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1. Asian Elephant
i) Scientific name: Elephas maximus

Distribution: Distributed in Southeast Asia from India and Nepal to Borneo.

Behaviour: Crepuscular, megaherbivours. Can differentiate low amplitude sounds.

Contribution: They are keystone species, playing a major role in maintaining the biodiversity of the ecosystem in which they live. During dry seasons, elephants use their tusk to dig water, this also provides water for other animals that share the same harsh habitat. When the elephants eat, they create gaps in the vegetation, these gaps allow new plants to grow and creates pathways for  other smaller animals to use. They are also one of the major ways in which trees disperse their seeds.

ii) Issues:
-Destroyed crops when foraging for food
-Cause human death when they entered residential area

-They are doing this because they could get enough food and shelter in their destructed forest, and are forced to intrude human area seeking for food and shelter

iii) Solution:
- Stop logging and deforestation so they don't invade our homes.
- Create santuaries for them so that they don't threaten people.

2. Long-tail Macaque
i) Scientific name: Macaca fascicularis

Distribution: tropical and sub- tropical forests and jungles throughout Southeast Asia

Behaviour: Very sociable animal, live in group containing between 5-60 individual, arboreal , omnivorous

Contribution: Seed dispersers for many important tree/shrub species

ii) Issues: http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/errant-macaque-at-segar-road-other-monkey-incidents-and-what-to-do-when-you-encounter

http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/5-reported-monkey-attacks-this-week-in-segar-area-says-ava

- They are doing these because they want to seek for food.
( print screens are the below two )

iii ) Solution:
-Residents living near nature reserves should close their window and doors when they are not at home.
- Do not feed them as they will then associate human with food.

3. Wild boar
i) Scientific Name: Sus scrofa

Distribution:
- Native to Southeast Asia, Eurasia, North Africa, and the Greater Sunda Islands
- One of the species that has widest-ranging spread in the world.
- Originated in Southeast Asia during the Early Pleistocene, and spread throughout the Old World.

Behaviour:
- Boars are typically social animals, living in female-dominated sounders consisting of barren sows and mothers with young led by an old matriarch. Male boars leave their sounder at the age of 8- 15 months, while females either remain with their mothers or establish new territories nearby. Subadult males may live in loosely knit groups, while adult and elderly males tend to be solitary outside the breeding season.
- Wild boars restrict their activity to cooler parts of the day. In hot weather they are primarily nocturnal. Even in cooler weather they tend not to be active during the middle of the day.
- They consistently use trails from one area of use to another, such as from shelter to food supply or water. They also use sheep and cattle pads to and from water. Marking of these trails is common, with trees or logs rubbed or tusked. Rubbing also helps to reduce ectoparasite infection, as does wallowing in mud or dusty depressions. Mud and dust also help to regulate body temperature.

Contribution:
- Seed dispersal: Wild boars are thought to play a role in seed dispersal because the seeds of freshy fruits often pass intact through their digestive tract.
- Rooting: Alteration of nutrients cycles and increased growth of trees
- As food for human and wild boar’s predator such as tiger and wolf.
- Control the growth of wild plants

ii) Issues:
(a) Damage natural, agricultural,and developed landscapes.
https://www.britishwildboar.org.uk/index.htm?Confrontations.html

https://phys.org/news/2017-02-invasive-wild-pigs-swath-destruction.html

(b) Transmits diseases.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/05/110502-wild-pigs-parasites-animals-pork-science-health-nation/

- In ecological point of view, why are they doing that?
➢ Rooting: Wild boars use their snouts and teeth to dig for underground food, including small animals and tubers, particularly where soil is soft or after rain for food.The result varies from selective uprooting of specific types of plants to the creation of extensive areas resembling ploughed paddocks
➢ Wallows: Throughout the summer, wild boars wallow by lying in moist or wet areas, often near permanent water. Wallowing may help to control the animal's temperature and protect it against insects

(c) Solution:
- Lethal removal in the form of sport hunting of wild boar.
- Hog-proof fencing

Ler Wei Rong 125893
Alicia Prasana Santhosam 125869
Woo Pei Ling 125956
Foo Kai Xin 125879
Catherine Chieng Ying Ying 126119

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Task  Week 5b: El, MQ & Boab: The Triple Trouble?

i) Find information about the animal above (Elephant, Monkey, Wild Boar):

- Scientific name

Elephant = Loxodonta / Elephas

Monkey = Cercopithecidae/ Callitrichidae/ Cebidae/ Aotidae/ Pitheciidae/ Atelidae

Wild Boar = Sus scrofa

- Distribution

Elephant = Sub-saharan Africa, South Asia , Southeast Asia

Monkey = South Central America, Africa, Asia

Wild Boar = Europe, Asia, Africa

- Behaviour

Elephant

Browsers and grazers

Tend to stay near water sources

Seasonal migration for food ,water ,minerals and mates

diurnal

Monkey

Tend to group up

Have alpha leader

diurnal

Wild Boar

Males use their tusks for the fights during the mating season

Wild boars are nocturnal animals (active during the night). They will spend 12h in sleep during the day, hidden in the nests made of leaves

- Contribution to ecosystem

Elephant

Working animal

As cultural depictions

Monkey

Pollinators

Wild Boar

As a game animal or a food source

ii) For each of animals:

a- What are the issues/threat/problem occurred and human feel uncomfortable/not safe/annoyed about it? (max. 2; snapshot/print screen of the news/documentaries etc and the link).

Elephant - invade village, destroy crops and killing people

http://m.ippmedia.com/en/news/elephants-raid-villages-kill-and-stay

Monkey - intrude people house, wrecking havoc and stealing food and other valuable items (eg: jewelry)

https://www.environment.co.za/wildlife-endangered-species/monkey-problems-soulution.html

Wild boar - destroy crops

https://www.google.com/amp/s/thinkprogress.org/wild-pigs-are-taking-over-the-u-s-destroying-crops-and-uprooting-levees-a77a42e6dbfa/amp/

b- In ecological point of view, why are they doing that?

Due to the fact that humans broke into their territory, these wildlifes now have their territory overlapped with human settlements. They have to compete with human for resources like food which is common intraspecific competition for them but from our perception the animals are invasive species because they took and damage our properties.

iii) Suggest two (2) approaches that you think can be used to overcome the problem that you  stated in (ii).

1. To prevent wild animals from destroying crops especially elephants, LED lights are used at farms to simulate human activity. Elephants tend to avoid places with flashing lights as they tend to avoid people.

2. Secure home to prevent access to food from monkeys. Having a dog or electronic sound repellent to deter monkeys from house compound.

