceiling is also greatly trending. For an instance, a black or dark grey fan against a white or cream ceiling will look beautiful. However, you must ensure that the contrast is hinted in the rest of the décor also. Challenges while choosing the fan blade colour

In addition to matching with the interiors of your home or office, the ceiling fan blade colour's practicality should be considered as well. A light-coloured fan will turn dull and pale if not cleaned regularly. Accumulation of dust and dirt is a common problem with ceiling fans. Therefore, choose colours that can hide the dirt up to some extent.

TIP: Buy dust-proof fans to avoid dirt and dust accumulation.

To avoid this dust accumulation on fans Crompton, Usha, Havells, Orient, Panasonic and many other electrical appliances brands have come up with dust-free ceiling fans. These fans are usually Coated with superior polyurethane lacquer that has dust repelling qualities.

c. Best ceiling fan designs for home

The designer ceiling fans make great additions to any space because they not only offer comfort but also enhance the aesthetical quotient of the space. Moreover, the modern ceiling fans with LED lights offer excellent functionality and efficiency.

For a professional, a designer ceiling fan with LED lights elevates your interior project to the next level. Therefore, choose the best ceiling fan for your space.

Wondering which ceiling fans are the best?

Let's find out by looking at some exciting designer ceiling fans for home:

The best ceiling fan is needed for a stunning living room. Considering the budget, room size, feature preferences, you can pick a designer ceiling for living room.

The following designer ceiling fans for living room look best in the space.

Ceiling fan for living room #1

Image Source: Lightology

Ceiling fan for living room #2

Image Source: Capitol Lighting

Ceiling fan for living room #3

Image Source: Lauren Blesser House

Ceiling fan for living room #4
Image Source: Bailey Street Home
Ceiling fan for living room #5

ii. Designer ceiling fans for kitchen

Not an uncommon sight anymore! Ceiling fans for kitchens come in different styles and functionalities. Moreover, a ceiling fan for kitchen usually comes in a small size. The ceiling fan size can range from a ceiling fan 56 inches to a ceiling fan 20 inches depending upon the size of the kitchen. A ceiling fan for kitchen makes the space breezy and comfortable.

Let's take a look at the best ceiling fans for kitchen.

Ceiling fan for kitchen #1
Image Source: Progress Lighting
Ceiling fan for kitchen #2

Image Source: Shades of Blue Interiors

Ceiling fan for kitchen #3

Image Source: Monte Carlo Fans

Ceiling fan for kitchen #4

Image Source: Rejuvenation

Ceiling fan for kitchen #5

Image Source: HomeAdore

When it comes to choosing a ceiling fan for bedroom, you get an endless array of choices. From a decorative ceiling fan for bedroom to a contemporary style ceiling fan, you can make your pick as per your preferences.

The following ceiling fans for bedroom definitely add efficiency to the room.

Ceiling fan for bedroom #1

Image Source: The DIY Mommy

Ceiling fan for bedroom #2

Image Source: One Kindesign

Ceiling fan for bedroom #3

Image Source: 900mm Blesser House

Ceiling fan for bedroom #4

Image Source: At Home with Ashley

Ceiling fan for bedroom #5

Image Source: Travel and Leisure

4. Best ceiling fan brands

With over 75 years of experience, Crompton ceiling fans stand tall in the home appliances market. The trust Crompton ceiling fan is preferred by consumers and experts equally.

Moreover, Crompton ceiling fans use ActivBLDC technology which has revolutionized the concept of energy efficiency by saving more than 50% of the overall electricity. The designer ceiling fans Crompton come in a wide range of colours, finishes, and features.

The Havells ceiling fan is IoT enabled and is operated by both iOS and Android smartphones. The best part about this smart ceiling fan is that it allows multi-user access. Not only can multiple people operate it but a single user can operate multiple fans at the same time too. The scheduler settings allow automatic on/off. The ceiling fan comes with temperature and humidity sensors and manages the airflow accordingly.

The amazing integration of IoT technology and ceiling fans, the Orient i-series fans are perfect for homes and offices. Its IoT features such as fan scheduling, reverse rotation (for cooling fans and heating fans), built-in timer, Turbo, Breeze, and Sleep mode make it an excellent fan solution.

In addition to that, it also saves up to 50% electricity, works on low voltage, comes with inverter technology, and has an aerodynamic elegant design.

For the best metal and wooden fans, buy the Usha ceiling fan which comes with several luxury features such as light kits and remote control. The Bloom Series and Aerolux Usha ceiling fans offer good looks, excellent quality, and effective functionality.

These fans are not extremely new in the market. However, their widespread use has begun just recently. The fans designed for false ceilings have low-angled blades to decrease power consumption. Fans with higher-angled blades increase the torque. As a result, there is an increase in energy consumption

A careful and precise false ceiling fan installation should be done. They need extra support brackets for mounting. Moreover, false ceiling fans should be elegant and must complement the ceiling.

Atomberg, manufactures smart ceiling fans for all purposes. Its false ceiling fans range is unique and integrates well with sustainable technology.

These high-speed ceiling fans are biomechanically designed for silent operation. They come with dual wings for natural airflow. The ceiling fans with remote are smart home appliances. They come with Wi-Fi enabled as well. As a result, operating them from anywhere is possible.

The Mosquito Away feature of the product makes it an ideal home appliance. It comes with a Comfort Sleep Mode that regulates the fan speed automatically according to the temperature. Smart Voice Assistant like Alexa controls the LG ceiling fan.

Ceiling fans come in several variants. However, two main categories are:

Standard ceiling fans

Smart ceiling fans

Therefore, we have classified the ceiling fan price list according to these two categories.

a. Standard ceiling fan price list

b. Smart and light-enabled ceiling fan price list

Conclusion

A ceiling fan remains a must-have home appliance. Choosing the right ceiling fan for your home or office has become possible with the numerous, colour, material, structural, functional, and technological options. However, these choices can be overwhelming too.

Therefore, you need to carefully observe and analyse the requirements of your interiors and get the best ceiling fan. Understand the requirements of your space and pay attention to the limitations and challenges as well. Additionally, go through the best ceiling fan brands and make the right choices.

There's always a ceiling fan available in your budget. All you need to do is pay attention to the prerequisites. The above-mentioned details definitely make choosing a ceiling fan for home greatly feasible and effortless. Hence, rely on it to make the right selections.

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Ceiling fans: How to choose the best one for your room? - Building And Interiors

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A ceiling fan is a mechanical fan that is mounted on the room's ceiling. It is one of the most common home electrical appliances. The widespread utility of ceiling fans is credited to affordable purchasing, functional and maintenance costs. It is used in every home, office, and building.

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Home design: 15 newfangled & futuristic ideas

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Home design: 15 newfangled & futuristic ideas

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An efficient and effective home design plan should feature an interactive relationship between light, movement, and material to transform an everyday space into an astounding one. The home front design and the home interior design must ooze sustainable modernity and class.

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An efficient and effective home design plan should feature an interactive relationship between light, movement, and material to transform an everyday space into an astounding one. The home front design and the home interior design must ooze sustainable modernity and class.

Every architect, designer, and builder has aspirations and incredible ideas when it comes to designing a home. The procedure of home designing is very challenging and meticulous. It remains an influential phase for the planning required to transform your vision into reality.

The initial stage of planning determines whether your custom-built home design plan will eventually check all the boxes.

Since the year 2020, the majority of people spend most of their time at home. Therefore, it is only right to say that the art of dwelling has a new and modified meaning.

From bungalows to beach houses and from farmhouses to multi-unit residences, this compilation highlights various aspects of the home design plan along with some remarkable projects to get inspired by.

This article will inspire you to revamp an empty plot into a beautiful and composed home design to successfully build your dream home.

Therefore, in this article, you will find a magnificent collection of innovative and outstanding homes. Furthermore, it provides a glimpse of the key design trends in contemporary architecture. So, you can definitely expect some wonderful home front designs and home interior designs.

Extraordinary Ordinary House

Location: Tokyo, Japan.

Architects: Love Architecture (Asari Yukio)

Area: 404 m²

Year: 2020

Photos: Masao Nishikawa

This abode showcases a modern space made up of unique elements. This home design plan consists of a rec room and wine cave in the basement, a garage, and lounge on the first floor, a space for entertaining on the second and, walk-in closets on the third as parts of the home interiordesign.

The unpredictable combinations of materials and furniture exhibit modernism in every possible way. The front door stands solid with textured cypress panels and a stainless-steel handle.

The second-floor powder room uses white for both finishes and furniture. This facilitates highlight creation among texture and pattern.

Nonetheless, the third-floor bathroom, having a Japanese-style wagon and Italian chair, is constructed from faux stone tiles and glass.

Additionally, the balcony wall comprises stainless steel strips laser-cut into various widths. Nearby, a metallic curtain and softly upholstered sofa integrate into the space creating harmony between architecture and interior design.

During the daytime, sunlight pours in from a skylight, but in the evening, the setting sun completely transforms the mood of the room. Thus, you get a scintillating home front design.

The home design plan is neither typically ordinary nor that of a vacation home. Rather, it sits somewhere between the two, intended to expand ordinary life and cast it in a fresh light.

Lastly, the ribbed concrete exterior walls of the home front design contrast a rough surface on the concave portions. This home design front elevation is achieved by pressing squared lumber into the formwork. In addition, the ribbing is vertical above the exterior staircase and horizontal below it.

Location: Karuizawa, Japan.

Area: 225 m²

Year: 2018

Photos: Norihito Yamauchi

This weekend house by KIAS is located in a forest in Karuizawa, Japan. It acts as a mountain retreat accommodation.

To make the most of the scenic beauty and natural lighting, the design orientation of each area is unique.

The home interior design includes a living room on the first floor that faces the scenery of a river and the bedrooms on the second floor face a quiet forest. The exterior walls facing the entrance are made of glossy black terrazzo giving a beautiful home front design look. In addition, the exterior walls of the living room and bedrooms are constructed of light gray Ashino stone flat plates.

The living and dining areas make the most of the bright environment while the master bedroom and bathroom offer private scenery of the forest.

Moreover, the roofs are designed as curved surfaces like gently twisted leaves. The combination of a concave and a convex roof configures from a high ceiling expansive space to an introverted compact space for rooms. Every roof has been designed to form an organic geometry.

Location: Haringey, London.

Architects: Amos Goldreich Architecture

Photos: Ollie Hammick

A beautiful and elaborate garden is the epitome of this home design. Being a Victorian mid-terrace house, this home design arranges a sequence of living spaces around the garden.

Oak-clad beams spanning the breadth of the expansive kitchen and dining area draw attention towards the garden. Sliding glass doors make the garden accessible. The internal courtyard constantly connects the tight urban site with the greenery.

Moreover, the oak used for home design exterior cladding extends out into a large bay window. The warmth of the wood perfectly complements the neutral tones of the terrazzo covering the kitchen island and countertops.

The garden connects the kitchen and dining area with the study and lounge at the front of the home.

Externally, the roof extension appears as a pair of intersecting boxes and sits in harmony with the rest of the house. Touches of grey paint on the front of the house ties the entire look together.

All images sourced from Bloxas
Location: Fitzroy, Australia.

Architects: Bloxas

Year: 2020

Photos: Peter Bennetts

This home design plan project exhibits two solid brick boundary walls, two floating timber pavilions, and a spine of perforated mesh. The remaining program is defined only through the removal of the built, and the creation of openness and void.

Light penetrates this building from all angles. It appears as if elements are free-standing, held lightly together by a white steel sub-structure. Views to the sky create endless parameters. A shifting and versatile plan within a heavily built-up urban environment establishes a new way of thinking about the economy of space.

Location: Adelaide, Australia.

Architects: Contech (Andrew Leaney and James Packer)

Area: 230 m²

Year: 2020

Photos: David Sievers

This home design plan features flexible home interior design living spaces connected to outdoor areas of the home front design.

The pool, in this home design plan, remains central in the design. It provides a direct line of sight over the pool and into the backyard. While entering the main living area, the occupant has two different options- to move toward the outside deck or to head downstairs to the basement.

The basement incorporates a large panoramic window that allows ample light to enter the space. In addition, the basement contains some extra space to create additional accommodation for guests.

The recycled brick walls provide texture to the living and kitchen space. The structure has been designed around the idea of an open pavilion that allows engagement with the backyard and the pool area.

Moreover, the backyard functions as an alternative entertainment space featuring a fire pit and bar area, providing a level of separation from the main pavilion.

Location: Seongnam-si, South Korea.

Architects: IROJE KHM Architects

Area: 329 m²

Year: 2013

Photos: Jong Oh Kim, Sergio Pirrone, and Jeong Sik Mun.

Re-built after taking down the old house, this home design is located on a monumental site.

The owner thought the exterior spaces of the demolished houses were narrow and useless, and the inner spaces were dark and blue. Therefore, for privacy and security, to block noise, and smoke, the introverted layout of this house was required.

The living room where has a dynamic, picturesque view of the landscape of the surrounding mountain.

By introducing "Madang", the Korean inner court, the requirement of introvert space, ecological environment, useful outdoor space, and the landscape was resolved.

