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Charles Darwin’s theory was of evolution by natural selection, as an explanation for adaptation and specialisation. He believed that individuals in a species show a wide range of variation because of differences in their genes and that individuals with characteristics most suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, also known as, survival of the fittest. The genes that allow these individuals to be successful are passed to their offspring which then carries the genes on until the next ‘mutation’. This makes the species gradually evolve.

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Evolution by natural selection,  Charles Darwin, 1859  

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Evolution by natural selection,  Charles Darwin, 1859  

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In 1859 Charles Darwin, showed that the complexity of life and relationships among lifeforms can emerge and survive from natural process. His theories caused a lot of controversy. This is due to the fact that it conflicts with religions and how they view the creation of the world and creature.

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The idea was created by ancients but was established 2 millenniums later. It is the idea that the earth revolves around the sun. the idea was later evolved by Nicklaus Copernicus, in 1543. He was a polish astronomer. Heliocentric means that the earth is at the centre. The model demonstrates that the earth moves around a fixed sun. This means that all other planets revolve around the sun too. The first model was in his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium.

http://muse.tau.ac.il/museum/galileo/heliocentric.html

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The theory of phrenology - Charlotte Main.

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The theory of phrenology - Charlotte Main.

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The theory of phrenology was a science of character divination, faculty physiology, theory of the brain. In the 19th century it was called 'the only true science of mind'. It originated from the theories of idiosyncratic Viennese physician Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828).
There where six basic tenets of Gall's system. They where that;
- The brain was the organ of the mind.
- The mind is composed of multiple, distinctive innate faculties.
- Due to there distinctiveness, each faculty has a separate organ in the brain to function properly.
- The size of the organ would be measured by its power.
- Depending on the development of each organ the skull will take shape around it.
- The surface of the skull will be an accurate reading of the index of the psychological aptitudes and tendency.
Due to this people would measure the size of the skull to work out the intelligence and tendencies of each person.
However, phrenology did not work as it was later proven that the brain and skull size had no relevance to a persons intelligence.

Reference:
http://www.historyofphrenology.org.uk/overview.htm

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Plate tectonics - Xena  - since i cant edit the previous one

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Plate tectonics - Xena  - since i cant edit the previous one

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In 1912, Alfred Wegener, came to an understanding that the continents were drifting in different directions.
He suggested that mountains were formed from two plates colliding.
The evidence he used was that -

-similar fossils were found on both the continents of Africa and South America.
-the east coast of south america fits with the west cost of africa like a jigsaw.

Wegener presented his ideas to his peers in a scientific conference in 1912. He was highly criticised for this work as he was an astronomer and meteorologist, therefore geologists believed he was not suitable to make geological theories. Due to the proof he had and other scientists looking into his work, the theory started to become widely accepted in the scientific community.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/21c_pre_2011/earth_and_space/continentaldriftrev2.shtml

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In 1912, Alfred Wegener, came to an understanding that the continents were drifting in different directions, however he never tested these thoughts on it. Until,

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/21c_pre_2011/earth_and_space/continentaldriftrev1.shtml

https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/context/top-10-revolutionary-scientific-theories

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The idea of Quantum Theory came around in 1900, when Max Planc wanted to know why radiation from a glowing body would change colour, from red to orange to blue.
Normally it is assumed that energy exists in an electromangnetic wave. However, to explain why this colour change was happening, Max Planc had to theories that instead of it being just an electromagnetic wave, that it had its own individual units.
He found that at different temperatures energy would stay around similar areas of the colour spectrum.
Neihls Bore later theorised that particles can not be assumed to have certain charecterisitcs or even exist till it can be measured. This is what he used to explain quantam theory
-Sam
http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/quantum-theory

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When a vehicle goes past the siren is at a high pitch so as it comes to you the pitch of the siren becomes low as it goes away. This effect is about when there is a change in frequency and wavelength. When an object moves towards the observer the wavelengths decrease and the frequency increases. Whereas if an object moves away from the observer the wavelength increases and its frequency decreases.

-Paul Jones

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In 1905, Albert Einstein determined that the laws of physics are the same for all non-accelerating observers, and that the speed of light in a vacuum was independent of the motion of all observers. This was the theory of special relativity. It introduced a new framework for all of physics and proposed new concepts of space and time.

Einstein then spent 10 years trying to include acceleration in the theory and published his theory of general relativity in 1915. In it, he determined that massive objects cause a distortion in space-time, which is felt as gravity.

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Lavoisier is most noted for his discovery of how oxygen plays a huge role in combustion. He recognized and named oxygen (1778) and hydrogen (1783). The theory of oxygen playing a part in combustion was extremely important due to the fact that it led to a lot of fires being explained as prior to this nobody had any idea that oxygen was a major factor within combustion.

this enabled people to then use his proved theory to create ideas and products through the method of starving the fire by removing the oxygen, in turn his theories were a major help in reducing fires and stopping them if they do occur.