Members
1.Ahmad Hadri bin Jumaat (126114)
2.Muhd Hazim Asyraf bin Mohd Kamal (126160)
3.Muhd Iftar Johwan bin Johny@Hasbulah (126154)
4.Mohd Nazim bin Mohd Sah (117894)
5.Muhammad Aminuddin Baqi bin Hasrizal Fuad  (127218)

# data[].attributes.body
1) Finding Information
1.1 Elephant
Scientific Name : Elephas maximus (Asian elephant)
Behaviour : A highly social animal, living in herds of related females and juveniles, led by a matriarch. Males leave their herds when they mature at about 6-7 years of age and become predominantly solitary. It eats mainly grasses but also fruits, barks and other plants. It is also an excellent swimmer. Females also practice allomothering, where female in the herd care and protect all young of the herd.
Distribution : Cambodia, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular & Sabah) Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. Also found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Nepal ad Sri Lanka. Extinct in Pakistan.
Contribution to Ecosystem :
The elephant creates vital natural pathways by knocking over trees, allowing smaller species to feed, as well as dispersing plant seeds via its dung.
1.2 Monkey
Scientific Name : Macaca fascicularis (Long-tailed Macaque)
Behaviour : It is a gregarious primate, often congregating in groups of 20-30. It is especially common near coastal areas and forest edges, often near people. It is an omnivore, eating a wide range of animal matter and vegetation. They are also diurnal, sleeping in the branches of trees during the night.
Distribution : Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. Also in Bangladesh, India (Andaman and Nicobar Islands) and Timor-Leste.
Contribution to Ecosystem :
As part of the food chain and important for plant seed dispersal.
1.3 Wild Boar
Scientific Name : Sus barbattus (Sunda Bearded Pig)
Behaviour : Diurnal and Nocturnal but mainly nocturnal at higher hunting pressure regions. Most often found in tropical evergreen rainforest but also in a wide range of habitat types from beaches to upper montane forest. Large-scale movement over a week or months following fruiting season and availability.
Distribution : Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan and Sumatra), Malaysia and Philippines (extreme south)
Contribution to Ecosystem : Important food source for carnivores and plays a crucial role for seed dispersal.

2) Issues and Ecological reasons
2.1 Asian Elephant
Issue : Elephants invade village area.
http://www.sinarharian.com.my/edisi/pahang/lagi-gajah-ceroboh-kampung-1.664850 (11 Oct 2017)Ecological reason : Foraging for food.
2.2 Long-tailed Macaque
Issue : Macaques enters housing area and home. http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/errant-macaque-at-segar-road-other-monkey-incidents-and-what-to-do-when-you-encounter  (11 Oct 017)Ecological Reason : Looking for food.

2.3 Sunda Bearded Pig
Issue : Wild pigs entering household area.Ecological Reason : Searching for food.

3) Two solution for each case.
3.1 Elephant Invasion

Capture and relocate the elephants (Not recommended as high level of stress during relocation might kill the elephants)

Understand the routes of the elephants, provide animal crossing where need or move away from the region.

3.2 Macaque Invasion

Scare-crow method using life-like tiger soft toy.

Making sure windows are secured with grills and rubbish are disposed accordingly so the macaques wont view the location as food source.

3.3 Wild Pig Invasion

Stronger fences to prevent force entry of wild pigs

Motion-activated flood light around the house to scare away the wild pigs when they come close.

4) Members

Low Tek Joo 125897

Zou Bei 123082

Low Li Huie 126148

Teo Shi Huey 126202

# data[].attributes.body
I) Finding information
Elephant
Scientific name: Locodonta Africana
Behaviour : Elephants form deep family bonds and live in tight matriarchal family groups of related females called a herd. The herd is led by the oldest and often largest female in the herd, called a matriarch. Herds consist of 8-100 individuals depending on terrain and family size. When a calf is born, it is raised and protected by the whole matriarchal herd. Males leave the family unit between the ages of 12-15 and may lead solitary lives or live temporarily with other males. Elephants are extremely intelligent animals and have memories that span many years. It is this memory that serves matriarchs well during dry seasons when they need to guide their herds, sometimes for tens of miles, to watering holes that they remember from the past. They also display signs of grief, joy, anger and play. Recent discoveries have shown that elephants can communicate over long distances by producing a sub-sonic rumble that can travel over the ground faster than sound through air. Other elephants receive the messages through the sensitive skin on their feet and trunks. It is believed that this is how potential mates and social groups communicate.

Distribution: African elephants have a sub—Saharan distribution, with forest elephants primarily inhabiting western and central regions of Africa and savanna elephants inhabiting the eastern and southern regions

Contribution to ecosystem: During the dry season, elephants use their tusks to dig for water. This not only allows the elephants to survive in dry environments and when droughts strike, but also provides water for other animals that share harsh habitats. When forest elephants eat, they create gaps in the vegetation. These gaps allow new plants to grow and create pathways for other smaller animals to use. They are also one of the major ways in which trees disperse their seeds; some species rely entirely upon elephants for seed dispersal. On the savannahs, elephants feeding on tree sprouts and shrubs help to keep the plains open and able to support the plains game that inhabit these ecosystems. Wherever they live, elephants leave dung that is full of seeds from the many plants they eat. When this dung is deposited the seeds are sown and grow into new grasses, bushes and trees, boosting the health of the savannah ecosystem.
ii)

They are doing that because the habitat is becoming smaller due to development and agriculture and sometiomes  they lost their habitat and they felt threatened by humans.

Monkey
SCIENTIFIC NAME

- Mandrillus sphinx
BEHAVIOUR
- Mandrills seem to live in very large, stable groups named 'hordes'.
- A horde can number in the hundreds of mandrills, possibly averaging around 615 individuals and reaching as many as 845 individuals.
- It is difficult to accurately estimate horde size in the forest, but filming a horde crossing a gap between two forest patches or crossing a road is a reliable way of estimating the total number.
- The largest horde verifiably observed in this way contained over 1,300 individuals, in Lopé National Park, Gabon which is the largest aggregation of nonhuman primates ever recorded.
- These hordes are made of adult females and their dependent offspring.
- Males live a solitary lifestyle, and only enter hordes when females are receptive to mating, which lasts three months each year.
- All male bachelor groups are not known to exist.

DISTRIBUTION
- The mandrill is found in Nigeria, southern Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, and Congo.
- Its distribution is bounded by the Sanaga River to the north and the Ogooué and White Rivers to the east.
- Recent research suggests that mandrill populations north and south of the Ogooué river are so genetically different as to be separate subspecies. Mandrills live in tropical rainforests.
- They also live in gallery forests adjacent to savannas, as well as rocky forests, riparian forests, cultivated areas and flooded forests and stream beds.
-  Mandrills will cross grass areas within their forest habitats.

CONTRIBUTION TO ECOSYSTEM
- The mandrill is an omnivore. It usually consumes plants, of which it eats over a hundred species.
- It prefers to eat fruits, but will also eat leaves, lianas, bark, stems, and fibers.
- It also consumes mushrooms and soil.[23] Carnivorously, mandrills mostly eat invertebrates, particularly ants, beetles, termites, crickets, spiders, snails, and scorpions.
- It will also eat eggs, and even vertebrates such as birds, tortoises, frogs, porcupines, rats, and shrews.
- Mandrills likely will eat larger vertebrates when they have the opportunity, such as juvenile bay duikers and other small antelope.
- Large prey are likely killed with a bite to the nape with the mandrill's long canines.
E) For each animals, What are the issue/threat/problem occurred and human feel uncomfortable/not safe/annoyed about it?

Mandrill attack

An orangutan invades a Parisian house through a window. In the news article, the invader is not an orangutan, but a mandrill then known as a “rib-faced baboon”

http://deadlykingdom.blogspot.my/2012/01/mandrill-attack.html

Wild Boars
Scientific name:Sus scrofa
Behaviour : -living in female-dominated sounders consisting of barren sows and mother with young,led by an old matriarch.
-Male boars leave their sounder at the age of 8-15 months
-Breeding period in most area lasts from November to January
-Highly versatile omnivore.