By introducing "Ru", the Korean-piloted architecture, the dynamic and picturesque landscape of the near mountain can be absorbed.

Introduction of curved "Cheoma", a cantilevered roof of Korea for the floating roof of this house, resistance to rough weather conditions becomes achievable.

Moreover, the oval patterned concrete wall derived from the traditional stone wall is reminiscent of the past and traditions. This natural adaptation to nature has been the basic character of the Korean culture of architecture including this home design.

Location: São Paulo, Brazil.

Architects: FGMF Arquitetos

Area: 8417 ft²

Year: 2019

Photos: Pedro Mascaro

This house interferes in the landscape in two radically different approaches, divided into 3 main blocks. It sits on a sloping plot at the edge of a protected green area.

Eventually, the massive block detaches from the ground on the opposite side, emphasizing its form. This partially underground volume contains mainly the bedrooms, laundry, and garage.

Providing extra light and ventilation, a patio is carved in its core. The trees in the garden show a vertical connection to the spaces above. In contrast to this hard and heavy base, two other blocks seem to lightly land on it.

The larger one creates a bridge through which visitors enter the house, and transforms itself into a surprising cantilever. It contains the main social areas such as the living room, dining room, and kitchen. Its left side opens to a deck on top of the lower block, stretching into the swimming pool area.

The smaller block sits on the edge of the pool providing shade for a table and an open kitchen. Moreover, the upper floor is made of steel and glass, with green walls that naturally control the house temperature.

The simple shapes and their relation to the ground and view bring up the house's main concept: more than being inspired by this particular site, it tries to be a part of it.

Location: São José, São Paulo, Brazil.

Architects: Leo Romano

Area: 1100 m²

Year: 2019

Photos: Salvador Cordaro

Located in the Condominium Terras de São José, São Paulo, this residence received its name from its owners.

The wide sloping terrain protects a portion of the native forest. Few lines define the reinforced concrete structure. The pillars are treated as sculptures and receive the slabs that duplicate at the ends of the building.

In one of them, the gym overlaps the landscape. Utilizing the natural slope of the land to the maximum results in the main floor being "loose" from the ground. The highest side of the land preserves the forest that borders the entire wing of the rooms.

The rooms also enjoy the exuberant nature. The L-shape of this floor is clear. The bedrooms, living rooms, kitchen, balcony, and gym are sequenced and continuous. The usage of the space can be identified both internally and in the external observation of architecture. On the main plateau, the pool and other elements are developed for festivities and entertainment purposes.

At the bottom of the land, the garage, warehouses, staff rooms, and laundry can be spotted. The house stands out from the architectural complex in the entire condominium.

Although robust in size, it translates in a poetic way and takes the way of life of the residents. It combines boldness with the simplicity of materials. It brings the sky to itself and has with nature the closest to the dialogues.

Location: Bali, Indonesia.

Architects: Biombo Architects

Area: 650 m²

Year: 2019

Photos: KIE

This home design budded from the aim of creating a family place. The architects designed the main house called Cala Saona, with 5 bedroom en-suites for the main family building. In addition, on another level under the pool, a guest pavilion named "Batukaru Suites" was created. With another 3 bedroom en-suites having individual pools and terraces, this level took advantage of the natural slope of the plot.

Both units have the option to have independent access from the parking area. Moreover, the option to interconnect to each other inside the property also remains available.

This layout allows the property to be used as two separate units or as a bigger 8 bedroom villa. Therefore, the villas work equally well as a residence, rental property, or both at the same time.

Inside you will find an amazing indoor tropical garden with a double-height of 9 m. It surrounds a sunken living area. Besides this, there lies a spacious dining table and a kitchen with an island. This level contains another bedroom en-suite with the capacity to be used by a handicapped person.

The first floor has 3 spacious bedrooms, one of them with a freestanding black bathtub and another large outdoor terrace. The basement accommodates a multi-function room, laundry and linen area, and a staff toilet.

With large covered terraces, an outdoor dining area, and a pool bar, this residence offers spectacular views. A beach pool surrounded by a jungle of coconut trees remains the most iconic feature of the villa.

Location: Península Papagayo, Costa Rica.

Architects: Cañas Arquitectos

Year: 2014

Photos: Jordi Miralles & Ricardo Chaves

Placed on the tip of the downward sloping ridge of a peninsular-shaped lot, this home encompasses forest on both sides. It is named after some of the most characteristic trees as they make up a focal point of the house, especially in the main living area.

All living spaces have a view of the sea or the forest reserve. It finds access via a lobby having a sea view. From here, you can use the wooden walkways that hover above scattered river stones. Further, it uses the stairs to get to the two main bedrooms via bridges.

The main double-height space contains a living room, dining room, and kitchen. It opens with large windows towards the pool terrace and towards the forest reserve. The window opens with sliding doors erasing any barrier between the interior and the terrace.

The pool merges with a terrace that surrounds an outside living room in its entirety. It is located below the master bedroom and framed by a set of diagonal columns. Located in a strategic place near the kitchen, this shaded "island" remains the pivot of the social area. It receives the sea breezes and enjoys magnificent views of both the forest and the sea.

Through the main bridge on the second floor, you reach the master bedroom. A Secondary bridge leads to the second bedroom upstairs.

From this small cozy space, this walkway crosses a narrow sky-lit space of variable height. Further, it opens to the double-height social area on one side and on the other, towards the forest. It continues outside and passes next to the main terrace and ends on a balcony projected over the treetops.

Therefore, this home design allows you to enjoy the sea breeze, the sun, the sea views, and a forest.

Location: Takarazuka City, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan.

Architects: Kubota Architect Atelier

Area: 152 m²

Year: 2020

Photos: Katsu Tanaka

This house design displays vastness and modernism. It remains surrounded by mountains full of greenery, several clear rivers, and many ancient tombs.

This house is located near the Takarazuka Grand Theater, the home of the troupe, in a residential complex. About 50 meters closer to the sky, the site remains surrounded by various houses.

The architect aimed at assessing the relationship between nature and the mind and engaging the sky. The space, created by folding white, thin slabs, shifts the interpretation from figurative to abstract.

The inside-outside continuity facilitated by the building makes us aware of the identity hidden deep within nature. Moreover, the abstract phenomena shorten the distance between nature and mind, merging them into one. These things cancel out the small, closed flow of the future, and make everything infinite and free. The mind's boundlessness remains a transcription of the endless, magnificent universe, and nature brings freedom to our mind.

Location: Litueche, Chile.

Architects: 2DM

Year: 2020

Photos: Nico Saieh

Commissioned by a young couple, this home design features a view of the sea. It exhibits a formal challenge that involves the generation of a compact volume. At the same time, tensed by this view, this house achieves the depth of the landscape in a single look.

The shape as a single, suspended volume points dramatically to the sea just as a ship would.
All images sourced from Scott Brownrigg
The public program on the first floor of the home interior design allows you to go side by side to the surrounding nature with a more restrained look. On the other hand, the second floor of the home interior design, from the master bedroom, allows the view to get as far away as possible to achieve the desired Pacific Ocean.

The dark exterior cladding beautifully complements the lighting peeping out through the glass windows. Every element of this home design offers a serene view of nature outside.

Location: Singapore

Architects: Scott Brownrigg

Area: 468 m²

Year: 2020

Photos: Khoo Guo Jie

The Strata House at No. 6 Begonia Terrace in Singapore proves to be a stunning private residence. Guided by the owners' aspirations, the architect designed this 3-story semi-detached home. It delivers timeless, contemporary family accommodation to reflect the owner's desire for spaces.

Constrained by its location on a narrow, corner rectilinear plot, the design concept optimizes the site footprint. Accessibility both into the house and around the first-floor living, dining, and guest room spaces was a key consideration. Therefore, a ramp from ground level allows entry into the house and connection to the first floor.

The layering of varying heights creates an internal space. It weaves around the central steel staircase. The staircase acts as the protagonist. It connects the vertical levels and allowing for cross-ventilation. Moreover, it features a metallic patterned screen. It diffuses the daylight from the third level roof skylight.

These interesting internal spaces and their detailing are light in their architectural expression. Created with concrete texture, timber grain, and industrial steel matte lustre, this home design showcases a play of shadows.

This palette extends through to the internal furnishings with bespoke furniture and cabinetry. To ensure privacy, a continuous metallic aluminum roof defines its form, with no openings on the front elevation.

Location: Chemmad, Kerala, India.

Architects: Nufail Shabana Architects

Area: 5300 ft²

Year: 2018

Photos: Justin Sebastin

The lengthy 22m long sit-out slab increasing the horizontality of the home front design elevation.

The exposed concrete finish of the house front design adds to the ethnic theme of the residence.

Bamboo screening on the west side of the residence.

Buffer zones added to the dining and deck area.

Buffer zone created at the roof level to drain out the heat accumulated throughout the daytime.

This abode designed with lush greenery attempts to recreate an ethnic feel to a modern-day house. Located 4kms within the main town, the home design plan intent revolves around crisp and clear lines. They find their usage throughout the house in the home front design and home interior design.

Moreover, the ethnic theme used throughout the home interior design and home front design is evident in various elements. The cota stone flooring, mud texture, partition colors, light fixtures, metal handrails and partitions, and wood ceiling and handrails signify the same.

The house interior design has been designed with 5 bedrooms, a spacious living & dining area abutting a dry courtyard. It also involves a family living space with an extended spacious deck area. The kitchen block, placed on the northeast side of the plot, can be accessed from the adjacent paternal home.

Additionally, the modern ethnic feel throughout the house design plan is created using rustic materials like bamboo, wood, and jute. The colored glass plays an important role to create loud spaces with natural light filtering through the bamboo screening.

Salient features of the project are:-

From the long sit-out to the pantry space within, every space in the home design plan has been treated with subtle colors, tinted glass, and ample sunlight to create a cozy feel within the interior. In addition, the wooden accent in the ceiling in the home interior design adds to the feel of space.

Clean and clear lines are visible throughout the house design plan. They add to the clarity of space. Moreover, the buffers used throughout the house to reduce the heat inside the house.

Pine Needles Residence

Location: Del Mar, California, United States.

Architects: Nakhshab Development and Design

Area: 5400 m²

Photos: Darren Bradley

Year: 2019

The Pine Needles Residence pays homage to the original mid-century era style of architecture. Moreover, its home front design and home interior design are infused with today's modern elements. The unique features of this home design plan include beam construction, multiple atriums to bring in natural light, floor-to-ceiling glass, and built-in furniture.

Most importantly, the home's most prevalent highlight is the natural connections between indoor and outdoor spaces. Each room has a direct view of or access to the ethereal beauty of the Torrey Pine tree. Although located only a few blocks from the ocean, it feels like a cozy abode nestled deep within a dreamy forest.

Additionally, the details were meticulously pored over. The architect-designed this home to create clean lines and transitions between the materials. Hence, it proves that structural design is as beautiful as it is necessary.

This resulted in a LEED-certified two-story residence featuring four bedrooms, each with its own en suite full bath and private patio, and an additional two powder rooms, pool bathroom, and outdoor shower in its home design plan. Also, the home includes an office, elevator, swimming pool, custom fireplaces, jacuzzi, multiple decks, and a private laundry area.

Therefore, the resultant is a comfortable, private space for all its residents. It maximizes the natural light and beauty of the property and its foliage.

Regardless of the visual appeal, a particular home design plan must address a range of natural elements in its home front design as well as the home interior design. Now you must be certain that a house is composed to assemble a distinct and functional home design.

The home designs featured in this article display the tension between functional structures and organic contexts.

In addition, most homes are built around the human experience. These broaden the dimensional boundaries. As a result, they create harmony between light and the environment around daily life. Each of these residences utilizes modernist ideas. Thereby creating open and picturesque places to live in.

When it comes to building your dream home, there are a lot of things that should be taken into account. Things like achieving balance and having a cohesive theme are key. However, ensuring that your furniture is on the right scale can make a difference between a space that you love and the one that just doesn't feel right.

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Home design: 15 newfangled & futuristic ideas - Building And Interiors

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An efficient and effective home design plan should feature an interactive relationship between light, movement, and material to transform an everyday space into an astounding one. The home front design and the home interior design must ooze sustainable modernity and class. Every architect, designer, and builder has aspirations and incredible ideas when it comes to designing a home.

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Are you planning a kitchen remodeling? It is obvious that you’re looking forward to creating a kitchen exuding class, style, and sophistication to transform your cooking experience. Regardless of whether you choose a new sleek color scheme or modern appliances streamlining and focusing on your layout, you need to make a few changes for your kitchen renovation. You have to consider upgrading your modular kitchen using luxury kitchen makeover ideas to make it more impressive.

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10 Best kitchen remodeling ideas | Building and Interiors

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Are you planning a kitchen remodeling? It is obvious that you're looking forward to creating a kitchen exuding class, style, and sophistication to transform your cooking experience. Regardless of whether you choose a new sleek color scheme or modern appliances streamlining and focusing on your layout, you need to make a few changes for your kitchen renovation.

