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A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)

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A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)

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A Vindication of the Rights of Woman was written by Mary Wollstonecraft in specific retaliation to the A Vindication of the Rights of Man by Edmund Burke. Wollstonecraft discusses the radical ideas of women becoming economically independent. She emphasizes her ideals in the writing by arguing that women deserve coeducation to aid them in improving their familial and economical powers.
Shivani Kharva

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The idea of having legions of amazons was suggested by Anne-Joseph Théroigne de Méricourt in 1792. The legions of amazons, an aspect of the feminist movement, were inspired by the need for protection of the French Revolution.  She suggested the idea in order to bring more rights to women so that they could have the right to bear arms.

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On October 30, 1793, the National Convention issued a law in which women were not allowed to participate in public political clubs. The National Convention instated this law in order to keep women from gaining any political view and to suppress the ideals of women. The National Convention issued the law in opposition to the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women.
Shivani Kharva

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Marie Antoinette had been a great influence on the starting of the French Revolution. Antoinette's behavior caused her to be despised by other women and she was the target of the Women's march in October of 1789. During the third phase of the Revolution, Marie Antoinette was sentenced to death by the guillotine along with her husband, Louis XVI, by the National Convention.
Shivani Kharva

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In November of 1793, the National Convention executed Olympe de Gouges. The execution of Olympe de Gouges took place in order to emphasize how women were prohibited from being involved in political issues and that women should remain submissive to males. As Olympe de Gouges was strongly in support of the feminist movement in her book Declaration of the Rights of Woman and her poster Les Trois Urnes, she proved a perfect example for the National Convention.

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Mary Wollstonecraft was an English writer and advocate for women's rights. In 1790, she wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Man in response to Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution. Influenced by Enlightenment thinkers, Wollstonecraft reflected revolutionary thoughts by criticizing the monarchy and hereditary privilege in her book. She also argued for change and denounced Burke's traditional ideals. In 1792, Wollstonecraft published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in which she demanded equal rights for women which also reflected the revolutionary belief for equality under the law. She also argued for coeducation because she believed it would make women better wives and mothers, and just overall better citizens. According to Wollstonecraft's books, women are only shallow because they have been denied an education by men. Because of the radical ideas Wollstonecraft presented in it, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman became a foundation for the feminist movement.

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Society of Revolutionary Republic Women (1793)

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Society of Revolutionary Republic Women (1793)

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The Society of Revolutionary Republic Women was founded by Pauline Léon and Claire Lacombe on May 10, 1793, though it only lasted for about five months. The main goal of the Society was to defend the revolution. The women participated in political affairs by attending National Convention assemblies and supported the Jacobins. Though they did not do much except show their support or opposition to the speeches at the meeting, they were still present in politics. They also demanded price controls to prevent bread from becoming overly expensive, but market women opposed this because it would put them out of business and fights broke out between the two groups. On September 21, 1793, the Society declared all women were to wear a tricolored cockade to represent their allegiance to the revolution. This caused additional women to turn against the Society and they petitioned to the National Convention to abolish the Society. On October 30, 1793, the National Convention declared that all women organizations were banned, effectively putting an end to the Society of Revolutionary Republic Women.

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Charlotte Corday was the daughter of an aristocrat and ally of the Girondists. She believed the Girondists' moderate approach to the revolution was more effective than that of the more radical Jacobins'. Because of this, Corday planned to assassinate Jean-Paul Marat, a radical journalist and politician, in 1793, writing  her plans out in an Address to the French Who Are Friends of Law and Peace. Her assassination challenged the belief that women were worthless and useless, and thus she was viewed as a hero to those who opposed Marat's teachings. Her actions also may have stimulated the banning of female political clubs and activists. In other words, Corday proved what women were capable of.

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Olympe de Gouges was a French reformer and writer. She was a political activist who wrote feminist and abolitionist pieces that eventually reached a large audience.  In 1793, she wrote Les Trois Urnes. This documents argued the need for a form of government that the French people wanted. The forms of government brought up are unitary republic, federal system, or a constitutional monarchy. The National Convention would not tolerate any challenge to its sovereign power. When they found out she had made this poster, she was immediately arrested and guillotined the next day. Her revolutionary ideals were that the right of women were "natural" and "inalienable". This can be seen through another one of her works, "Declaration of the Rights of Women". It is modeled after "Declaration of the Rights of Man".