Distribution : Britain and Ireland,throughout all of Europe(except Scandinavia),in the Atlas mountains in North Africa,in the Middle East and the Caucasus Mountains and throughout most of Central Asia to China,Taiwan, and Japan. Also found in South and Southeast Asia.
Contribution to ecosystem :
become a host for a number of parasites like tapeworms,whipworms and nematodes.
creates ideal condition condition for germination of seedling when they disturbed the soils.

Issues :
i)wild pig are a problem for many landowner and agriculture producers as it damages crops and livestock.

in ecological point of view, the reason they do that is because they are being cornered or it is a female protecting her piglets. There is a lack of natural predators that make the wild boar increased rapidly.

ii) wild pigs are a growing threat to hiker on the trail.

iii)2 approaches that can be used to overcome the problems stated above :
Elephant-chilli and tobacco-based deterrents to keep elephants out of fields; changing farming practices - making farms easier to defend; growing crops that elephants don't like

Monkey-Do not feed monkeys or any other wild animals or you will attract them to where you live and make repelling them much harder.Once monkeys know there is a food source they are likely to visit every day.

Wild boars-lethal methods are often the most practical and widely used. They include trapping, shooting, andhunting with dogs. Currently, there are no toxicants registered for use on wild pigs in the United States, so poisoning is not an option

Hanani binti Munir 123828
Zaizatulasyikin binti Razali 123855
Teh Suhaila binti Zuhairi 123850
Fatin Suhaila binti Shukor 123826

# data[].attributes.body
Elephant
sicientific name: Loxodonta
elephas

Behaviour:
They can consume as much as 150 kg (330 lb) of food and 40 L (11 US gal) of water in a day. Elephants tend to stay near water sources. Major feeding bouts take place in the morning, afternoon and night. At mid day, elephants rest under trees and may doze off while standing. Sleeping occurs at night while the animal is lying down. Elephants average 3–4 hours of sleep per day.

Distribution:
The African bush elephant can be found in habitats as diverse as dry savannahs, deserts, marshes, and lake shores, and in elevations from sea level to mountain areas above the snow line. Forest elephants mainly live in equatorial forests but will enter gallery forests and ecotones between forests and savannahs. Asian elephants prefer areas with a mix of grasses, low woody plants, and trees, primarily inhabiting dry thorn-scrub forests in southern India and Sri Lanka and evergreen forests in Malaysia.

Contribution:
Because of their large size, elephants have a huge impact on their environments and are considered keystone species. Their habit of uprooting trees and undergrowth can transform savannah into grasslands; when they dig for water during drought, they create waterholes that can be used by other animals. They can enlarge waterholes when they bathe and wallow in them. At Mount Elgon, elephants excavate caves that are used by ungulates, hyraxes, bats, birds and insects.

Wild boar
Scientific name:
Sus scrofa

Distribution:
The wild boar inhabits a diverse array of habitats from boreal taigas to deserts.[3] In mountainous regions, it can even occupy alpine zones, occurring up to 1,900 metres in the Carpathians, 2,600 metres in the Caucasus and up to 3,600–4,000 metres in the mountains in Central Asia and Kazakhstan.

Behaviour:
Boars are typically social animals, living in female-dominated sounders consisting of barren sows and mothers with young led by an old matriarch. Male boars leave their sounder at the age of 8–15 months, while females either remain with their mothers or establish new territories nearby. Subadult males may live in loosely knit groups, while adult and elderly males tend to be solitary outside the breeding season. The wild boar is a highly versatile omnivore, whose diversity in choice of food rivals that of humans.Boars may occasionally prey on small vertebrates like newborn deer fawns, leporids and galliform chicks.

Contribution:
The wild boar features prominently in the cultures of Indo-European people, many of which saw the animal as embodying warrior virtues. Cultures throughout Europe and Asia Minor saw the killing of a boar as proof of one's valor and strength. The animal was seen as a source of food among the Ancient Greeks, as well as a sporting challenge and source of epic narratives.

Monkey
Scientific name:
Macaca sinica

Behaviour:
The Monkey social structure is very interesting to observe. They are very intelligent animals and need socialization for them to be able to thrive in their natural environment. The overall structure can vary based on the species of Monkey. There social feelings can also change based on stress from their environment just like it can for humans. They enjoy having fun too and bring amazing games and spontaneous events to their lives.
Vocalization is the most common method of socialization for the Monkey. They have a variety of sounds that they use. This can be low chatter, clicking, and even high pitch yelling that can be heard for long distances. These sounds allow them to be able to create strong bonds, to take care of their young, and even to warn other groups of Monkeys to stay away. They will warn each other of potential risks and predators when they can too.
They also use non verbal communication to show emotion. Snuggling a baby is a way for the mom to protect it. At the same time it helps the young to feel loved and cared for. Adults may sit close to each other and even touch each others faces as a means of socialization. They can use facial expressions too in order to show love, fear, anger, or sadness to each other. The moods of the members of a group of Monkeys can vary. If they are stressed due to lack of food or shelter then they can be on edge. It will be harder for them to keep conflicts from occurring. When there is plenty of food though and they don’t feel threatened they are more likely to live in harmony with each other.
Grooming is a part of the social behavior for the Monkeys too. They take bugs and debris out of the fur of each other. They do this process for hours and hours in a very loving and careful manner. They will be offering social elements to the relationship as they do so through the power of too.

Distributions:
There are actually two major types of monkey habitats: arboreal and terrestrial. Regardless of the type of habitat a monkey lives in, they rarely spend much time in one place, so their nests are pretty basic. Monkeys are constantly on the move, traveling daily to look for food.

Arboreal is the name given to any monkeys who live in trees. These monkeys use their strong arms and legs to help them live happily high in the treetops. They also have another cool adaptation - a prehensile tail, or a tail that can grab and hold things. Spider monkeys, howler monkeys, and owl monkeys are all common arboreal monkeys.

An arboreal monkey using his prehensile tail to help him catch fish tail. Terrestrial describes any monkeys who live on the ground. They may live in the mountains, grasslands, or woodlands. The Japanese macaque monkeys live in the mountains of Japan and have coarse fur to help them stay dry during the rainy season. The also love to hang out in the hot springs during the really cold months - it's like they have their own hot tubs! Many monkeys are considered semi-terrestrial because they live on the ground but can also dwell in the trees if needed.

Contributions:
They are used by humans because of their relative ease of handling, their fast reproductive cycle (compared to apes) and their psychological and physical similarity to humans. A number of countries have used monkeys as part of their space exploration programmes, including the United States and France. The first monkey in space was Albert II, who flew in the US-launched V-2 rocket on June 14, 1949. Monkey brains are eaten as a delicacy in parts of South

ii)Link:

http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/elephants/asian_elephants/areas/issues/elephant_human_conflict/

Ecological point of view they are doing that because:
Elephant-human conflict is a result of habitat loss and fragmentation

https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsnation.in%2Findia-news%2Fhuman-monkey-conflict-results-in-traffic-jam-in-odisha-article-163472.html&h=ATNdaghr8m-Vqi9Z5rjpmMqWIgoZzt5cg_TSVUTGk90UQ_TqhI1_pbHdyW7TTlNeR0U1UJoJQFIePQ5HP8C2mlBKkqsgUCREj6e0AYQCEJWxhfBHTQjratFRkGHqli1aDnKOayKYQpN7JA

Issue:
Rhesus macaques are aggressive and damage to human property and harassment by Rhesus macaque are the common feature in our study area like other parts of India.