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Paint: A handbook for construction industry professionals

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Paint: A handbook for construction industry professionals

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Paint is a pigmented coating used to protect, preserve, decorate, or add functionality to a surface or object.

In addition, it is a liquid or mastic material. It can be applied to surfaces to color, protect, and provide texture. It can be categorized as decorative when applied on-site, or industrial when applied in factories as part of the manufacturing process.

These form a solid film when applied to a surface. This film protects the surface from many dangers like corrosion, weathering, chemical attacks, etc. Timber or metal structures can extend their life by coating them with paints.

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Paint, including wall paint, is a pigmented coating used to protect, preserve, decorate, or add functionality to a surface or object.

In addition, it is a liquid or mastic material. It can be applied to surfaces to color, protect, and provide texture. It can be categorized as decorative when applied on-site, or industrial when applied in factories as part of the manufacturing process.

These serve the following purposes:-

Covering a metal to resist corrosion

Adding festive trims to a house's interior

Protecting the material from oxidation

Modifying light reflection

Heat radiation

Differentiation products or items on the basis of their properties, functions, etc.

These form a solid film when applied to a surface. This film protects the surface from many dangers like corrosion, weathering, chemical attacks, etc. Timber or metal structures can extend their life by coating them with paints.

Typically, paint comprises four main components: pigment, binder, liquid, and additives. The application methods depend on the particular kind but can include spray application, brush methods, and electrostatic spraying.

Therefore, the main constituents are as follows:-

Image Source: thomasnet.com

Pigments refer to the granular solids that impart colour. Dyes or colorants are dissolved in paints. Fillers are granular solids incorporated to impart toughness, texture, or reduce the cost of the paint. However, some types contain dyes or a combination of dyes and pigments.

The pigments provide color and opacity. These constitute either natural or synthetic derivatives.

This component acts as a binder to hold the pigment particles together. In addition, it provides adhesion to the surface. It is the actual film-forming component.

Categorized on the basis of drying or curing mechanism, these are an essential element of paints.

Solvents act as a carrier for the pigment and binder. It may be an organic as well as an inorganic material.

It mainly serves the purpose of adjusting the viscosity of the paint. Moreover, it affects the stability, flow, and application of the paints in a liquid state.

That said, MTO or Xylene and water are the main solvents for industrial and water-based paints respectively.

Added in small amounts, additives enhance certain properties of paints. This includes ease of application, mould resistance, modification of surface tension, improved finish, pigment stability, and flow properties.

These include catalysts, thickeners, adhesion promoters, emulsifiers, and stabilizers.

Many people are unsure which wall paint is better for their homes. The type you choose is as important as the color of it. It majorly affects the final product.

a) On the basis of application area

(i) Interior

Made to cover the interior walls of your home, these contain silicone and epoxy resin.

These kinds of wall paints resist stains and can be scrubbed without damaging the surface. Moreover, these possess low levels of volatile organic compounds and other harmful chemicals, thus safer for breathing and indoor application.

Paints meant for interior walls cannot be used on the house exterior as they contain organic pigments. These pigments tend to fade away very quickly in sunlight.

Meant for outdoor applications, these contain additives to make the wall paint waterproof. In addition, these can withstand prolonged exposure to sunlight without cracking or fading.

These are formulated to combat the changing weather. Moreover, these paints resist mold, mildew, fading, cracking, chipping, and more due to the presence of mildewcides and other chemicals.

(iii) Industrial

Industrial paints possess several characteristics that can be manipulated to provide application-specific coverage. These are used to protect metal, wood, and a wide range of other materials.

In addition, these characteristics largely depend on the paint ingredients and the performance specifications of the selected application.

b) On the basis of the surface to be painted

(i) Walls

In most cases, the word ' paint' refers to wall paint. It protects as well as beautifies the walls. Wall paints add colour, pattern, and texture to the walls.

These are of several types, such as acrylic, emulsion, enamel, metallic, textured, etc.

(ii) Metals

Specific types of paints are required to prevent rusting and any change in colour of metals. A water-based, as well as oil-based paint, is suitable for metals.

Thus, alkyd resin-based synthetic enamels are the most suitable fit for metal applications. They provide a smooth finish and protection against corrosion.

(iii) Wood

Different from the usual wall paints, these paints are specifically formulated for wooden surfaces. They provide better adhesion to wooden surfaces. Moreover, these enhance the wood texture and appeal of the painted surface.

These include sealers, varnishes, preservatives, lacquers, chalk powder, etc.

(i) Water-based

The most common type of wall paint sold today is water-based. The primary reason being its availability and ease of use.

Although very functional, these can be difficult to use on any surface previously treated with oil-based paint. Due to the presence of oil, these lose their adhesive property. In such situations, dampen the surface and then scrub it all over with a medium to smooth grit sandpaper. This not only makes it clean, dry, and workable but also prevents peeling of the new coat.

(ii) Oil-based

These suit almost all surfaces. Due to their high durability and rich finish, these are not washable.

However, one needs to be cautious with its usage as these emit strong fumes. These emissions can be quite overwhelming and slightly toxic.

d) On the basis of function

(i) Distemper

Distempers are durable and economical water-based paints. They are majorly composed of colouring agents, chalk, and lime. Considered an excellent budget painting solution, these mostly offer a flat finish.

Distemper paint is thin, non-durable, and economical. Moreover, it can withstand limited and careful washing making it suitable for ceilings. It can achieve nearly any color.

However, distempers are not suitable for application in damp areas such as the kitchen, bathroom, etc. They exhibit poor durability and workability.

(ii) Enamel

Produced by adding lead or zinc to varnish, enamel paint dries to a hard and glossy finish. Unlike oil-based paints, these contain glass powder or metal flakes instead of the color pigments.

Pigments are added to achieve a wide variety of colors. Characterized by being waterproof and chemically resistant, these offer good coverage, color retention, and ease of application.

The following are some common application areas of enamel paints:-

Interior and exterior walls

Wood trims, doors, and flooring

Windows

Stairs

Surfaces like wicker, masonry, concrete, plaster, glass, and metals

Their main drawbacks include slow drying and the requirement of a titanium coating before application.

(iii) Emulsion

Emulsion paints use polyvinyl acetate and polystyrene as binding agents. They contain driers like cobalt and manganese. They can either be water-based or oil-based.

Moreover, these are characterized by their fast drying and easy to clean property. Post application, these offer durability, good color retention, and alkali resistance.

Emulsions are commonly used for interior walls, ceilings, and masonry work. However, some specialized types can be used for woodwork as well.

(iv) Cement paint

Available in powder form, cement paint is mixed with water to achieve the desired consistency. The base material is white or colored cement, with or without pigments, accelerators, and other additives. Commonly used in rough internal and external surfaces, it is durable and waterproof.

In addition, it has a long drying time, typically 24 hours. To prevent any dampness issues, it must be applied in two coats.

(v) Bituminous paint

Made from dissolved asphalt or tar, bituminous paint has a distinct black colour. It is waterproof as well as alkali-resistant in nature. However, it is not considered suitable for application in areas exposed to the sun.

Generally, it is used in underwater ironworks, concrete foundations, wooden surfaces, and iron pipes. It also helps provide rust resistance when applied to metals.

(vi) Aluminum paint

This type of paint is produced by mixing aluminum particles with oil varnish. It is resistant to corrosion, electricity, and weather exposure.

Therefore, it is commonly used for metals and wood. Some of its specific applications include gas tanks, oil tanks, water pipes, and radiators.

(vii) Anti-corrosive paint

As the name suggests, anti-corrosive paint is characterized by its chemical resistance. It is made from linseed oil, zinc chrome, and fine sand. Additionally, it possesses a black color, is highly durable as well as affordable. It is typically used for metallic surfaces and pipes.

(viii) Synthetic rubber paint

It comprises dissolved synthetic resins and pigments. It has a moderate cost and offers several other benefits, such as chemical resistance, fast drying, and weather resistance.

Moreover, synthetic rubber paint is used for concrete surfaces in general, including fresh concrete.

(ix) Cellulose paint

Cellulose paint is produced from celluloid sheets, amyl acetate, and photographic films. Its adhesive property can be improved by adding castor oil. It is characterized by its quick drying time, smooth finish, and resistance to water, smoke, and acids.

Therefore, cellulose paint is commonly used in cars and airplanes. However, its high price still remains a major drawback.

(x) Plastic paint

This paint uses water as a thinner and is available in a wide range of colours. It dries fairly quickly and offers high surface coverage.

Hence, it is most commonly used on walls and ceilings of auditoriums, showrooms, display rooms, etc. as well as decks and slabs.

(i) Matte

It is the most popular interior wall finish. It offers ease of application without an overwhelming surface sheen. An opaque and solid colour becomes achievable by applying more than one single coat. However, matte paint is easily marked and requires regular retouching.

In general, a matte finish is similar to a flat finish but offers superior washability and coverage.

(ii) Satin

Satin or pearl finish is highly durable in terms of washability and moisture resistance. It provides protection against dirt, moisture, and stains. Therefore, it is highly suitable for bathrooms, furniture, and kitchens.

However, it is even more prone to show imperfections as it is shiny looking.

(iii) Eggshell

An eggshell finish offers subtle shine but not the same smoothness as that of a satin finish. Since they are partially reflective, they do not highlight imperfections. Thus, considered highly suitable for application on interior walls.

They are easy to apply and can often cover well with a single coat. This finish provides great washability. The eggshell finish is valued for bathrooms as it doesn't peel in a wet environment.

(iv) Semi-gloss

A semi-gloss finish is usually used for trimmings such as baseboards, mouldings, and doors rather than walls. It emphasizes the details and elegance of the woodwork.

In addition, it is suitable for heavy usage and offers ease of cleaning. A single coat is usually sufficient for a good covering.

It provides a shiny surface and protection against moisture and wall stains.

(v) High-gloss

This is commonly used on woodwork and metal as it provides a high shine. However, high-gloss paints often require several coats.

High-gloss finishes reflect light and possess a mirror-like sheen. It pairs well with other finishes. Apart from being highly durable and easy to clean, high-gloss finishes tend to show imperfections like scratches, dents, etc.

(vi) Flat Finish

This finish generally suits ceilings or walls that are in bad shape. It is useful for hiding imperfections in walls. In addition, it is economical in effectively covering relatively larger areas. However, this finish is not easily washable and is subject to staining.

Surface preparation directly affects the final results. First of all, check the surface for any dampness or moisture seepage. If found, rectify the problem at the source and get rid of any damage caused by it.

Next, use sandpaper to remove any flakes and ensure that the surface is free from dust, dirt, or grease. After that, all the cracks should be filled with plaster and sealed properly with a sealant.

b) Application of primer

Right after evening out the surface, application of a coat of primer is done. Moreover, in case of porous walls or have water damage, the application of primer becomes essential.

It provides a smooth surface for painting. Additionally, it makes the surface less absorbent, thereby enhancing the spreading capacity.

It is highly recommended to use primer on the kitchen, bathroom, and exterior walls to aid the prevention of mildew. Primer imparts a uniform colour and texture to the surface and provides better adhesion to the topcoats.

However, the type of primer to be used largely depends on the kind of surface to be painted. Therefore, different primers exist for interior walls, exterior walls, wood, metals, etc.

Generally, putties are used for freshly done walls that require total revamping and modification. After the first primer coat has completely dried, a wall putty should be applied.

It fills in minor cracks and surface imperfections, thus providing a protective sub-layer for the final coat. As per the requirement, 1-2 coats of putty can be applied only after allowing the previous coat to dry.

d) Application of second primer coating

A single coat of primer is required in case of repainting services. However, freshly painted surfaces or surfaces needing considerable leveling require two primer coats.

Moreover, ensure the application of the second primer coat only after the previous putty coat has dried out completely.

e) Application of final coat

Typically, two coats of the finish coating are required to get the desired finish and colour. The first coat is applied in a 'W' shape with the help of brushes or rollers. Next, errors are checked and repaired using the putty.

The second coat is applied in the same pattern and final repairs are made if required. Then, the final coat is applied to the wall to enhance its visual appeal.

Click here to explore wall paint design ideas and transport your space in the quickest and easiest way.

Painting your house imparts a sense of completion and newness. It increases the aesthetic value of your house. Choosing the right variant is crucial to avoid any painting failures and defects.

Image Source: fordhammaclean.com

Therefore, here is a list of qualities an ideal paint must possess. Any homeowner must know these before painting the house.

Being a determinant of cost, it should possess a good spreading power. It must have the potential to cover the maximum area of the surface by the minimum quantity of the paint. Typically, the brochure given by the manufacturer contains all coverage information.

When applied to the surface, it should form a thin film of uniform nature.

The colour should withstand adverse environmental conditions for a long period of time. It should not fade away or change over its useful life.

It must be able to withstand changes in weather conditions.

The consistency should be such that it could be easily applied with a brush or a spraying device.

It should adhere well to the surface to which it is applied.

Additionally, it should have an attractive and pleasing appearance.

The initial cost must be fairly low and must prove to be cost-effective in the long run.

