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Authors

Prof. BENEDICTE DEFORCHE PhD,

Corresponding author

1. Department of Human Biometry and Biomechanics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels

2. Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO), Belgium

3. Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium

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LEEN HAERENS,

1. Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO), Belgium

2. Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium

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ILSE DE BOURDEAUDHUIJ

Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Human Biometry and Biomechanics, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Tel: +32 2 6291151. Fax: +32 2 6292736. Email: Benedicte.Deforche@vub.ac.be

Abstract

As regular physical activity of high enough intensity is essential in the management of overweight, efforts should be made to increase physical activity adherence in overweight children. To make overweight children exercise and follow the recommendations, it is essential to have insight into determinants of exercise initiation and adherence. According to the Self-determination Theory, creating opportunities to satisfy the need for autonomy (i.e., having choices), competence (i.e., feeling effective) and relatedness (i.e., being socially connected) might increase autonomous motivation for physical activity in overweight children and promote a long-lasting active lifestyle. To increase feelings of autonomy in overweight children, exercise programs could be delivered in an autonomy-supportive manner by providing choices, supporting the child's initiatives, avoiding use of external rewards, offering relevant information and rationale for changing behaviour, making a decisional balance and using autonomy supportive language, while minimizing pressure and control. Perceived competence in physical activities could be increased by offering activities tailored to the capabilities of the overweight child, helping the children set realistic goals, learning the children self-management skills, providing the children with appropriate feedback and organizing separate exercise sessions for overweight children. Feelings of relatedness in overweight children might increase by adopting an empathic approach, showing interest in the child's well-being and problems, showing enjoyment and enthusiasm, knowing the names of the children, talking to the children as equals, offering group sessions and talks, encouraging club participation and having a sports partner and encouraging parental support.

Authors

Prof. BENEDICTE DEFORCHE PhD,

Corresponding author

1. Department of Human Biometry and Biomechanics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels

2. Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO), Belgium

3. Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium

Search for more papers by this author

LEEN HAERENS,

1. Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO), Belgium

2. Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium

Search for more papers by this author

ILSE DE BOURDEAUDHUIJ

Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
Search for more papers by this author

Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Human Biometry and Biomechanics, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Tel: +32 2 6291151. Fax: +32 2 6292736. Email: Benedicte.Deforche@vub.ac.be

Abstract

As regular physical activity of high enough intensity is essential in the management of overweight, efforts should be made to increase physical activity adherence in overweight children. To make overweight children exercise and follow the recommendations, it is essential to have insight into determinants of exercise initiation and adherence. According to the Self-determination Theory, creating opportunities to satisfy the need for autonomy (i.e., having choices), competence (i.e., feeling effective) and relatedness (i.e., being socially connected) might increase autonomous motivation for physical activity in overweight children and promote a long-lasting active lifestyle. To increase feelings of autonomy in overweight children, exercise programs could be delivered in an autonomy-supportive manner by providing choices, supporting the child's initiatives, avoiding use of external rewards, offering relevant information and rationale for changing behaviour, making a decisional balance and using autonomy supportive language, while minimizing pressure and control. Perceived competence in physical activities could be increased by offering activities tailored to the capabilities of the overweight child, helping the children set realistic goals, learning the children self-management skills, providing the children with appropriate feedback and organizing separate exercise sessions for overweight children. Feelings of relatedness in overweight children might increase by adopting an empathic approach, showing interest in the child's well-being and problems, showing enjoyment and enthusiasm, knowing the names of the children, talking to the children as equals, offering group sessions and talks, encouraging club participation and having a sports partner and encouraging parental support.