Human-Monkey Conflict and its Associated Problems at Badarpurghat, Karimganj, Assam (India). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274832519_Human-Monkey_Conflict_and_its_Associated_Problems_at_Badarpurghat_Karimganj_Assam_India [accessed Oct 10 2017].

https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F274832519_Human-Monkey_Conflict_and_its_Associated_Problems_at_Badarpurghat_Karimganj_Assam_India&h=ATN6PWagb4Zubx7YrFCttUOi4ZKw_UseGHHWI2LxoWkaQpb2zlBF8hiyznKk2T2zyBm6xXLsLt_6DdjQMDfdMFDdYenML3BpMmwPvgU4tTSlaR05RPW7B83MpFgri9jmUhvqwq9YQE0M&s=1&enc=AZPllhs2AP1ZDyk9VkafcMZMlMlxUgv5XVSYi9h3jGN7aV9BLSCQJcJpoEwwSQenpxtkJ3btshavqHJ4hDIhvsNcfFgpKFMIAYx8FJfkfKD9tQ

Issue:
Competition

Wild pigs compete for food and space with native wildlife species
Predation

Wild pigs can be significant predators of eggs and newly hatched young of ground-nesting birds and sea turtles, small mammals, salamanders, frogs, crabs, mussels, and snakes.  Though not considered a significant predator of white-tailed deer fawns, wild pigs do sometimes kill and eat newborns.

Native Plant Communities

Wild pigs rooting, wallowing, and trampling damage native plant communities that provide habitat and food sources for native wildlife species.

Disease

Transmit disease that is perhaps the most dangerous aspect of the feral pig problem. Pigs carry many diseases including: Leptospirosis, Brucellosis, Sparganosis, Melioidosis, Japanese Encephalitis, Murray Valley Encephalitis, Foot-And-Mouth disease (FMD), Nipah virus and Swine Fever.

Their habitat is being disrupted by human. The loss of habitat effect their food sources

http://wildpiginfo.msstate.edu/threats-wildlife-wild-pigs.html

FATIN NURUL HAZIERA ABDUL HAMID 125877
PUTRI ZULAIHA BT KHAIRUL BAHRI 125935
NURLYANA BT MUHAMAD RIDZUAN
QURRATUL SYUHADA BT AHMAD ZABRI 125937

# data[].attributes.body
1. Find information about the animal:

a) Elephant

Scientific name:
Sri Lankan elephant (Elephas maximus maximus)

Behavior:

Herbivores

Often use their long trunk to assist them in gathering food

Follows strict migration routes that are determined by the monsoon season

Travel in cohesive herds that consist of about 8-12 individuals especially female adults and their offspring headed by the matriarch (dominant female)

Distribution:

Restricted mostly to the lowlands in the dry zone where they are still fairly widespread in north, south, east, north-western, north-central and south-eastern Sri Lanka.

Contribution to ecosystem:

As seed dispersers, elephants disperse seeds by eating them, transporting them, and then spreading them through their dung.

As water providers, elephants travel miles in search of water and they will remember underground spots for water in which they will dig wells. This water is then opened up for other animals, enabling them to drink.

As habitat modifiers, they alter and modify habitats by pushing over trees, stripping bark from trees and generally stomping around being elephants. They open up dense woodlands by creating forest gaps.

b) Monkey

Scientific name:
Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

Behavior:

Arboreal animal

Sedentary which is spending most of its time sitting

Feed on plant and supplemented with a variety of different species including snails, frogs, crustaceans and small birds

Usually lives in group of 35-50 individuals (several males and majority are female)

Mutual grooming is important social activity

Agonistic behavior especially when it comes to access for food or resting site

Distribution:

Long-tailed macaques are widespread throughout the islands of Southeast Asia into mainland Asia.

They are found in the Philippines, in mainland Malaysia and on Borneo, in Indonesia on Sumatra, Java, Timor, and the Lesser Sunda Islands, in Burma, in India on the Nicobar Islands, and in Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand (Fittinghoff & Lindburg 1980; Groves 2001).

Longtail macaques are also found on Angaur Island, Palau where they were introduced in the 1900s.

Can be found in peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, especially in lowland areas and along the coasts

Nowadays, can be found in urban areas

Contribution to ecosystem:

To the extent that these animals are prey for other species, they may affect populations of those species.

Macaca fascicularis may be an important predator in its ecosystem, and may have some impact on prey species.

c) Boar

Scientific name:
Wild Boar (Sus Scrofa)

Behavior:

Habitat generalist

Highly adapted

Can tolerate a wide range of climates

Can live as far away as a day's walk from water

Distribution:

Occur in pure wild

Domesticates in several parts including Southest Asia and Asia Minor

Native to many country such as Afghanistan and Thailand (many more)

Had been reintroduced to Sweden, UK

Contribution to ecosystem:

As predators and seed dispersers

Controlling the growth of wild plant

Modify the structure of soil

Help establishing pioneer plants

2. What are the issues/ threat/problem occurred and human feel uncomfortable/not safe/annoyed about it? (include snapshots & links)
In ecological point of view, why are they doing that?

a) Elephant
Issue/threat/problem:

'What happens when vulnerable species are also pests? By James Stevens'- The farmer had been having trouble with elephants this harvesting season because of the large numbers of old elephant spoor (footprints) throughout the field. Elephants are killed to protect the crops.

Link:
http://www.elephantsforafrica.org/what-happens-when-vulnerable-species-are-also-pests-by-james-stevens/
Ecological point of view:

Elephants destroy crops because they loss of habitats

Competition between man and elephants over water and vegetation

Disruption of traditional migration routes of elephants

Establishment of agricultural land in elephant territory

High nutritional value of cultivated crops as opposed wild plants

b) Monkey
Issue/threat/problem:

'Massive Malaysia monkey cull spurs concerns'- Many Malaysians were shocked to discover that the country's wildlife department viewed the long-tailed macaque as a pest and killed 97,119 last year across the country. Monkeys cause many troubles to humans because they raid garbage, raid the fruits clean off the fruit trees and even attack students.

Link:
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/04/2013422143220434441.html
Ecological point of view:

Because of poor waste management, there are increase in food sources for monkeys.

In addition, monkeys are prolific and able to reproduce very fast.

c) Boar
Issues/threats/problems:

'USA's ravenous $1.5B problem: 5 million wild pigs'- Wild pigs have been spreading across America like crazy to the tune of 5 million of the porkers in 39 states. The damages caused by wild pigs cost some $1.5 billion per year to control them. The wild pigs cause troubles for eating crops, ruin fields by digging, threaten local species, and contaminate streams with their feces.

'Pigs still cannot fly: Wild boar intruder at Hong Kong International Airport subdued by police'- A wild boar that wandered into Hong Kong International Airport was subdued by four airport policemen armed with shields.They were afraid the boar would affect flight movements.