After drying, the surface should not show any cracks.

It should be corrosion-resistant and protect the material on which it is used.

It should be such that it dries in a reasonable time and not too rapidly.

On drying, any signs, such as brush marks, shrinkage marks, cracks, patches, etc. should not be left behind on the surface.

In addition, it must prevent the growth of moulds and algae.

The application process should be easy and convenient. Typically, brush or spray painting devices ideally fit their application.

Note: Its properties should be judged at all three stages- before, during, and after the application. An ideal variant will provide the perfect finish and ensure a longer useful life.

The main reasons for failure after application are the application tools, techniques, and improper treatment of the surface.

Hence, the defects or degradation can be attributed to:-

Bad workmanship

Salts and alkalis

Moisture

Painting conditions and tools

Unsuitable surfaces

Wrong choice of variants

Following are the most commonly occurring defects:-

Efflorescence is when associated with the painting of bricks. Mostly, it takes one of the following forms:-

Fluffy white deposits caused by sodium, magnesium, or calcium sulphates.

Formation of white films due to calcium carbonate or hydroxide.

Hard glossy patches caused by potassium salts.

Yellowish green stains produced by the presence of chromium salts.

Image Source: dbackdrop

Bleeding refers to the diffusion or mixing of a dye from the substrate into the topcoat. Generally, bleeding results in a spot-like discoloration of the topcoat. Common causes of this defect are:-

Use of excessive peroxide with the putty

Inadequate mixing of the hardener with the putty

Lack of isolation-sensitive colours

Improper surface cleaning

Dissolution of soluble dyes from the old paintwork in the solvent of the repair materials

Residues from bitumen and tar

c) Blistering or peeling

It occurs due to improper surface treatment and the presence of moisture or dampness in the substrate.

Thus, blistering refers to the lifting of the paint film from the underlying surface. In addition, it appears to be a bubble or a blister, usually caused by heat, moisture, or both. Eventually, this leads to the peeling of the paint if not taken care of.

Causes of blistering or peeling are:-

Painting in direct sunlight or on a hot surface

Application of an oil-based or alkyd over a damp or wet surface

Exposing a freshly coated film to high humidity

Moisture passing through interior walls from common household sources such as bathrooms, kitchens, etc.

Blooming refers to the formation of dull patches on the surface due to improper ventilation, weathering, defective products, etc. In this case, the top coat of a surface dries out and develops haziness.

Blooming occurs due to the migration of water-soluble compounds. When migrated water compound evaporates from the surface, it appears as sticky deposits on the topcoat.

Eventually, when sticky deposits dry out, it appears as milky and hazy spots on the topcoat causing significant surface irregularities.

Chalking is the most common defect seen on the house exterior and interior after painting.

As the name suggests, it is the formation of a white, chalky powder on the painted surface. This occurs due to the absence of sufficient oil in the primer. Moreover, all the paints will have this defect if subjected to outdoor exposure over an extended period of time.

Therefore, it is recommended to use weather-resistant paint for areas exposed to UV light.

Image Source: Fitz-Coatings

Flaking of the painted film is due to improper application of primer coat over putty, and not being completely covered. It can also occur due to shrinkage or expansion of a surface.

Typically, it is caused by the presence of moisture underneath the coating. If the paint is applied over oil, dirt, grease, or a poorly prepared, powdery surface, there is a high chance of flaking.

In addition, it also occurs when the bond between surface and paint film is poor. To prevent this, the surface should be cleaned and rubbed with abrasive paper before painting.

Image Source: Hirshfields

Cracking refers to the chipping of the paint film. It is often visible on both exterior and interior surfaces. It mainly occurs in paints containing inadequate adhesion and flexibility. Premature application of the final coat before the previous coat has completely dried also contributes to cracking.

On the exterior surface, cracking occurs due to prolonged exposure to the atmosphere. However, on interior walls it mainly occurs due to faulty application of paint and insufficient drying time between coats. In addition, it also occurs on wooden surfaces.

Image Source: Brewers-Decorator-Centres

Cissing refers to a defect in which freshly applied paint recedes from the surface. Moreover, it leaves small craters or bare areas on the entire surface resulting in irregularities. Usually, cissing occurs due to contamination of the surface.

Moreover, it may also occur when water-thinned paints are applied over glossy oil-based coatings. Its prevention becomes possible by cleaning or scrubbing off the oil-based coatings before the application of water-thinned materials. When cissing has occurred, allow the paint to harden before rubbing and recoating it.

Image Source: British Paints

When a surface is painted with a thick layer of paint and the film runs downwards, sagging appears. Similar to running, sagging occurs considerably quicker.

It also identifies as curtaining or running of paints. Additionally, its common causes include uneven application, flat surfaces, or over-application to mouldings and rough surfaces. Therefore, avoid heavy coats in order to prevent sagging.

Image Source: Mitchell Wright on LinkedIn

Saponification refers to the effect of alkali on oil-based paints in the presence of moisture. In this case, formation of soap patches occurs on the paint surface. Eventually, this leads to the peeling.

In mild cases, the paint softens and discolours. However, in severe cases, the paint may be completely destroyed.

Alkali in damp cement, concrete, lime plaster, asbestos, or similar materials and contact with alkaline solutions will cause saponification of oil-based paints.

In the event of saponification, the surface should be scrubbed, washed, and dried out before repainting.

This company has come a long way since its small beginnings in 1942. Asian Paints became a corporate force and India's leading company in this sector.

It manufactures a wide range of paints for decorative and industrial use. Moreover, it offers wall coverings for exterior and interior, wood and metal, adhesives, and services under its portfolio.

Click here to visit the website.

Berger Paints India Limited is the second largest company in the country with a consistent track record of being one of the fastest-growing companies for the past few years.

It manufactures interior and exterior wall coatings, undercoats, waterproofing solutions, exterior textures, and finishes including metal, wood, and glass.

Click here to visit the website.

Nerolac Paints, a leading company in India offers a wide range of colors & decorative wall solutions for homes & offices. It is a subsidiary of Kansai Paint of Japan.

It offers a wide range of industrial paints, powder coatings, coil coatings, interior, and exterior paints, and colours. Moreover, it also manufactures wood and metal surface paints and automotive coatings.

Click here to visit the website.

Nippon Paint produces high-quality products with an emphasis on innovation and eco-friendliness. Choose your wall design with its colour catalogue for interior, exterior, waterproofing solutions, wood and metal, primers and undercoats, and construction solutions.

Click here to visit the website.

An internationally available brand, Dulux, is the most popular brand for the decorative coatings business while the performance coatings business provides solutions to many industries and sectors.

Click here to visit the website.

Started in the year 2000, Indigo Paints covers most segments of water-based products like exterior emulsions, interior emulsions, distempers, primers, enamels, putties and primers, wood coatings, etc. for homes and offices.

Click here to visit the website.

Shalimar Paint Color & Varnish Company was established in 1902. Rapidly expanding presence and reach, Shalimar has become the country's leading brand in this sector.

The brand manufactures emulsion, distemper, enamel, putty, primer, varnish, etc.

Click here to visit the website.

Painting is a fast and inexpensive alternative to revamp an old room. It gives the space a breath of fresh air making your house more inviting.

Since walls enhance the appearance of buildings, it is an ordinary component of any renovation project. However, wall paints have supplementary uses apart from amplifying looks. Knowing the performance characteristics of each type is primary for their selection.

In addition, there are various types of wall paints with totally different applications. The reasons to use paint in construction include visual appeal, surface durability, chemical protection, and protection from termites.

Therefore, as an architect, it is pivotal for you to know all about paints since they play a major role in building construction.

After reading this article, you must be certain that each classification is designed for specific applications. Therefore, it is important to understand their properties in detail. Efficient selection of ideal wall paint reduces project costs and improves performance.

Painting your house can be an expensive and tedious task. Hence, check the paint by comparing its characteristics to the characteristics of ideal wall paint. If it is not of good quality, the paint will deteriorate quickly and will not serve its purpose properly.

Lastly, for your next project, choose from the most famous and trusted paint companies in India.

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Paint: A handbook for construction industry professionals | Building and Interiors

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Paint, including wall paint, is a pigmented coating used to protect, preserve, decorate, or add functionality to a surface or object. In addition, it is a liquid or mastic material. It can be applied to surfaces to color, protect, and provide texture.

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Interior wall designs using 9 splendid materials to enrich the space

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Interior wall designs using 9 splendid materials to enrich the space

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The walls in any interior space are a focal point and speak a design language that reflects the personality of the homeowners. Since every room has distinct characteristics, there is no ‘one wall design fits all’ in terms of walls too. Thus, from brick to wood and from tile to PVC paneling, a plethora of interior wall design options are available.

Walls are the perfect companion of your furnishings and interior design accessories.

Not only are they more durable and cost-effective, but they also amplify the aesthetics of your interior like no other. Moreover, the interior wall designs prove to be vibrant, to say the least, and they are exquisite and economical too.

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For few people, interior wall designs are nothing but painted walls, while for other creative and artistic souls, it is a gaiety affair. Whether going for boundary, parapet, compound, living room, office, or TV wall, design it in a manner that it fits the overall theme of the house.

Irrespective of how you choose to decorate your walls, the point is to never leave them unattended.

You must always look for ideas and inspiration to enhance the appearance of the entire space and add value to your home. Every nook and corner of the house serves a different purpose and has some unique functions.

Therefore, having the perfect wall design is the key to reflect your personal style and add a statement at the same time.

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Wallpapers are interior decoration materials that adorn the interior walls. Therefore, an artistic wallpaper holds the power to magically transform your spaces. 3D, black, photo, and HD wallpaper designs are the latest developments in the designing sector.

From minimalist monochromes to bohemian bursts of colors, there is a wallpaper design for every personality!

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Choosing the right interior decor elements for your space is a challenging task. The main challenge is selecting the right pieces that work well together. Since there are endless decor elements one can work with, we have decided to focus on table lamps. Table lamps are generally small in size and are designed to be placed on a table. They are a great option for layered lighting to illuminate any space. However, they are not just functional; they are aesthetic elements that can play an important role in room decor as well. Table lamps can enhance your decor and can be placed on your study table, bedroom nightstand, living room centre table, or work desk. Therefore, they have diverse applications and can be used to create a striking aesthetic. Furthermore, you can find all sorts of table lamps online, from LED to novelty.

In this article, we have given comprehensive information on different types of table lamps along with a complete buying guide and online buying options. So, if you want to use table lamps to enhance and illuminate your space, read the article below.

Metal lamps tend to be sturdier and more durable in comparison. However, the type of metal used to make the lamp is going to affect its style. For example, to make a tiffany lamp, usually, bronze or brass is used as a base. The good thing about metal lamps is that they come in a wide variety of styles, aesthetics, and shapes. Therefore, they are good additions to any home.

Image Source: Living room lamps table on Pinterest

Wood is a versatile material which can be stained and finished in numerous ways. Therefore, wooden table lamps come in all shapes, sizes, and designs, so you will have abundant options online and in-store to choose from.

Image Source: Juliettesinteriors.co.uk

Marble is a strong and gorgeous rock that can be moulded into any desired shape. As a result, it is popularly used to make counters, flooring, furniture, and other decorative items. Furthermore, it gives off a very luxurious, plush finish that makes it ideal for achieving an expensive look on a budget.

Image Source: Freedomtree.com

One of the basic requirements of a study room is that it has to be well lit. To ensure that you don't strain your eyes and maintain productivity, it is important to study in a properly lit room. Therefore, study table lamps are highly effective solutions that can be used on their own or to provide layered lighting to any room.

Image Source: En.lumeers.com

The bedroom is one of the most important rooms in a house; it is a place where you unwind after a long day. Therefore, this room needs to have a charming and relaxing feel. To create that, table lamps in the bedroom are a great option. The right design can illuminate your space while beautifying it.

When it comes to your workstation, it is a space that needs proper lighting to be functional. Therefore, table lamps make sense and are a functional addition to the space. So, finding an aesthetic table lamp design to fit your workstation can be the subtle change your room needs.

Image Source: Henryandco.it

Accent table lamps can be your eccentric room decor element that stands out or grabs the attention of the viewer. You can experiment with different shapes, styles, and colours to achieve the aesthetic you want.

Image Source: Furnwise.co.uk

Industrial style has become popular in the recent past because of its rustic appearance that adds a distinct character and interest to the space. One of the most common features of industrial style is its distinctive lighting elements.

Image Source: Amazon.com

A country-style design gives off a very casual and relaxed vibe, giving the feeling of simple country life. Furthermore, a country-themed table lamp can have vintage design elements. Also, the colour scheme generally incorporates soft muted shades that show a rustic style.

Image Source: 1stdibs.com

A Scandinavian design is generally minimalistic that incorporates textures and subtle hues to bring together a sleek and modern look. Additionally, it has a cosy and inviting vibe. These types of table lamps are ideal for modern and minimalistic room settings.

The purpose for which you are buying a lamp becomes relevant because the look and design of the lamp might change according to the purpose they serve. For example, if you need a lamp for your study table, you would want it to be functional as well as aesthetic like an energy-efficient LED bulb. Conversely, if you want an accent piece in your decor and decide to go for an unconventional design lamp, it doesn't need to have proper lighting features.