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She was Jean-Marie Roland's wife. She directed much of his political career when he became minister of the interior in March 1792 under King Louis XVI. In fact, he depended on her. Jean Roland wrote for her husband a letter of protest to the king because of the recent veto of three Girondist decrees. Unfortunately, that letter lead to his dismissal  from the ministry on June 13. He was later reappointed as minister of justice for the new body, the National Convention.  Madame Roland used to be on good terms with Robespierre, but later fell under attack by Robespierre and his Jacobin allies.  She widened the split between Jacob and Girondin factions. During the outbreak of the Jacobin insurrection in 1793, she was arrested. She knew of her fate and accepted it. Madame Roland defended the Bureau de l’Esprit public, which was her husband's attempt to spread journals and pamphlets across France. She believed this would unite provincial authorities. This uniting was a revolutionary ideal. This was all written in Memoirs.

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1792
Having the female voice heard a little more than before the Revolution, Mary Wollstonecraft added onto their representation by refuting the ideas of Edmund Burke. Wollstonecraft used her feminist philosophy to create A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792, which demanded that coeducation is the key to better wives, mothers, and citizens.
1792
In the same year as Wollstonecraft, Pauline Léon submitted a petition to the National Assembly demanding permission to form a national guard to defend Paris in the case of a military invasion. 319 women were recorded to sign the petition and additionally requested for women to be able to arm themselves with "pikes, pistols, sabers, and rifles". Léon paved a way for women in the National Assembly through her recognition with the petition.
Oct. 30, 1793
Along with Wollstonecraft's thought-provoking piece, the Jacobin Club rose the next year in 1793. This year was also the start of the Reign of Terror (1793 - 1794) where a new revolutionary culture was introduced. In order to express unity in society, the Jacobins used the stereotypes the women were disorderly and that their proper place was in the home to suppress their rights even more by banning their position in political debate. Furthermore, on October 30, 1793, the National Convention declared that women are prohibited in "clubs and popular societies of women", decreasing their participation in society.
Nov. 1793
Olympe de Gouges was best known for writing the Declaration of the Rights of Woman, emphasizing women's inclusion and greater rights, making them equal to men. However, after the National Convention prohibited female clubs, she was convicted of sedition through her pamphlet and was sent to the guillotine in November of 1793 in Paris.
1795
To further attack the rights of females, the National Convention banned women from “attending political assemblies”, removing the little political rights they had. The National Convention members arrested those who would gather together in more than groups of five, similar to their prohibition of clubs. This prevented the females from creating any other small groups to discuss issues in private. This led to women staying within the house and having very little representation.
Devi Patel

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Pictures:
- https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/22/82422-004-57221EF9.jpg (Marie Antoinette)
- https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist151/French%20Revolution %20 II/album/slides/patriotic%20women%27s%20club.jpg (Women's Club)
- http://www.cafe.umontreal.ca/~annie/femme/theroigne-1.jpg (Anne-Joseph)
-http://feministesentousgenres.blogs.nouvelobs.com/media/00/00/2295616965 .jpg (Execution of Olympe de Gouges)
- https://www.nlm.nih.gov/frankenstein/img/OB8015_Lg.jpg (A Vindication of the Rights of Woman)
Information About the Pictures:
- Textbook  (Olympe de Gouges execution, Marie Antoinette, , A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, and the banning of the Women's Clubs)
- http://www.amazingwomeninhistory.com/theroigne-de-mericourt/ (Legions of amazons)
Individuals
-Jeanne Manon Roland
-https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jeanne-Marie-Roland
-http://biography.yourdictionary.com/madame-roland
-Society of Revolutionary Republic Women
-http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/481/
-Mary Wollstonecraft
- https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_
by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg
-Textbook
-Charlotte Corday
-http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/charlotte-corday-assassinates-marat
-https://www.thoughtco.com/charlotte-corday-3529109
-https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Charlotte_Corday.PNG
Timeline
- Textbook
- http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/chap5a.html
- http://idea-of-history.blogspot.com/2014/03/womens-roles-and-contributions-to.html
- https://thefreelancehistorywriter.com/2014/07/11/the-women-of-the-french-revolution-a-guest-post-by-stew-ross/
- http://www.historywiz.com/frenchrevwomen.html
- https://womenineuropeanhistory.wordpress.com/2017/01/31/pauline-leon/