Links:

https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/10/26/wild-pigs-newser/17958393/

http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/pigs-still-cannot-fly-wild-boar-intruder-at-hong-kong-international-airport-subdued

Ecological point of view:

Since the distribution of wild pig become increase and their habitat has been destroyed for development purposes, they have no places to live and that is why the came out from their own places and wanted to live with us.

3. Suggest two approaches that you think you can be used to overcome the problem that you stated in 2(i)

a) Elephant

Prevent deforestation problem which can lead to habitat loss causing elephant to move to human resident area

Using beehive fences to keep elephants out of their fields and avoid killing problem animals

b) Monkey

Monkey sterilisation (for troublesome groups)

Control waste management strictly

c) Boar

Instead of kill them by poisoning or shoot them, we control their reproduction. Since they have higher reproductive potential

Do not simply destroyed any habitats of wild animals without knowing the effects to the human being.

4. Group Members:

NUR AFIEQAH BT MOHAMMAD (125915)

NUR ASNIDA BT A RAZAK (125919)

NUR AFIFAH BT SHARUDIN (127196)

TUAN AINUL ASYIKIN BT TUAN AZLAN (125954)

# data[].attributes.body
as a result of habitat loss and competition over food and space.

# data[].attributes.body
GROUP MEMBERS :

Isyriati Binti Ishak 125884

Khairun Ainaa Binti Kamarudin 125886

Ku Noor Khalidah Binti Ku Halim 127165

Nur Ezziati Amira Binti Taufet Rosdi 127004

Sharifah Shakinah Binti Syed Aziz 127007

1) Find information about the animal :
a - Elephant

Scientific Name :
Elephas maximus

Behavior :

Form deep family bonds

Live in tight matriarchal family groups of related female called a herd. the herd is led by oldest and largest female.

Herd is consists 8 - 100 individuals depends on terrain and family size.

Distribution :

Live in tropical and sub-tropical region of Africa and Asia.

Mostly found in savannas, grassland, and forest.

Also live in deserts, swamps and mountains.

Contribution to ecosystem :

As tourism magnets, attracting funding that helps protects wilderness areas.

They are also keystone species important in maintaining biodiversity ecosystem.

Elephants create gaps in vegetation when they eat, allowing new plants to grow and create pathways for other smaller animals.

In savannas, elephants feeding on tree sprouts and shrubs help the plains open and support plains that inhabit these ecosystem.

b - Monkey

Scientific Name:
Macaca fascicularis

Behaviour:

Vocalization is the most common method of socialization for the monkey.

The sounds are allow them to be able to create bonds, to take care of their young and to warn predator.

Use non verbal communication to show emotion. For example, snuggling a baby to protect it.

Adult and baby monkeys use facial expression to show their feelings.

Social grooming improve family health and tighter bonds between them.

Distribution :

Occurs in Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia , Malaysia (including the peninsular as well as Sabah and Sarawak Borneo), the Philippines (western Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago), Singapore, southern Thailand (including offshore islands), and southern Vietnam

Contribution to ecosystem :

Their diets consists of tropical fruit that leads to great seeds dispersal.

They also are important food source because of their size especially for pumas, jaguar and ocelots.

c - Wild boar
Scientific name :
Sus scrofa

Behavior :

Live in small social groups referred to as 'sounders'

Primarily nocturnal animals irrespective of sex, age, or season

Have poor eyesight and can only recognise blue from the three primary colours

Fecund and rereproduce vigorously

Highly plastic diet, feeding opportunitically on many plants and animals.

Distribution :

Indigenous to Western Europe and Northern Africa, ranging eastwards across the Mediterranean basin through India and southeast Asia to Japan, Sri Lanka, Java, Taiwan, Korea and Malaya

Contribution to ecosystem :

By feeding on plants and vegetative parts, wild boars affect the abundance and richness of plants species.

Affect human's economy as they cause crop damage and transmit disease to livestock and wildlife (Hepatitis E virus)

Help in maintaining native components of species richness by creating habitat.  (Kotanen, 1995)

Wild boar rooting can increase plant- defined microhabitat diversity. (Arrington, 1999)

In neotrophics wild boar contributes to the preservation of native wildlife such as Tapir and Capybara. (Desbiez,2007)

Wild boar as economic resources, for both recreational hunting and meat production.

2) For each animals :
a) What are the issues/threat/problem occured and human feel uncomfortable/not safe/annoyed about it?

i - Elephant

Elephant-human conflict lead to habitat loss and fragmentation. When elephant and human interact, there is a conflict from crop raiding, injuries and death to human by elephant.

Link : http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/elephants/asian_elephants/areas/issues/elephant_human_conflict/

ii -  Monkey

Disease transmission of monkeys to man. Usually they are physical situation where a frustrated monkey attacks people and these can be a cause to illness spread from monkey to a man.

Link :

http://www.2ndchance.info/mnky2man.htm

iii - Wild boar

Causes disturbance to plant communities.

The rooting behaviour of the wild boar, can lead to reduction of up to 80-95% of the herbaceous and to the local extinction of individual plant species.

The loosening of the soil surface cause by rooting may lead to erosion on steep slopes.

Link :
http://www.kora.ch/malme/05_library/5_1_publications/M/Massei_&_Genov_2004_The_environmental_impact_of_wild_boar.pdf

b) In ecological point of view, why are they doing that ?

i - Elephant

Elephant and human are sharing the same habitat. There are also human activities such as construction that make the elephant feel threatened as their habitat are disturbed.

ii - Monkey

Some of the diseases we currently know of that wild and captive-bred monkeys sometimes carry and that are a threat to human health. As the human made the monkey as their pets, the disease transmission is easier.

iii - Wild boar

The external features of wild boar (short limb, narrow head, long snout) making them forage through the rooting behaviour. In addition, the never stopped growing prominent tusks requires the boars to constantly sharpened them.

3) Suggest two (2) approaches that you think can be used to overcome the problem that you stated in (2)

A detailed study of diet in combination with seasonal patterns of habitat use could provide key information such as target species and susceptible habitats on which management efforts should focus.

Control the size of wild boar population by balancing the population of the predators. (prey- predators relationship)

Conduct Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedures before develop a targeted areas. For example: survey and examine the presence of the animal community and relocate them to proper place where they can survive.

# data[].attributes.body
i) Find information about the animal above:

a) Elephant
Scientific name:
African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana)
Behaviour:
Elephants form deep family bonds and live in tight matriarchal family groups of related females called a herd. The herd is led by the oldest and often largest female in the herd, called a matriarch. Herds consist of 8-100 individuals depending on terrain and family size. When a calf is born, it is raised and protected by the whole matriarchal herd. Males leave the family unit between the ages of 12-15 and may lead solitary lives or live temporarily with other males.

Elephants are extremely intelligent animals and have memories that span many years. It is this memory that serves matriarchs well during dry seasons when they need to guide their herds, sometimes for tens of miles, to watering holes that they remember from the past. They also display signs of grief, joy, anger and play.

Recent discoveries have shown that elephants can communicate over long distances by producing a sub-sonic rumble that can travel over the ground faster than sound through air. Other elephants receive the messages through the sensitive skin on their feet and trunks. It is believed that this is how potential mates and social groups communicate.