The lamp must be coherent with the overall decor of your room. As a rule, any additional style element you pick must be able to blend in with the decor scheme. To ensure that, you must see that the lamp has the right style, design, and colour. For example, placing an offbeat lamp with bright neon colours in an office would look like a misfit as it is not coherent with the decor.

The size of the lamp you pick must be proportionate to the size of the desk where you intend to place it. If you don't have enough desk space, placing a large lamp is going to overwhelm the decor. Similarly, if you place a small lamp on a big table, the lamp is going to get lost in the decor. Therefore, it is a practical choice to buy according to the size of the table.

Before buying a lamp consider some additional features that are offered by the following designs:

Night light - In the night light feature, the lamp has two lighting options, regular and ambient, to be used in the nighttime.

USB port - These lamps come with a USB port at their base that allows for charging of electronic devices. So, it can function as a charger as well as a lamp.

Proper placement of a lamp is important to ensure that the light doesn't disturb your eyes. To prevent that from happening, the following rules must be followed:

Image Source: Lampsplus.com

Whenever you place a lamp in the living room or by a chair, follow the eye level rule. According to the rule, to prevent the light from shining straight into your eyes, the bottom of the shade should be at your eye level. Refer to the illustration above for a better understanding.
Image Source: Lampsplus.com
When placing table lamps in the bedroom, follow the chin level rule. So, the lamp shade should align with the bottom of your chin when sitting in bed. This will ensure that the light coming off of the lamp would not shine in your eyes and cause discomfort. Refer to the illustration above for a better understanding.

The need to beautify our homes is ever increasing especially since the pandemic when people were stuck at home. To enhance your space, you can opt for a beautiful table lamp. There are many types of table lamps available in the market and online based on material, style, and placement. You have metal, LED, and industrial table lamps suitable for desks or study tables. The options are endless! But before buying one, you need to be mindful of several things. First, if you are buying table lamps for study or workstations, ensure that it is functional. Second, the style of the lamp should be consistent with your room decor and proportionate to the desk's size. Finally, consider additional features offered by lamps before buying, like the night light function and USB charging.

After buying a lamp, place it properly to avoid discomfort to your eyes. So, if you are placing the lamp by a chair or sofa, the bottom of the shade must align with your eye level. However, when you place table lamps in your bedroom, ensure that the bottom of the shade aligns with your chin level. This will ensure that the light doesn't shine in your eyes. So, now that you know the different types of table lamps and how to select and place them, feel free to use the online buying options displayed above to beautify your space today!

If you want to buy top-quality table and floor lamps from the best brands, click on the link given below to check your options and submit your inquiries:

We also have suppliers for decorative lights.
For more details on lamps and customized decorative lights for projects, contact below:
Email: mukul.jain@buildingandinteriors.com

Mobile: +91 99676 32127

* The featured image used in this article is from agofstore.com

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Table lamps: How to make a bold & bright decor statement? (Buy now!)

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Choosing the right interior decor elements for your space is a challenging task. The main challenge is selecting the right pieces that work well together. Since there are endless decor elements one can work with, we have decided to focus on table lamps.

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The emergence of colours in bathroom design

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The emergence of colours in bathroom design

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It is no surprise that the recent trends of Indian bathroom design indicate the changing preferences towards a more luxurious feel with the emergence of colours in bathroom design. With a focus on innate minimalism, bathrooms are being designed in a tone of tranquil luxury. As a result, the modern colour palette remains notably neutral, which essentially provides the touch of exquisiteness in bathroom interiors design language. Interestingly, adding the right amount of colour in an overall neutral tone of a bathroom breaks the monotony and brings a personal touch to the bathroom design. Also, bathroom colour incorporates all elements such as ceiling and floor tiles, sanitaryware, accessories, wall paint, etc.

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Bathroom Designs – A technical guide on layouts, ideas & rules

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Bathroom Designs – A technical guide on layouts, ideas & rules

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All good bathrooms offer a sense of relaxation. And, all good bathroom designs address careful planning, lighting, ceiling design and flooring ideas, accessories, and more. A bathroom is much more than just a space for bathing and performing morning chores. It’s also a space for retreat and comfort. So, if you spark some creativity, you can take your bathroom design up a few notches and make it the most aesthetic room of your house.

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Hardwood is a classic and timeless choice of material because of its adaptability and versatility. You can achieve any wooden design or style for your single and double doors, from rustic and traditional to modern and contemporary.

Wooden door designs establish the tone and feel of your home. Also, when combined with different materials like glass, metal, etc., there can be endless possibilities for designs. So, it's important to give some thought before selecting the perfect door design.

In this article, we have rounded up the most exquisite wooden door designs, along with the various types of wood and their benefits. This will help you pick the one that suits you functionally and aesthetically. So, if you are thinking of upgrading your door designs or simply surfing for the latest designs in wooden doors, this article is for you.

Wood is the best choice of material for all your doors, undoubtedly. But it is important to know the 'why'. So, here we have listed some of the reasons that would make you choose wood over everything else for your home:

Wooden doors are durable and do not require frequent renovation, replacement, or repair if maintained properly. Some specific wood door designs, like teak and mahogany, can last for almost 60+ years without any damage, even against extreme weather conditions or insect attacks.

The moldability factor of wood is quite high compared to other materials. It can be moulded in numerous ways to produce endless designs, as it can be cut or carved as per desire. Wooden doors come in a wide range of types, colours, and tones that can be stained, painted, or sculpted to create a stunning edge.

Wooden doors can be completely customized in any way you want by using a variety of techniques. Wood has a wide range of textures, grains, and features that can attain any form of the desired finishing, apart from polishing and gloss. Hence, you will never run out of inspiration to complement any decor or colour tone in your house.

Wooden doors require low maintenance to function for years at a stretch. All you have to do is to keep the sealant in good shape and change the colour or stain once a year. If all these are taken care of, a wooden door can outlive you.

Best wood types for wooden door designs

Wood is a noble material that adds a stamp of individuality and practicality to your home. But, every wood species comes with a set of differences, and knowing them will help you select the right type of wood for your doors. So, given below are some of the most popular types of wood species for you to match with your personal preferences and location of installation:

Image Source: Made-In-China

Teak is a dense, heavy, durable, and expensive tropical hardwood. It comes in a wide range of shades and also darkens with age, which gives it a stunning look at any age. Teak wood is great for external doors because it is good for carving designs, has high tensile strength, and is resistant to both weather and pests.

Image Source: Door Types

Mahogany is a durable and beautiful reddish-brown coloured hardwood. It has straighter and tighter grains and is resistant to rot and humid climates. Mahogany darkens with age and has a unique pattern that many homeowners like to preserve with a clear or lightly tinted stain.

Maple is a strong, durable, and affordable wood. It is creamy white in colour with an occasional reddish hue and takes stains well. Maple is shock-absorbing and gives a clear finish with its distinctive look to both internal and external doors.

Image Source: London Door Company

Image Source: Krosswood

Fir is a durable and budget-friendly wood that comes with a straight grain pattern. This wood species is the top choice for various wooden projects at home due to its natural resistance to rot and weathering. Fir is lightweight, provides ease of working, and does not need a lot of paint.

Pine wood is an affordable and light-brown-coloured evergreen softwood. It has close knots and tight wood grains that can be stained or painted. Pine is resistant to shrinkage and moisture and gives a beautifully rustic and farm-style charm to internal doors.

Image Source: Great River Door Company

Poplar is a medium-density wood, good for insulating heat and sound. It is an affordable wood option and comes in a wide range of colours. Poplar also takes all kinds of paints and stains well.

Image Source: The Handmade Door Company

Image Source: Made-In-China

Engineered wood is extensively used nowadays because it is durable and pocket-friendly. This type of wood is more stable and less susceptible to shrinkage or swelling than natural wood, as the best pieces of wood are glued, compressed, and laminated together.

Image Source: Cottages and Bungalows

Image Source: FHIA Remodeling

Woodenvista of your French-style door designs have double frames with glass fittings that can be opened on either side through hinges. This style is known for increasing the natural light in your home and improving the open floor plan. The French-style doors are head-turners and provide a graceful panoramic home from miles away.

Image Source: Pinterest

Carved doors are always beautiful and eye-catching. They come with intricately carved architectural designs that complement the overall look of your home. You can incorporate various jali designs or geometric latticework into your teak or oak wood door through carvings.

Image Source: Engineering Discoveries

Image Source: Anthony Innovations

Sidelight doors add a grand statement and a lovely aesthetic to any home interior. These doors are surrounded by glass panels on three sides, of which two are vertical windows or sidelights. Sidelight doors are larger than standard-sized doors but are beneficial from both a functional and aesthetical perspective.

Image Source: Compass Iron Works

Grill-mesh doors provide an extravagant look to your home interiors. These doors are created by using grills and wood in conjunction. Grill-mesh doors provide a beautiful door design with a rich and textured appearance.

Image Source: Residential Products Online

You can revamp the overall decor of your home with traditional wooden door designs or lighter blockboard ones. You can also consider painting the doors to match other design features or leave them natural. The design of wooden doors comes in both single and double frames, so picking the perfect one for your home may get tough.

*The featured image used in this article is from Window Replacements of Georgia

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41+ wooden door design ideas you don't wanna miss in 2022

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Hardwood is a classic and timeless choice of material because of its adaptability and versatility. You can achieve any wooden design or style for your single and double doors, from rustic and traditional to modern and contemporary. Wooden door designs establish the tone and feel of your home.

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Whether it is a minute or an hour, most people spend a certain amount of time in

Before making a purchase, certain factors have to be taken into consideration. It is important to understand the space available, the storage needed, and the best material for creating the perfect vanities. Another key element is the location of your mirrored vanity once you have figured out the space needed.

You will need to choose from different types of vanity mirrors like the traditional, vintage, pedestal, floating, or under-mounted vanities keeping in mind the design and layout of the space.

Read along to understand the various types of vanities with mirrors and the important factors that influence your purchase decision. In this article, we have also provided shopping options for the most glamorous vanity mirrors with lights.

Key factors to consider for selecting vanities with mirror

Before you finalize the design and look of your vanities it is important to consider the following factors:

The most important step while choosing vanities is to determine how much space you need. The next step is to figure out the location where you have the needed space as it gives you a chance to match with the decor of the area. While most vanities are placed in the bathrooms, bedrooms and walk-in closets also house the vanities.

Vanities these days can be just as expensive as any other piece of furniture, so it is necessary that you have a predetermined budget. Designs catering to every budget are available in the market. Wall-mounted and under-mounted vanities are available in budget-friendly options as well. You can get great deals on vintage vanities at thrift stores. Vessel and rectangular vanities are pricier compared to other options.

Accessories for vanities with mirrors can add to the efficiency and appearance of the space by increasing the style quotient as well as enhancing the storage. The most important accessory to vanities is the stool or chair placed near it. Also important are the trays and makeup organizers selected for the vanity as they help in maintaining a neat and organized look. Metallic jewellery holders and faux fur cushions add texture to the mirrored vanity. Additionally, you can primp up the space by adding a vase full of fresh flowers.

The material used to design the vanities depends on the location. It is important to take into consideration the moisture in the area and the weight of the products you store inside. Keeping in mind these factors, the following materials are popular options commonly used for vanities.

Image Source: Plank and Pillow

Wood is one of the common materials used to make vanities. Many people like the look of oak, while others find the look of pinewood appealing. However, this material choice makes for an expensive buy.

Image Source: Dan Gayfer

Plywood is another popular material used in vanity mirrors for the bathroom. It is more cost-effective and durable compared to wood. Another plus point for using plywood in vanities is that it doesn't easily expand or contract due to humidity, moisture, or temperature changes. Thus, it increases the longevity of the vanities.

Image Source: Gabby Homes

A marble top adds a smooth and cool feel to the bathroom. While it requires regular cleaning, marble used for the vanities can be matched with the marble in the Marble tops for vanities have gained immense popularity in the bathroom luxury bathroom segment.

Image Source: Boca Da Lobo

There is nothing more glamorous than a gold vanity mirror. Therefore, using gold textures in a vanity mirror has emerged as a popular option. Used in the form of textured finishes, these add much-needed bling to a room. Gold vanity mirrors can look sleek, modern or vintage, and intricate depending on the decor of the space.

Vanities are a great way to prevent clutter and give a neat and concise look to the makeup area. Therefore, it is vital that you determine how much storage space you will need before making a purchase. Vanities with customized storage spaces are ideal and it is important to run an inventory before designing your vanity.

Image Source: Chans Furniture

Traditional vanities have an old-world charm to them. European in style, these intrinsically carved vanities have ornate designs. These are convenient to use and add a classic and comfortable feel to the room. Also, they offer a lot of storage space thus making traditional vanities a popular option.

Image Source: Benoit Furniture

Image Source: Overstock

A Tri-Fold mirrored vanity makes your mornings much easier by offering different angles and perspectives to perfect your skincare routine. Available in traditional and modern designs, these are good for storage and look stunning in a room.

