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trade routes

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After Muhammad's death, the empire began known as a caliphate and ruled by a caliph. The four caliphs (the first four leaders of Islam after Muhammad) learned the ways of Islam straight from Muhammad and were his friends and advisers.
Abu Bakr- ruled from 632-634 CE.
He is the first caliph. During his reign, he put down rebellions. He was also Muhammad's father-in-law.
Umar- ruled from 634-644 CE.
He conquered the middle east and countries such as Egypt. The empire expanded greatly. He was killed by a slave.
Uthman- ruled from 644-656 CE.
He is most known for having established an official version of the Quran.
Ali- ruled from 656-661 CE.
Ali was widely considered to be the first male convert to Islam. He was known for writing powerful speeches and was a very wise leader.

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The geography of Arabia is a harsh desert. The giant sand dunes were formed by the harsh, unforgiving  wind. It is hard for plants, animals, and people to survive without water, so people settled in oases. The oases were scattered across the ancient desert, and the air is extremely dry. Settlements became towns and trading centers

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Osman, the founder of the Ottoman Empire.

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Osman, the founder of the Ottoman Empire.

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The Ottoman empire was founded by Osman in 1299 with a formal government with religious tolerance. The Byzantine Empire rivaled the ottoman, and in 1453, Mehmet ll led the ottoman empire to capture the capitol of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople, renaming it Istanbul. For the next few hundred years the Ottoman Empire would be one of the most powerful and largest in the world. The empire reached it's peak under the rule of Suleiman the Magnificent. At that time the empire had conquered much of eastern Europe including Greece and Hungary.

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The mighty empire began to decline in the 1600s. The empire stopped expanding and started facing competition from countries like India, and poor leadership and internal corruption contributed greatly to the decline until it fell in 1923 and Turkey was declared a republic.

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Abbasid Empire

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Like the Umayyad Empire, the ruler of the Abbasid empire were caliphs who were  the sons of the previous caliphs. The empire had two major periods. The first lasted from 750- 1258 CE. During this time, the empire was very powerful. However in 1258, the capitol was sacked by the mongols, forcing the Abbasids out.
The second period lasted from 1261-1517 CE.The caliphate was located in Cairo, Egypt, and claimed to be in power. However, Mamluks had true military and political parties.
The Abbasid caliphate ruled over the  middle east, western Asia, and northern Africa.
A lot of large advances were made in  areas of science, mathematics, and medicine. Schools of higher education and libraries were built. Different types of art flourished throughout the empire.  This period lasted from around 790-1258 CE. It is referred to as the golden age of Islam.

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In the 1200s, the Mongols began to rise and captured a large amount of Asia, and conquered Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid. Then the caliph was put to death.

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It was one of the most powerful caliphates. It ruled from 661-750 CE. The empire fell in 750 when the people caused turmoil in the empire and the Abbasid rose and took control.
At the peak of the empire, it controlled the middle east, parts of India and Africa, and Spain. At the time, historians think that the Umayyad Empire controlled about 30% of the entire world's population.
The Umayyads modeled their government like the Byzantine Empire. They also established Arabic as the official language and built many structures such as the Dome of Rock in Jerusalem.

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Umayyad empire

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As the empire grew, Muslims thought that the Umayyads were not following the ways of Islam. Groups of people, including the followers of Ali began to rebel. Then the Abbasids rose to power and overthrew the Umayyads.