Distribution:
African savannah elephants are found in savannah zones in 37 countries south of the Sahara Desert. African forest elephants inhabit the dense rainforests of west and central Africa. The Asian elephant is found in India, Sri Lanka, China and much of Southeast Asia.

Contribution to ecosystem:
During the dry season, elephants use their tusks to dig for water. This not only allows the elephants to survive in dry environments and when droughts strike, but also provides water for other animals that share harsh habitats.

When forest elephants eat, they create gaps in the vegetation. These gaps allow new plants to grow and create pathways for other smaller animals to use. They are also one of the major ways in which trees disperse their seeds; some species rely entirely upon elephants for seed dispersal.

On the savannahs, elephants feeding on tree sprouts and shrubs help to keep the plains open and able to support the plains game that inhabit these ecosystems.

Wherever they live, elephants leave dung that is full of seeds from the many plants they eat. When this dung is deposited the seeds are sown and grow into new grasses, bushes and trees, boosting the health of the savannah ecosystem.

b) Monkey
Scientific name:  Macaca Fascicularis

Behaviour:
- Long-tailed macaques live in multi-male groups consisting of about thirty members. At sexual maturity, males leave their natal group, and join either bachelor groups or new social groups. Since males leave the natal group, they are subject to more predation, disease, and injury than females.

-  Long-tailed macaques are unique among other non-human primates because of their ability to show learned or cultural behavior. This cultural behavior was observed in the preparation of food by long-tailed macaques. On one occasion, an adult female dipped a piece of fruit into a river and then she consumed it. It was proposed that perhaps the female was cleaning sand off the fruit.

Distribution: found in southeast Asia from Burma to the Philippines and southward through Indochina, Malaysia, and Indonesia. They are found as far east as the Timor Islands.

Contribution to ecosystem:  prey for other species, they may affect populations of those species

c) Wild Boar

Scientific name:  Sus scrofa
Behaviour:  Wild boar prefer to live in small social groups referred to as 'sounders'. Sounders are matriarchal and organised around a core of two or three mature reproductive females with their most recent litters, plus the surviving young and sub-adults from previous litters. Group size varies between 6 and 30 animals. Mature males tend to be found in the vicinity of the group only during the breeding season. Outside the breeding season, the mainly solitary males will tolerate the presence of each other but aggression increases in winter with competition for females. Male rutting behaviour invloves two animals walking parallel to each other, and edging closer until their shoulders touch. They may then rear up trying to off balance the other, whilst thrusting open-mouthed with tusks bared.

Distribution:  Wild boar are indigenous to Western Europe and Northern Africa, ranging eastwards across the Mediterranean basin through India and South-East Asia to Japan, Sri Lanka, Java, Taiwan, Korea and Malaya.

Contribution to ecosystem:   As predators and seed dispersers, controlling the growth of wild plants. They also modify the structure of the soil and help establishing pioneer plants. As preys, they are an important source of food for other bigger mammals, such as cougars and jaguars.

ii) For each animals,
a) What are the issues/threat/problem occured and human feel uncomfortable/not safe/annoyed about it?

Elephant :

http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/elephants/asian_elephants/areas/issues/elephant_human_conflict/

http://www.ft.lk/article/557390/Elephant-human-conflict--the-most-crucial-issue-not-even-identified

Monkey: Homes are often infiltrated by the macaques, which frequently steal items from their homes, especially food, and outside they often threw rubbish from the garbage cans, which caused an unpleasant sight around the housing area. In addition, the macaques often took their fruit

(mainly mangoes and bananas) from the plantations.

http://www.biology.sc.chula.ac.th/TNH/archives/v12_no2/6AHMAD%20ISMAIL%20Hambali%20Proof2.pdf

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4487983/

Wild boar:  Soil disturbance by highly abundance wild pigs (Sus scrofa), which feed in adjacent Oil Palm plantations in Pasoh Forest Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia shows a significant assocation with the abundance of Clidemia hirta, an invasive perennial shrub from the Melastomataceae family  into the diverse tropical lowland rain forest.

Wild pigs are native throughout Europe and Asia, including tropical Southeast Asia. Their activities, including feeding, wallowing, and nest construction, have important effects on the ecology of forests. Where abundant, their feeding activities can disturb the soil surface over large areas. Pigs grub for insect larvae and fruit in the leaf litter and surface soil using their noses to turnover the soil.

http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0037321

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00767.x/abstract

b) In ecological point of view, why are they doing that?

Elephant :
Generally because of their habitats loss due to several reasons such as development areas for villages and the rise agriculture locations for humans. This causes food deprivation from the elephants, forcing them to wander near lands with agriculture for their food source causing destruction in the human habitat.

Monkey:  Because they want to find the food resources that are available around their habitat in order to survive.

Wild boar:  Two possible factors that could explain the high abundance of wild pigs in forest at Pasoh; the local extinction of tigers who would previously have been the main predator of pigs and the super abundance of food in the Oil Palm plantation around the reserve.

iii) Suggest 2 approaches that you think can be used to overcome the problem that you stated in (ii).

Elephant :

Establishment of new National Parks and increasing the size of conservation areas.

Establishment of elephant corridors – to allow the safe passage of elephants from one habitat area to another.

Monkey:  Form an establishment or habitat for the monkeys that provide adequate food for them to live comfortably.

Responsible authorities must prevent the monkeys from doing the pest behaviours by using prevention approaches such as emptying garbage cans or prevent them from opening for the monkeys.

Wild boar: The distribution of soil disturbance was also associated with the presence of swampy ground, which is compatible with general observations of wild pig activity. Clidemia hirta abundance was also correlated with the presence of canopy gaps.

-Decrease the canopy gaps in the forest reserve by planting more tall trees that will serve as a canopy to prevent the widespread of Clidemia hirta.

-Use herbicide to kill the invasive Clidemia hirta.

- Introduce recreational hunting that could remove mostly adult boars have the potential to successfully reduce their population.

-Exclude wild pigs from the reserved area or the oil palm plantation using fences.

http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Clidemia_hirta_(Kosters_Curse).htm

http://feralhogs.tamu.edu/files/2010/05/managing-feral-pigs.pdf

iv ) Group members:

ATIKAH BINTI ALI 123823

ESTHER ANNE ANAK RANDI 123825

NUR EAINA TASSYA BINTI NARUDIN 123836

NUR AMALINA BINTI BUJANG 123835

AIN DANIA QISTINA BINTI HASHIM 125865

# data[].attributes.body
Group members:
Chong Yong Fatt 123824
Tang Chu Nie 123849
Soo Aie Ling 123848
Muhamnad Nuruddin 125904
Manmit Singh 126151

(i)
(a) Asian Elephant
Scientific name:
Elephas maximus
Distribution:
Distributed in Southeast Asia from India and Nepal in the west to Borneo in the east.
Behaviour:
-  Herbivorous animals
-  Move around in herds
-  Produce a range of noises as communication and warning signals.
Contribution to ecosystem:
-  Modify their habitat by converting areas of forest to grassland
- Acts as important seed dispersers.