Image Source: Pinterest

Generally found in fancy restaurants and hotel lobbies, these vanities have found their way into high-end home interiors as well. The vessel vanities use a rising bowl around the sink area. A fancy and beautiful choice for bathrooms they also provide some storage area, but they tend to occupy a larger space compared to other types of vanity mirrors.

Image Source: European Cabinets

Floating vanities are currently trending as they take up less space while giving a modern and sleek look. These are attached to the bathroom wall without touching the floor. Perfect for small bathrooms, the wall-mounted or floating vanities are lightweight and easy to move. However, they provide limited storage space.

A freestanding vanity also known as a floor-mounted vanity rests on the ground and can stand without added wall support. Convenient to use, most of these free-standing vanities have a square or rectangular design. These offer good storage space. Single-sink free-standing vanities are a perfect fit for smaller bathrooms as they require lesser space while providing ample storage.

Image Source: Glass Guru

Rectangular vanities will give you the most storage space as these vanities are long and rectangular. Most of the rectangular vanities that you will find on the market feature two sinks and give a luxurious look to the bathroom.

While designing a space, it is important to plan the exact location of the vanities. The most common spaces are:

In most homes, vanity mirrors are placed in the bathroom. This option provides easy access as you can get ready after you shower. Make sure that the bathroom is well-ventilated so that there is no moisture retention

Another popular area for vanities with mirrors is the bedroom. This option is quite convenient as the bedroom provides a clean and dry surface. Also, vanities can serve as an interior accent in the overall design of the room.

In modern times, walk-in closets are the new norm. Most people prefer to have their wardrobes and dressing tables in the same area. However, since most walk-in closets lack natural light, it is necessary to ensure the proper placement of artificial lights.

Our top recommendations for glamorous vanities with mirrors and lights (Buy Here)

Ubuy India Boahaus Ariadne Modern Vanity Table with Light Bulbs

Now that you have all the information you need to select the most stunning vanities available, you can shop from our curated suggestions above for the best vanity mirrors with lights.

*The featured image used in this article is from Unsplash

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36+ Showstopping vanities with mirror to dress up in style (Buy it)

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Whether it is a minute or an hour, most people spend a certain amount of time in Before making a purchase, certain factors have to be taken into consideration. It is important to understand the space available, the storage needed, and the best material for creating the perfect vanities.

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An at- home plant display or a cute and cosy balcony garden can be just the thing you need to elevate your home decor. Keeping plants at home is ideal for nature lovers who wish to embellish their homes along with reaping the health benefits that plants have to offer. Creating a stunning plant display or balcony garden can be a challenging task. One of the biggest challenges is finding the right plant to adorn your home. So, today, we will dive deep into a potential indoor plant, Dahlia. You can plant Dahlias from seeds, roots or cuttings. Furthermore, Dahlias can be used to manifest the perfect summer image into reality. It comes in all shapes, sizes and colours and therefore, it is a versatile plant that can match anyone's style.

You can use this stunning flower to brighten your home with its vibrant colour. Also, you can use its soft, delicate varieties to make a stunning floral arrangement. Regardless of your need, you can plant a dahlia indoors as well as outdoors. So, in this article, we have laid out all the different types of Dahlias for your information. Furthermore, we discuss how to plant, care for, and propagate them. Finally, we have included buying links and styling inspiration images to ensure that you incorporate Dahlias into your decor today!

This is a small variety of Dahlias with an identifiable pompon shape as can be seen from the image above. The flowers have a globe shape and the petals are either blunt or somewhat rounded at the tips. Furthermore, the flower petals are tightly woven together to give the appearance of a pompon.

Image Source: Whiteflowerfarm.com

Cactus Dahlias have the most distinct flower shape as shown by the image displayed above. Their petals are spiny, forming a star-like shape that is sometimes curved inward or outward. These flowers can range from tiny to giant. Also, this variety needs comparatively less staking than others. Cactus Dahlias are the perfect summer flowers and they bloom till autumn.

Image Source: Allaboutgardening.com

Waterlily dahlia flowers are characterised by full double blooms with petals that are curled spirally giving the flower a shallow appearance. These flowers have a beautiful soft appearance which makes them a great addition to an in- home plant display or garden. Its soft and delicate design along with the vibrancy of its colours makes it a very appealing home plant.

Image Source: Flowerpatchfarmhouse.com

This is a giant variety of Dahlias which produces big plate-sized flowers as can be seen from the image above. These flowers grow to around nine to eleven inches. You can plant these Dahlias in your home garden and they would grow strong stems up to four or more feet giving adequate support to the giant flowers it produces. These flowers bloom for weeks and enliven any space with their beautiful colours. Also, they are great as cut flowers and for making striking floral arrangements.

Image Source: Plantcetera.com

This variety of Dahlias produces flowers which have a single row of petals which uniformly overlap each other without leaving any gaps in between. Also, they generally have a diameter of 10 cm. These flowers can be an attractive option for nature lovers because of their soft delicate look and elegant appeal. They can also be used as cut flowers and put in a floral arrangement.

Image Source: Walmart.com

This variety of Dahlias has large flat petals which surround a ring of smaller petals as displayed in the image above. In the centre of the flower lies a collar which is generally of a different colour or hue. These beautiful flowers have an identifiable and distinct shape because of the collar. These flowers make for a great addition to an indoor display or a cosy balcony garden. It enlivens the decor and adds more interest because of its colour and shape.

Dahlias are available in all shapes and sizes, from large flowers to tiny ones that resemble a pompom. Therefore, select the variety which is compatible with the space where you are planning to plant your Dahlias. So, when it comes to growing Dahlias indoors, it is advisable to go for medium or small varieties. Since small or medium varieties of Dahlias thrive better in a pot or container, they are ideal options for indoor planting.

For planting Dahlias, a pot which has a diameter of eight to twelve inches is ideal depending upon the size of the tuberous root of Dahlias. Before selecting the pot, ensure that the pot matches the potential height of your plant. This will ensure that the plant doesn't look out of proportion with the pot when it fully grows out. Furthermore, the pots should have proper drainage. Also, it is important to clean the pot thoroughly before potting new plants.

After you have cleaned the pot, fill one-third of it with well-draining and moist potting soil. Now lay the tuberous root of the Dahlia horizontally on top of the potting soil. Ensure that the eye of the root is facing upward and is laid at the centre of the pot. After you plant the Dahlias tuberous root, cover it up with a light layer of potting soil and moisten the surface to make it damp. Ensure that you don't fill the pot with soil. When the plant starts sprouting, add more soil around the Dahlia stalk to enable it to establish deeper roots. Once done, place the plant in a spot that receives a lot of sunlight or keep it under grow lights .

How to care for and propagate Dahlias?

Dahlias, when fully grown, require moist soil. However, ensure that you do not overwater your Dahlia as that will cause its tuberous root to rot. When the plant is in its earlier stages, it shouldn't be watered too often. During this stage, the soil can be completely dried out before the next watering session.

When you plant Dahlias, ensure that you look for a spot that receives a lot of sunlight. Dahlias require six to eight hours of sun. Proper sunlight will enable the plant to produce abundant flowers.

During the growing stage, the Dahlias plant will get all its nutrition from the tuberous root. Therefore, fertilizing at this stage is of no use. When the plant grows out a few leaves, start fertilizing it once a month. It is important to choose the right fertilizer; if you choose one which is high in nitrogen, it would facilitate leaf production. On the other hand, if you choose a fertilizer high in phosphorous and potassium for your Dahlias, it will aid in flower production and stronger root growth.

Facilitate flower production

Pinching your Dahlias will facilitate a stronger and bushier plant that produces more blooms. When the plant starts showing four sets of leaves, find the highest sprout and remove it with scissors. Doing this will encourage more stem growth laterally.

Deadheading is the process of removing dead or withered flowers from the plant. This encourages growth because now your plant can focus on producing new flowers rather than saving old ones.

When it comes to propagating Dahlias from seeds, it is interesting that it doesn't always yield a parent twin. You can collect several seeds from the same plant and still end up with different colours and shapes. Seeds need warmth to germinate and the ideal temperature is around 20 degrees Celcius. Place the seeds in a damp folded cloth piece or even a paper towel. Now, keep the seeds in a sealed container that keeps the moisture intact. Then keep the container in a spot that maintains a temperature of at least 20 degrees Celcius. Regularly check for germinated seeds as Dahlia seeds typically show white roots after germination. The germinated seeds need filtered sunlight. After the seeds begin showing leaves, you can plant them to grow your Dahlias.

This method can yield five to ten Dahlias from a single tuberous root. For this method, use stems that are seven to eight cm long. Now, use a sharp knife to cut the stem away from the tuber; if the stem doesn't have the same part as the tuber, just cut the stem under a leaf node . If there are leaves on the lower part of the stem, chop them off. Now, fill a container with compost and put a hole in it using a pencil. Then, place the stem in the hole gently and water the cuttings. To prevent the loss of moisture, place a clean plastic bag over the pot and hold it in place using rubber bands. These cuttings will take 2-3 weeks to grow roots which you can then use to grow your own Dahlias!

Lawness Belle Of Barmera Dahlias 60 Seeds

Ultimate inspiration to enliven your home with Dahlias

are a great way to bring life into your Indoor plants home while elevating your room decor at the same time. Whether you wish to add a splash of colour indoors or fill up an empty wall with interest, an indoor plant display can help tremendously. When it comes to adding colour to any plant display, Dahlia is a great option to consider. Dahlias come in different types varying in shapes, sizes, and colours, making them an easy plant to work with and care for. When growing Dahlias indoors, ensure that you pick the right variety that is compatible to be grown in a container. Also, keep in mind, that the size of the container should be proportionate to the size of the flower. You can plant Dahlias by placing their tuberous root in potting soil.

When it comes to propagating Dahlias, you can use roots or seeds. Both these methods yield different results - for example when you use Dahlia seeds, you might end up with a plant different from its parent. After growing Dahlias whether from roots or seeds, you have to water them consistently, give them plenty of light, and feed them fertilizer once a month after it develops leaves. So, now that you know how to plant, propagate, and care for Dahlias, get inspired by our gallery of images for styling inspiration and feel free to use the links displayed above to buy your own today!

* The featured image used in this article is from Unsplash (Katie Burnett)

A Snake plant is a common household plant that belongs to the family of Asparagaceae. Its distinctive feature is its sword-like leaves that grow upright to a height of around 6 to 8 inches. There are numerous benefits of adding Snake plants into your home. Moreover, there are several varieties of Snake plants that are easy to care for and ideal to be used indoors. Apart from being low-maintenance, they are also aesthetically pleasing. For that re

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Grow gorgeous Dahlias with these tips for A+ home decor (Buy now!)

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An at- home plant display or a cute and cosy balcony garden can be just the thing you need to elevate your home decor. Keeping plants at home is ideal for nature lovers who wish to embellish their homes along with reaping the health benefits that plants have to offer.

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Wall art paintings: Ideas & tips to uplift your blank walls (Buy now!)

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Looking for wall art paintings? Learn how to place wall art painting & check out our online buying recommendations & ideas to spruce up walls

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Home decor has gained popularity in the last few decades. With the onset of social media, people have started posting their lives online. Therefore, the need for visually pleasing homes has increased. Furthermore, this increasing trend has catapulted because of the pandemic which has made major and permanent changes to our lifestyle. While it is exciting to start a home decor project, it is also a daunting prospect. Finding an idea that matches your personal style and preference can be confusing and overwhelming. Therefore, we have come up with a list of the finest home decor ideas from handmade DIY projects to designer-approved living room or bedroom projects. So, if you are looking for brilliant ideas for decorating your home, you have come to the right place. Feel free to incorporate these ideas into your next home decor project to elevate your space.

1. Before starting any home decorating project, ensure that you have a good idea of the measurement of the room.

2. After you have the measurements in place, make a floor plan, either manually or with the help of an app or software.

3. Once you draft your own floor plan, start trying different furniture placements.

4. Then, you must figure out your own personal style. For that, you can look at the images displayed in this article and save the styles that appeal to you.

5. Use coloured tape to box out where all the different elements will be to give yourself a better idea of the final placement.

6. Calculate the amount of money you wish to spend on the project and ensure that you account for the essentials first and use the leftover for non-essential pieces.

Colour can be seen as a powerful tool in home decor. You can create any look with the right colour. For example, you can create a warm or a cool ambience depending upon the shade of the colour you use. Furthermore, you can draw inspiration from the colour wheel to elevate your room decor. For instance, you can create a monochromatic colour scheme with white or different shades of any colour.

When it comes to styling compact spaces, it is vital to maximise space. So, look for smart home decor ideas that optimise the space available in your living room or bedroom. For example, you can go for a storage bed that will provide you with some extra space. Alternatively, you can go for trundle beds which will provide comfortable bedding that can be tucked away during the day to give you extra floor space.