Authors

Prof. BENEDICTE DEFORCHE PhD,

Corresponding author

1. Department of Human Biometry and Biomechanics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels

2. Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO), Belgium

3. Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium

Search for more papers by this author

LEEN HAERENS,

1. Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO), Belgium

2. Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium

Search for more papers by this author

ILSE DE BOURDEAUDHUIJ

Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
Search for more papers by this author

Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Human Biometry and Biomechanics, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Tel: +32 2 6291151. Fax: +32 2 6292736. Email: Benedicte.Deforche@vub.ac.be

Abstract

As regular physical activity of high enough intensity is essential in the management of overweight, efforts should be made to increase physical activity adherence in overweight children. To make overweight children exercise and follow the recommendations, it is essential to have insight into determinants of exercise initiation and adherence. According to the Self-determination Theory, creating opportunities to satisfy the need for autonomy (i.e., having choices), competence (i.e., feeling effective) and relatedness (i.e., being socially connected) might increase autonomous motivation for physical activity in overweight children and promote a long-lasting active lifestyle. To increase feelings of autonomy in overweight children, exercise programs could be delivered in an autonomy-supportive manner by providing choices, supporting the child's initiatives, avoiding use of external rewards, offering relevant information and rationale for changing behaviour, making a decisional balance and using autonomy supportive language, while minimizing pressure and control. Perceived competence in physical activities could be increased by offering activities tailored to the capabilities of the overweight child, helping the children set realistic goals, learning the children self-management skills, providing the children with appropriate feedback and organizing separate exercise sessions for overweight children. Feelings of relatedness in overweight children might increase by adopting an empathic approach, showing interest in the child's well-being and problems, showing enjoyment and enthusiasm, knowing the names of the children, talking to the children as equals, offering group sessions and talks, encouraging club participation and having a sports partner and encouraging parental support.

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How to make overweight children exercise and follow the recommendations

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Corresponding author Department of Human Biometry and Biomechanics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO), Belgium Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO), Belgium Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium Search for more papers by this author Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Human Biometry and Biomechanics, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

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Importance Diet and exercise represent the mainstays of obesity treatment. No systematic review has been conducted comparing the effect of dietary and exercise intervention in reducing metabolic risks in overweight children.

Objective To compare the effects of diet-only intervention with those of diet plus exercise or exercise only on weight loss and metabolic risk reduction in overweight children.

Evidence Review English-language articles from 1975 to 2010 available from 7 databases were reviewed. One person searched the databases. Two independent reviewers assessed abstracts and articles against the following eligibility criteria: randomized controlled trials conducted in overweight and obese children aged 18 years or younger, comparing dietary intervention with a diet plus exercise program or an exercise-only program. Study quality was critically appraised by 2 reviewers using established criteria. The main outcome measures were body mass index, body fat percentage, lean body mass, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, and fasting insulin.

Findings Fifteen studies were identified and included. Based on the small number of short-term trials currently available, both diet-only and diet plus exercise interventions resulted in weight loss and metabolic profile improvement. However, the addition of exercise to dietary intervention led to greater improvements in levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (3.86 mg/dL [to convert to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259]; 95% CI, 2.70 to 4.63), fasting glucose (−2.16 mg/dL [to convert to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555]; 95% CI, −3.78 to −0.72), and fasting insulin (−2.75 μIU/mL [to convert to picomoles per liter, multiply by 6.945]; 95% CI, −4.50 to −1.00) over 6 months. The diet-only intervention caused greater reductions in levels of triglycerides (at the end of active intervention) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (at subsequent follow-up).

Conclusions and Relevance This review provides insights into the impact of dietary and exercise interventions on metabolic risk reduction in the pediatric population. However, further studies are required to confirm the evidence with rigorous design, appropriate sample size, longer duration of follow-up, and better strategies to improve compliance and achieve long-term sustainability.

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Dietary and Exercise Interventions and Obesity

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Importance Diet and exercise represent the mainstays of obesity treatment. No systematic review has been conducted comparing the effect of dietary and exercise intervention in reducing metabolic risks in overweight children. Objective To compare the effects of diet-only intervention with those of diet plus exercise or exercise only on weight loss and metabolic risk reduction in overweight children.

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Posts about Youth written by YLMSportScience

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Sedentary Behaviour as an Emerging Risk Factor for Cardiometabolic Diseases in Children and Youth

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Le comportement sédentaire (p. ex. l'écoute de la télévision, la pratique des jeux vidéo en position assise, la position assise prolongée) s'est récem...