(b)  Crab-eating macaque
Scientific name:
Macaca fascicularis
Distribution:
Widely distributed in Southeast Asia
Behaviour:
-  After a gestation period of 162–193 days, the female gives birth to one infant.
-  Opportunistic omnivores, eating a variety of animals and plants
Contribution to ecosystem:
- Prey for other species

(c) Wild Boar
Scientific name:
Sus scrofa
Distribution:
Indigenous to Western Europe and Northern Africa
Behaviour:
- Live in small social groups
- Are opportunistic omnivores
- Have a high reproductive potential
Contribution to ecosystem:
Acts as predators and seed dispersers.

(ii) Issues and threat

Elephant
-  Attacks of elephants to human when they venture to human settlements. Examples, elephant came out into highway and disrupted the traffic movement, elephants attacked slum dwellers.
-  By ecological view, the humans that have encroached upon traditional elephant pathways blocking their corridors resulting in conflicts. Also, human have destroyed their habitat by cutting down all the trees which was initially their settlements.

Monkey
-  Attacks of monkeys towards human as they venture into residence area. Examples, monekys bite and scratch human for food. The animals can be heard making threatening noises and do appear to chase away the people who had apparently come too close.
-  By ecological view, feeding wild monkeys alters their natural behaviour and makes them reliant on humans for food. Also, teh residence areas near their habitat. They feel like being threatened and tend to chase away humans who come close even though they do not aware that they have invaded the residence areas.

Wild boar
-  Spread too rapidly causing major damage to property, agriculture, native species and ecosystem, cultural and historical resources.
-  Because they lack of natural predators, impressive fertility, adaptability to a variety of climates and conditions, and tendency to eat almost everything.

(iii) Approaches
Elephant
- First approach, set up wildlife corridors, areas of preserved native habitat in human dominated regions, provide elephants with a safe pathway as they travel between larger areas of intact habitat.
- Second approach, to keep elephants at a safe distance from their farms and homes, some African villagers have turned to two unlikely, all-natural solutions: bees and hot peppers. They smother their fences with a mixture of oil and chili peppers. In addition to a spice aversion, elephants are also terrified of bees.

Monkey:
-  First approach, do not give any food to wild monkeys to avoid the reliance of them towards human.
- Second approach, even though keeping a distance is necessary,however if you are to close to run away, stand your ground. If a monkey is acting especially aggressive, do not run away or show your fear. The pecking order in monkey clans is well-established and running away will tell the monkey that you are subordinate to them and will increase their aggressive instincts. Instead, back away slowly while still facing the monkey and avoiding direct eye contact

Wild boar
- Encourage local people to hunt wild boar (with appropriate laws) and fully utilised the body part of wild boar.
- Reinforcement of laws to prevent illegal translocation of the wild boar to other places.
- Collaborate with ecologists, radiologists, local farmer, government and zoologists to list down the place which attacked by the wild boar and isolated those place to avoid distribution of wild boar.

# data[].attributes.body
i) Information about the animal :

ASIAN ELEPHANT

Scientific name : Elephas maximus

Distribution : inhabit grassland, tropical evergreen forest,  semi-evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, dry deciduous forests, dry thorn forests  scrublands

Behaviour : form deep family bonds and live in tight matriarchal family groups of related females called a herd &  extremely intelligent animals and have memories that span many years. It is this memory that serves matriarchs well during dry seasons when they need to guide their herds, sometimes for tens of miles, to watering holes that they remember from the past. They also display signs of grief, joy, anger and play.

Constribution to ecosystem :  plays a vital role in maintaining ecological balance in its habitat, by limiting the growth of vegetation and spreading the seeds of plants it feeds on &  positive influence on the growth of numerous plant and animal species that share its habitat.

MONKEY

Scientific name : Macaca fascicularis

Distribution :
naturally found in the jungles and forests of the Southern Hemisphere. the old world monkey (Asia and Africa) and the new world monkey (South America).

Behaviour :  use non verbal communication to show emotion & have a variety of sounds like low chatter, clicking, and even high pitch yelling that can be heard for long distances.

Contribution to ecosystem :  the largest arboreal frugivores in tropical forests and are able to spread thousands or even millions of seeds per year.

WILD BOAR

Scientific name :  Sus scrofa

Distribution :  native to Eurasia, North Africa, and the Greater Sunda Islands.

Behaviour :  The wild boar inhabits a diverse array of habitats from boreal taigas to deserts and
living in female-dominated sounders.

Contribution to ecosystem : predators and seed dispersers, controlling the growth of wild plants,
modify the structure of the soil and help establishing pioneer plants &
important source of food for other bigger mammals, such as cougars and    jaguars.

ii) The issues/threat/problem occurred and human feel uncomfortable/not safe/annoyed about the animals :

ELEPHANT

Link : http://factsanddetails.com/asian/cat68/sub431/item2467.html

= In our point of view, they are doing that because of the competition of food between them and human. Other than that, human might be disturbed their habitat and source of food which is the forest that cause them to enter the city or village to search for food.

MONKEY
Link: http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/bukit-panjangs-monkey-pest-caught

= In our point of view they act like that is because the loss of forest which is their habitat and also source of food that causes them to search for food aggressively because of the competition.

WILD BOARLink
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10530-012-0229-6.pdf

= In our point of view, They have destructive feeding habits, primarily rooting disturbance, can reduce plant cover, diversity and regeneration. Furthermore, predation and habitat destruction by boar can greatly affect animal communities. Effects of wild boar on fungi and aquatic communities are scarcely studied, and soil properties and processes seen more resistant to disturbance.

iii) Approaches that you think can be used to overcome the problems in ii)

ELEPHANT

Build triple-strand electric fences, put chilli powder, tobacco and engine oil painted on ropes and lastly making noise or shooting firecrackers at the elephant with slingshots (hit or miss).

Avoid destroying their habitat and planting plants close to where they are hovering.

MONKEY

To drive away monkeys is the usage of some guns like pump pellet gun, BB gun and pea shooter. These can scare small monkeys away without making any permanent and painful wounds. There are also lots of non-lethal ammunition that can be used, such as rubber bullets and bean bag rounds which can be useful if the monkey is bigger than regular ones. A shotgun with rock salt ammunition is more humane rather than shooting and killing them.

Use apescare device which to scare monkeys without hurting them in a humane way. This monkey repellent is designed to contain all features to stop any monkey attempts to trespass out property or used radio as the monkey will stay away or run away because they think that human present because of the sound produce from the radio.

WILD BOAR

Nonlethal methods include installing fencing to exclude wild boar, using guard animals to protect livestock, and vaccinating animals to prevent disease spread.  Although in some situations nonlethal methods are appropriate and effective, in many cases they are not a good option, either because they do not work well or are too expensive.

Lethal methods are often the most practical and widely used. They include trapping, shooting, and hunting with dogs. Currently, there are no toxicants registered for use on wild boar in the United States, so poisoning is not an option.

iv) Group members

Muhammad Syahrulnizam Bin Asmee 125905

Murni Binti Abdul Wahid 125906

Siti Aishah Binti Mohd Ali 125941

Zarith Soffy Binti Muhamed Zaini 125959

Zulaikha Ilani Binti Roslan 125960

# data[].attributes.body
1. Information
(a) Elephant
- Scientific Name: Elephas maximus
- Behaviour: They form herds of related females that are led by the oldest female, the 'matriarch'.  They need to drink at least once a day so they are always close to a source of fresh water.  They can spend more than two thirds of each day feeding on grasses. But they also devour large amounts of bark, roots, leaves and stems.
- Distribution:  Across most of Asia
-Contribution to ecosystem:  They modify their habitat by converting areas of forest to grassland, and are important seed dispersers. They can provide water for other species by digging holes in dry riverbeds, and the wide paths they create as they wander through the forests act as firebreaks.