Walls are like blank canvases filled with immense creative potential. Creating an accent wall at home by decorating it with shelves, plants, or other decorative items is a great idea. Using wall stickers or handmade murals is one of the cheapest home decor ideas for creating a DIY accent wall for a living room or bedroom. Furthermore, you can display paintings, colourful collections, or floating shelves to decorate your walls.

Ceilings are often overlooked when it comes to interior decor. However, they can help elevate your space when styled properly. For example, you can pick attractive false ceiling designs to bring your room together. Alternatively, you can opt for a minimalistic look with a statement medallion or gorgeous ceiling lights to add more interest or character to your space.

When it comes to decorating your home with lighting, there are several ideas one can go for. For example, you can opt for beautiful lighting fixtures or ceiling lights. In addition, you can also incorporate floor or table lamps if you wish to subtly elevate your decor. Also, one of the cheapest home decor ideas is to add lighting strips to mirrors to enhance their visual appeal.

To make your space practical, you have to add several furniture items such as sofas, beds, chairs, etc. However, you can use these essential items to elevate your space by opting for offbeat pieces. For example, you can go for sofas in a rounded shape or opt for a sofa set upholstered with attractive yet eccentric fabric.

If you have a balcony space you are blessed with the potential of creating a cute and cosy spot. You can turn this place into a cosy reading nook or invite greenery into your life by creating a charming garden. So, if you want to elevate your balcony space you can experiment with different railings and seating arrangements, such as opting for sculptural chair designs or a charming swing. The options are endless.

Creating an indoor plant display or a cosy balcony garden can be the best way to add more greenery to your life. This is especially appealing for those who live in an urban landscape. It is one of the best home decor ideas for nature lovers who want to create their own handmade DIY plant displays or home gardens.

When it comes to home decor, patterns play a major role in elevating the look of any space. You can use patterns to create any visual you wish to achieve. For example, patterns can be used to create an illusion of a bigger space, thereby optimising compact spaces.

Mirrors can enhance the aesthetic of any space effortlessly. One of the easiest ideas to elevate your home decor using mirrors is embellishing them with LED strips; this can be done as a DIY handmade project at home. Alternatively, you can add large aesthetic mirrors to give the illusion of a bigger space. Another great home decor idea is to place a big rounded mirror in the living room.

Having a beautiful home has now become essential for everyone. By putting our lives online, we are opening our homes to the scrutiny of others. Therefore, we are inclined towards beautifying our living spaces now more than ever. However, before starting any project we must ensure that we have planned a budget and taken proper measurements of the room. This ensures that we do not bring home furniture that doesn't fit through our doorway or is out of proportion.

You can opt for a professional grade revamping if your purse permits. Alternatively, for low-budget home decor, one of the best ideas is to go for a handmade or DIY project like a wall sticker or mural in the living room. However, before beginning any project you must have an idea of what your style and preferences are. For that, you can take inspiration from the various images we have handpicked and displayed for you above and start transforming your space now!

*The featured image used in this article is from Maestri Studio

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49+ home decor ideas for a trendy & timeless design update

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Home decor has gained popularity in the last few decades. With the onset of social media, people have started posting their lives online. Therefore, the need for visually pleasing homes has increased. Furthermore, this increasing trend has catapulted because of the pandemic which has made major and permanent changes to our lifestyle.

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Most people usually spend 8 to 9 hours at their workplace every day. So, it is important that the office has the right set of furniture to make your working hours comfortable. With the advent of interior design in office spaces, it is necessary that the office table designs are in sync with the overall look of the space. When choosing office chairs and table designs you can select from different styles like the executive table for the boss, the conference table, or the floating table. Also, the materials used and office table prices influence the purchase decision.

There are more office table designs in the market than you can possibly imagine. Different office table designs are available as per the design requirement and brand identity of the business.

Since your office table is usually where you spend the majority of your day, it should be conducive to your productivity. To ensure a proper selection of office tables as per the user's needs it is important to take into consideration the budget and prices, space available, and aesthetics.

Choosing the right work desk is as important as picking an ergonomic chair. Many different styles are available ranging from the computer table and writing table to the L-shaped office table.

Picking the best office desk can be especially daunting because you must assess several aspects before purchasing them. We have provided you with a handy guide for a smooth selection of office tables. Read along to buy from our list of the best office table designs available in the market.

If you want to buy project-based office furniture from the best brands, contact on the details below:
Email: mukul.jain@buildingandinteriors.com

Mobile: +91 99676 32127

It is estimated that most companies spend about 11% of their total budget on office furniture. Therefore, it is safe to say that budget is a decisive factor when purchasing office tables and chairs as the Once you have decided the number of tables and chairs needed for your space it is important to allocate a budget accordingly. Also, the price of the design and ergonomics of your office depend on it. table or chair should be reflective of the quality of materials used and their durability. It is important to look for the best deals so that you can buy quality furniture keeping in mind budgetary constraints.

The key to choosing the right furniture is that it should fit well in your office space. Also, it should be in accordance with your working style. Using oversized furniture will look out of place and consume extra space thus restricting employees' free movement. Therefore, it is vital to determine beforehand the right size of your furniture as per the size of the office. Along with the size, the shape of the furniture you buy should fit well in the office to allow a comfortable arrangement. Enough space should be available for staff movement.

The comfort of the user is one of the guiding factors when buying office chairs and tables. There are various types, and sizes, of office chairs and table designs you can select from. While purchasing an office table it is necessary to consider your body type, the surface area and the storage available. The emerging trend is to use ergonomic office tables to increase comfort and productivity. Additionally, o ffice tables these days are available with diverse characteristics and storage options. While buying the office desks make sure that the height can be modified as per the user.

When choosing office tables wood is the most preferred choice as it is resilient and sturdy. Different types of wood are used to make these tables birch, pine, oak, teak, walnut, maple, rosewood and Sheesham. While these wooden tables can be expensive, they are durable and suitable for long-term use.

Stainless steel and engineered wood office tables are also being increasingly used because of their cost-effectiveness and ergonomic designs.

Glass tops for office tables give an aesthetic appearance. Different varieties of glass are used like tempered, clear, tinted, black, and frosted. Tempered glass is a preferred type of glass for table tops as it is a durable and safe option. Glass tabletops are lightweight but expensive.

Additionally, PVC, Polypropylene, and polymer plastics are used for making desks. Plastic office tables are comparatively cheaper than other desk materials but have limited functionality.

How you want your office to look is an influencing factor in your office furniture selection. When choosing a table, its style and shape are as important as the area where the office Well-designed furniture will help in relieving stress, enhancing the mood, and increasing productivity. Also, it is important to take into consideration the brand identity and the colours associated with the brand while choosing table will be placed . table and chair designs.

Image Source: Atkin and Thyme

Writing tables are comparatively smaller and are meant for light use. These minimalistic desks can be placed along a wall. Made of a rectangular writing surface, these desks are more suitable for laptops compared to desktop computers. While these offer minimal storage with a drawer or two, these office tables are easy on the pocket.

Foldable tables are a great option to fulfil temporary requirements or when the office furniture needs to be moved around a lot. These space-savvy tables can be mounted on the walls and come with limited storage options.

Image Source: Harvey Norman

Executive These desks generally have a double pedestal table designs feature ample drawer storage and surface area. The executive tables give a look of grandeur and luxury. These office design and are made of wood to give a luxurious feel to the office space. table designs are available in different varieties like rectangular and U-shape and are also suitable for the boss.

Image Source: Fanfan Creations

Floating tables are mounted on the wall and save floor space. These are perfect for minimalistic office designs. Suitable for places with limited space, storage is added in the form of wall-mounted shelves. The cost for this office table design is pocket-friendly.

Secretary tables have sufficient storage, making them ideal for people who need to write and complete paperwork by hand. These tall and ornate furniture pieces consist of a desk and a set of shelves perched on top. These desks date back to the 18th century and are known for their traditional look.

Image Source: Ubuy India

Computer tables are meant for desktop users who need space for a monitor, printer, and keyboard. These desks have extra shelves for storage for hardware components and are practical and utilitarian. These are built to ensure efficiency and simplicity for the user. These office table designs are available at different prices depending on the material used.

Image Source: Stand Desk

Standing and adjustable tables allow the user to alternate between sitting and standing during the work day. These are stationary and are used with an adjustable chair. Adjustable tables have a work surface that can be raised or lowered by a manual mechanism or an electric one.

Image Source: Ubuy India

L-shaped desks are used to improve your workspace. Also, these tables have two sides that are perpendicular to each other so that important documents are easily accessible. Additionally, L-Shaped office desks come with two connecting parts-a desk and a return. The desk portion is typically larger, while the return is smaller and meant to be used as additional workspace. These office table designs are available in a variety of styles and are also suitable for the boss.

Image source: Rustic Trades Atlanta

Office conference tables are an important office furniture element to ensure smooth meetings and enhanced productivity in the office. Additionally, t hese table designs allow for the workforce to facilitate better discussion and collaboration. These are styled in different ways like the boardroom, U-shaped, or banquet layout.

Herman Miller Ratio Height-Adjustable Office Table

Wipro Furniture Flexiwork Office Table

BoConcept Copenhagen Office System

If you want to buy project-based office furniture from the best brands, contact on the details below:
Email: mukul.jain@buildingandinteriors.com

Mobile: +91 99676 32127

If you are planning to buy the trendiest and most comfortable office chairs and table designs you have to consider individual styles and preferences as well as the prices. Since there are many types of desks available on the market, you will find something that meets your needs and glams up your office at the same time.

Each person has unique requirements for office furniture. Moreover, storage availability, adjustability, surface area, and overall look are key factors that influence purchase decisions. You can choose from different styles and sizes available as per your needs. Our above-mentioned suggestions will definitely help you shortlist the best table designs for your office.

*The featured image used in this article is from Boca Do Lobo

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A buyer's digest for chic office table designs (24+buying ideas)

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Most people usually spend 8 to 9 hours at their workplace every day. So, it is important that the office has the right set of furniture to make your working hours comfortable. With the advent of interior design in office spaces, it is necessary that the office table designs are in sync with the overall look of the space.

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Proper lighting is an absolute essential that makes any space workable and liveable. Whether it's your office or home, a proper lighting plan is a must-have. However, lighting does not need to be strictly functional. It can also be an aesthetic element that pulls your decor together. Hanging lights are one such type of lighting that can be incorporated into the plan as ambient as well as task lighting. These are the perfect addition to any room and a great way to make a space feel more inviting and complete. Hanging lights are a crucial element of layered lighting and can be incorporated into the ceiling of your living room, bedroom, kitchen, or hall. Also, these make a room feel brighter and larger while creating a cosy atmosphere. Furthermore, they are available in a wide range of gorgeous and intricate designs that can enhance the appearance of your home.

So, in this article, we have discussed all the different types of ceiling hanging lights available in the market and given solid placement tips for the bedroom, living room, kitchen, bathroom, dining room, and hall. Furthermore, we have displayed an expert-approved selection of buying options for your ease. Finally, we have added a gallery of images to help you identify your taste and preference for hanging lights. Read more for all this useful information.

If you want to buy top-quality lights from the best brands, click on the link given below to check your options and submit your inquiries:

For project enquiries, contact below:

Email: mukul.jain@buildingandinteriors.com

Mobile: +91 99676 32127

Image Source: Kosilight.uk

A hanging wall lamp is an electric device that gives off light when turned on. It generally contains an electric bulb that is accompanied by a shade and a switch for regulating the light. There are many different types of wall lamps available in the market that can elevate the space and provide layered lighting to illuminate any room.

Image Source: Fandomlights.com

A chandelier is a lighting fixture that can be hung from the ceiling. It is generally a very aesthetic element and is available in a wide array of beautiful designs and shapes. Although some contemporary designs also employ fluorescent lights and more recently, LEDs, chandeliers are typically elaborate and use incandescent light bulbs.

A pendant lamp is a single lighting fixture that hangs from the ceiling and is also referred to as a drop or suspender. It is typically supported by a cord, chain, or metal rod. A group of pendant lights is typically mounted in a straight line over the dining table or kitchen counters.

Image Source: Dhgate.com

Ceiling fan lights are an innovative way to illuminate the room and provide layered lighting. These fans have lighting fixtures attached to them that give off light thereby increasing their functionality. Also, these are available in several attractive designs and shapes that can further elevate the look of your space.

Before selecting hanging lights, assess the room decor to ensure that you buy something that is compatible with the overall vibe of your bedroom, hall, or living room. This will ensure that it doesn't look out of place. Also, buy quality hanging lights with proper support to ensure that it doesn't fall from the ceiling. Therefore, pick one with adequate support to hold the light securely in its place.

Be mindful of the specifications of your hanging lights. You should know the output of your light as well as the light colour it gives off and how much power it consumes.

Finally, there are three colour temperatures namely daylight, warm white, and cool white. The colour temperature you choose should be harmonious with the theme of your room. For example, a room styled with silver and white hues will be more compatible with a chandelier giving off cool white light.

Image Source: Cplights.com

To disperse light throughout the dining area, the lights should hang around 30-36 inches above the dining table. This will also ensure that the lights do not cause any obstruction. When these lights are used together, they should be evenly spaced apart from one another so that they do not appear crowded and can evenly illuminate the space. The recommended spacing between lights is 30 inches, and there should be at least 6 inches of overhang space on the borders of the table for single or multiple pendant lights.

Image Source: Schoolhouse.com

When planning to mount hanging lights in the kitchen, the ideal place would be at the centre of the ceiling or above the kitchen island. Using recessed lights can cast shadows on the countertops. To avoid that, mount the recessed lights a few inches away from the front edge of the counters. Also, leave a space equal to half the height of the ceiling between recessed lights. For proper placement of hanging lights, ensure that there is a distance of around 30-36 inches between the kitchen counters and the bottom of the light. Also, ensure that you leave at least 24 inches of space in between the lights.

Image Source: Cplights.com

Image Source: Shadesoflight.com

To prevent the ceiling light from becoming an obstruction every time you climb into bed, it is important to take the height of the bed into consideration while hanging lights in your bedroom. The rule of thumb is that your chandelier should be 2.5 inches tall for every foot in the height of your room. For example, if you have an eight feet tall room, the chandelier should be around 20 inches tall. Furthermore, leave a safe clearance space of 7 feet between the floor and the fixture. This placement will ensure that the room doesn't look crowded and the light stays out of the way during day-to-day activities. When it comes to hanging lights over side tables in a bedroom, leave a space of around 26-32 inches between the table and the fixture.

Image Source: Mullanlighting.com

In halls, the hanging lights should be mounted at a height that leaves at least 7 feet or 215 cms between the floor and the light. If you are placing multiple lights together, there should be a space of around 4 feet or 120 cms between the lights.

Image Source: Shadesoflight.com

Hanging lights can be placed in the bathroom but it's important to buy those which are compatible with a wet environment and keep them away from the showers. For proper placement of the light, maintain a distance of 8 feet between the fixture and the top of the bathtub and a distance of 3 feet between the light and the rim of the bathtub. This can be a tricky problem for smaller bathrooms. So, if the height is an issue, think about using a smaller chandelier. Furthermore, consider using task lighting in the bathroom for taking care of specific functions such as shaving, etc. Also, if you are planning to put lights around the mirror, ensure that it doesn't glare or form a shadow.

Lighting is an indispensable part of making your space practical and comfortable. However, it can just as effectively set the right mood in any area. The right lighting can give your room a warm & earthy look or a cool & calming look depending upon how you use it. Therefore, there are different types of hanging lights available in the market like chandeliers, ceiling fan lights, pendant lights, etc. Since their look differs according to the type, it becomes relevant to know each type. After you know which type to buy, you must be mindful of your room decor, the quality of the light, and its specifications to make an informed decision.

After buying your desired hanging lights, you must place them in a way to ensure that they don't create an obstruction in the path of people living there. So, when placing hanging lights in the ceiling of your living room or hall, ensure that you leave at least 7 inches of space between the floor and the light. In the case of the kitchen or dining room, maintain a distance of at least 8 inches between the bottom of the fixture and the table. Now that you know how to buy and place hanging lights, feel free to use the styling inspiration and the buying options given above to transform your space today!

If you want to buy top-quality lights from the best brands, click on the link given below to check your options and submit your inquiries:

For project enquiries, contact below:

Email: mukul.jain@buildingandinteriors.com

Mobile: +91 99676 32127

*The featured image used in this article is from CPRN Homood

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Hanging lights simplified: Dimensions, drawings & designs (Buy now!)

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Proper lighting is an absolute essential that makes any space workable and liveable. Whether it's your office or home, a proper lighting plan is a must-have. However, lighting does not need to be strictly functional. It can also be an aesthetic element that pulls your decor together.

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A bonsai is a living art form that cultivates a miniature version of a tree to mimic its full-sized counterpart in a small planter. They may appear to be dwarfs, but they are actually trained, pruned, and maintained to appear small and old. Bonsai trees are a natural beauty that can be placed both indoors and outdoors in a decorative planter to uplift the home 's aesthetics at a minimum price range.

Any perennial, woody-stemmed, or shrub with true branches can be transformed into a bonsai. You can pick bonsai species that enhance the aesthetic value of your home, such as Juniper, Ficus, Jade, etc. They are also easier to train and make a unique feature in your home or garden.

Bonsai are delicate plants with special needs and are often difficult to maintain. Their needs are very different from regular houseplants and vary with species in terms of light, soil, water, and temperature. However, most of them require shallow pots, daily watering, regular pruning, and warm weather to grow and flourish.

A perfectly shaped and styled bonsai adds an interesting layer of both indoor and outdoor decor. You can incorporate styling techniques like crown pruning, wiring, clamping, etc., to make your bonsai look like a work of art. These techniques are also beneficial for maintaining the shape of the tree and encouraging flowering and fruiting at the right time.

In this article, we have talked about almost everything you need to know, in terms of species, growth requirements, and styling, if you want to get started with bonsai cultivation. This will help you master the art of bonsai in no time. So, if you plan to take up the art of growing bonsai trees or are just curious about this miniature plant cultivation, this article is for you.

There are countless bonsai tree species available in the market at different price ranges. Here, we have mentioned some of the most popular bonsai species that you can totally consider:

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Ficus is a versatile and popular tree that belongs to the family of mulberry plants, or Moraceae. There are approximately 850 varieties of ficus, among which retusa, ginseng, and benjamina are the most popular. Also, Ficus is a hardy and forgiving plant when it comes to care, which makes it suitable for bonsai beginners.

Juniper is a dazzling evergreen coniferous tree that belongs to the cypress family. Their needle-like and scale-like foliage fit nicely with the miniature aesthetic of bonsai. Junipers come in 50-70 different species, and all of them can be grown as an indoor bonsai tree or in humid conditions, without being repotted for years.

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The Japanese maple is a beautiful deciduous hardwood tree, known for its burgundy or green leaves that turn bright yellow, red, and orange during fall. They are beginner-friendly and are capable of bringing elegance and vitality to any corner of your house. Japanese maple bonsai tree is suitable for outdoors and forms a very nice canopy of striking colours that is asymmetrical but uniform.

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Dwarf jade is a semi-evergreen softwood tree that belongs to the succulent family. They have glossy oval-shaped leaves with smaller foliage and an elegant brown stem, which distinguishes them from the common jade variety. Dwarf jades are excellent indoor plants but require direct sunlight for the most part of the day.

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The Azalea belongs to the Rhododendron genus that adds both bloom and colour to the bonsai art. There are approximately 1000 varieties of azalea, among which Satsuki azalea, Kurume azalea, and Kaempferi azalea are popular for bonsai. Azaleas are known for their one-of-a-kind look with blossoms in red, white, and pink.

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Bougainvillaea is an evergreen woody vine with trumpet-shaped flowers that grow in clusters of trees in purple or magenta colours. In reality, what appears to be enchanting blossoms are not flowers but the leaves of this shrub. Bougainvillaea bonsai requires plenty of direct sunlight to grow and thrive.

Growing and cultivating bonsai requires a good amount of dedication and precision. So, here are some of the elements you need to get right while growing and cultivating bonsai trees at home:

Every bonsai specimen comes with different lighting requirements. Most indoor and outdoor bonsai trees require a good amount of sunlight for several hours during the growing season to flourish, whereas some shade-tolerant varieties may stunt their growth under too much direct sunlight. Shade-tolerant bonsai can be placed indoors or under some physical shade to speed up their growth.

The ideal soil for a bonsai tree should be loose and fast-draining but still able to retain moisture in the planter. Bonsai grows well in soil that is a mixture of volcanic clays, containing porous and water-retaining pellets. The Akadama soil variety is well-known for bonsai tree cultivation and you can easily get it anywhere at a good price. Allowing a large soil volume for a bonsai benefits the tree greatly, especially the roots.

Watering mostly depends on the species, season, and location of the plant. It is recommended to use fresh and clean water for your bonsai whenever the soil feels slightly dry, as this will ensure the plant gets enough water without rotting the roots. You must water your bonsai before sunrise or after sunset to encourage growth.

Bonsai trees require fertilizers to supplement the elements that are lacking in the soil, mostly throughout their growing season and when they are bearing flowers or fruit. Although different types of fertilizers are available for different functions and species, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium remain the base components. You can also mix organic manures like cow dung or bone meal in a bonsai tree planter to increase the efficiency of the fertilizers.

All bonsai trees are not similar, so it's better to choose species suitable for your surrounding climate. Temperature is an extremely important factor in the growth of both indoor and outdoor bonsai trees. Warm-climate bonsai requires insulation during the winter, whereas cold-climate bonsai can thrive even at temperatures below freezing.

Bonsai trees can be styled and shaped in various ways to make them look more sophisticated and elegant. So, to know more about the various styling and shaping techniques, read along:

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Pruning is the most important and frequently used method of removal of certain parts of the bonsai, like branches, buds, etc., to style and maintain its shape. There are two types of pruning: maintenance pruning, which helps to retain and refine the existing shape of the bonsai; and structural pruning which gives the tree its basic shape and style. Pruning is required about 2-3 times a year, which not only encourages growth but also improves the quality of the bonsai from an aesthetic point of view.

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Wiring refers to the process of wrapping copper or aluminium wire around branches, trunks, and shoots of bonsai to create the desired form and detailed branch and leaf placements. For this, you first need to wire your young plants tightly for 6-9 months or one growing season, then bend them in the desired direction to influence their growth and shape. Unwire your bonsai once its shape solidifies through thickening and lignification.

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Pinching is the process of removing shoot tips with your fingers to achieve finer branching of the branch pads. This process is mainly for well-developed bonsai to restrain them from growing tall while making the crown denser and more compact. But keep in mind not to use it for pre-bonsai, as their basic structure is still in progress and it is too early for this process.

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Air-layering is an advanced technique to improve the quality of bonsai trees through vegetative propagation. It helps improve the proportion of a bonsai by creating a great root system, correcting trunks with malformation, and obtaining raw materials for new bonsai cultivation.

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Clamping is the process of using screw-based clamps to shape the trunks and branches of larger species of bonsai. This process is more efficient than wiring as it can straighten or bend a part of a bonsai with much greater force. However, remember, the price of clamps is more than wires and can cause damage if tightened too much around the bonsai tree.

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Grafting introduces a bud, branch, or root to an already prepared area under the bark of the tree. Some of the more popular grafting techniques are thread grafting, branch grafting, and bud grafting. This method allows you to add branches wherever they are needed to complete a bonsai design or successfully grow your favourite plant species as a bonsai.

Bonsai trees require a good amount of care and attention to grow and remain healthy. So, here we have listed some of the most important caring methods that you can't afford to neglect:

The bonsai tree should always be placed according to its favourable climatic conditions. An indoor bonsai tree can be placed on a balcony corner or window under the sun for 6-8 hours, whereas outdoor ones are better left outside in a bright spot. Placement is important in terms of its exposure to the sun, without which weak foliage and other problems can arise.

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Bonsai trees require repotting mostly every two years when exposed roots are seen encircling the bottom of the pot. All you need to do is take the plant out, cut the excess roots, and place it in the same pot after changing the soil. Repotting is essential to maintain the proper health of the plant, and generally depends on the species of the bonsai tree and the type of planter used.

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If certain conditions are met, any pot can be used as a bonsai pot. A perfect bonsai pot should have drainage and wiring holes, be made of ceramic or porcelain, and have the perfect depth. There are several planters available in the market at a giveaway price, so selecting the perfect pot is extremely crucial as the growth of the bonsai tree depends on it.

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Bonsai are under constant threat of pests that affect both their full-grown counterparts as well as those common to normal potted plants. Some insects that cause harm are caterpillars, ants, aphids, spider mites, mealy bugs, etc. Moreover, fungal and bacterial diseases are very common in bonsai. To avoid such problems, you can use garden insecticides, pesticides, or organic sprays.

Bonsai trees become the center of attention in any living space. They draw life and energy to your house and create a positive environment. Some bonsai can be cultivated to fit in any given space, like your desk, living room, bedroom, etc., and can be carried from one place to another.

There are a variety of evergreen coniferous and deciduous hardwood trees that can be trained for bonsai at a minimum price quote. Moreover, most bonsai trees are beginner-friendly as they are easy to grow both indoors and outdoors and require minimal maintenance. All they need is some sunshine, daily watering, occasional fertilizing, and repotting every few years to live healthily and add to the aesthetics of your home.

Bonsai trees make a great and unique home decor element when styled and shaped properly. Styling and shaping also help bonsai understand their nature and bring out their unique qualities. Not only that, they require styling and shaping on a regular basis to bear fruits and flowers.

Now you know all about bonsai trees and the growth and styling techniques required to maintain their shape. So, evoke a positive atmosphere and bring home a bonsai tree at a pocket-friendly price from our above-mentioned shopping recommendations.

*The featured image used in this article is from Treehouse

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Bonsai Tree: Your handbook to grow, care, & style them (Buy now)

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A bonsai is a living art form that cultivates a miniature version of a tree to mimic its full-sized counterpart in a small planter. They may appear to be dwarfs, but they are actually trained, pruned, and maintained to appear small and old.