(a) Monkey

- Scientific Name: Macaca  fascicularis
- Behaviour:  They can adapt to almost any environment if necessary.  They commonly beg for food from tourists and sneak into open homes and gardens to steal food.
- Distribution: Found throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and mainland Asia.
-Contribution to ecosystem: Pollinator and seed dispersers.

(c) Wild Boar

- Scientific Name:  Sus scrofa
- Behaviour:   Wild boar rest in shelters, which contain insulating material like spruce branches and dry hay. These resting places are occupied by whole families (though males lie separately), and are often located in the vicinity of streams, in swamp forests, in tall grass or shrub thickets. Boars never defecate in their shelters, and will cover themselves with soil and pine needles when irritated by insects.
- Distribution:  Native of Eurasia, North Africa, and the Greater Sunda Islands.
-Contribution to ecosystem:  Important food source for early American.

2. Issues and ecological view
(a) Elephant
- Issue:  elephants have attacked farmers, consumed barrels fulls of rice beer, stored in huts, damage crop fields, rip down trees and forests, taken water and forage meat fore livestock, raid orchards, damage water lines and mains, knock down homes and villages. http://factsanddetails.com/asian/cat68/sub431/item2467.html
- Ecological View:  Because of loss of habitats, competition between man and elephants over water and vegetation, disruption of traditional migration routes, the establishment of agricultural land in elephant territory, and the high nutritional value of cultivated crops as opposed wild plants.

(b) Monkey
- Issue:  Stealing food and even biting some residents. http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/bukit-panjangs-monkey-pest-caught
-Ecological View:  As a result of habitat loss and competition over food and space.

(c) Wild Boar
- Issue:  Cause major damage to property, agriculture (crops and livestock), native species and ecosystems, and cultural and historic resources. http://blogs.plos.org/ecology/2017/02/01/invasive-wild-pigs-leave-a-swath-of-destruction-across-u-s-and-they-keep-spreading/
http://wildpiginfo.msstate.edu/damage-caused-by-pigs.html
- Ecological VIew:  They are doing so to get survived in the environment.

3. Approaches:
(a) Elephant
-  WWF has suggested that rich nations provide funds to developing countries with elephant population so that farmers whose crops have been destroyed by elephants can be compensated.
- Trenches have been dug and electric fences

(b) Monkey
-  Capture and translocation methods should help to control
nuisance behaviours.

(c) Wild Boar
-  Fencing to exclude wild boar
- Trapping

Kee Kai Shing 126135
Lim Pei Yee 126145
Lee Wen Jie 126143
Choong Wee Chin 126127
Tan Jou Heng 126201

# data[].attributes.body
Congratulations everyone!

I hope you now know to differentiate few categories in mammals based on their size.

Bear in mind, mammals is not only vertebrate that active during daytime and/or night time. What about other vertebrate groups? :)

Happy studying.

# data[].attributes.body
1.Ahmad Hadri Bin Jumaat (126114)
2.Muhd Hazim Asyraf bin Mohd Kamal (126160)
3.Muhd Iftar Johwan bin Johny@Hasbulah (126154)
4.Mohd Nazim  Bin Mohd Sah (117894)
5.Muhammad Aminuddin Baqi bin Hasrizal Fuad  (127218)

i) Define the terms. Small, Medium and Large Mammals.

Small mammals

Smaller sized compare to medium and large mammals.

Usually the weight is less than 1 kg.

Examples are rodents, tree shrews and eulipotyphlans.

Medium mammals

Usually this type of mammals have average body weight less than 45 kg.

Examples are cats and beaver.

Large mammals

Large sized and warm-blooded animals with hair.

The young are nourished with milk from the mother.

Examples are elephant, wolves and bears.

ii) Give one (1) example of nocturnal species. (1 species for each mammals category).

Small Nocturnal Species

Local name : Black-bearded Tomb Bat

Scientific name: Taphozous melanopogon

Ecology

Taphozous melanopogon favours hilly and forested areas, with fresh water such as a lake, river or pond in the vicinity.

it is an extremely alert and agile bat which can scuttle in a crab-like manner across vertical walls.

Feeds on insect .

Medium Nocturnal Species
Local name : Eastern Tree Hyrax

Scientific name: Dendrohyrax arboruse

Ecology

Play a role as seed dispersers.

Their waste products contain high amounts of calcium carbonate, which may play a role in localized nutrient cycling.

Major prey for Verreaux eagles.

Prefer small cavities in tree.

Large Nocturnal Species
Local name : Malayan Tapir

Scientific name : Tapirus indicus

Ecology

primarily, although not exclusively, nocturnal.

the diet consists of fruits from a variety of trees and shrubs in substantial. amounts, as well as aquatic plants, leaves, buds and soft twigs.

Regularly inhabit montane forest, lowland tropical forest and swamps.

Usually solitary but occasionally seen in pairs.

iii) Give one (1) example of diurnal species. (1 species for each mammals category).

Small Diurnal Species

Local name :  African grass rats Scientific name : Arvicanthis niloticus

Ecology

Aside from serving as prey to some African carnivores, A. niloticus also serves other important, though perhaps less desirable, roles in its ecosystem.

It is an agricultural pest and competes with other African rodents, primarily natal multimammate mice, and savanna gerbils, for both natural and cultivated resources.

Arvicanthis niloticus thus has a strong impact on plant diversity.

Arvicanthis niloticus also serves as a host and/or vector for a variety of organisms, including fleas, parasitic worms, and virusess.

Medium Diurnal Species

Local name :  Lions
Scientific name :  Panthera leo

Ecology

Lions are unique among cats as they live together in strong social groups.

A pride is made up of 5-15 related females and their cubs along with a generally single male (small groups of 2 or 3 though are not uncommon).

Male Lions patrol a territory of around 100m² marking trees and rocks with urine and roaring to warn off intruders. Although male Lions can defend their pride to great effect, their position in the pride is constantly under threat from other males who try to take over their patch and if successful, they will kill any cubs that were sired by the previous male.

Despite their enormous size, male Lions actually do hardly any of the hunting as they are often slower and more easily seen than their female counterparts.

The Lionesses in the pride hunt together meaning that they are not only more successful on their trips, but they are also able to catch and kill animals that are both faster than them and much bigger.

Large Diurnal Species

Local name :  African Elephant
Scientific name :  Loxodonta cyclotis

Ecology

The African Forest Elephant mainly uses its immense tusks for digging for roots in the ground and to strip the bark off trees.

The African Forest Elephant also uses its tusks to defend itself from predators such as Lions, and to fight with other male African Forest Elephants during the mating season.

Males are generally fairly solitary but females and their young form small family groups known as herds.

This allows the more vulnerable offspring to be more easily protected.

African Forest Elephants communicate through a series of low-frequency calls which they are able to detect from a few kilometres away.

iv) What is the issues related with stray dog and cats?

Stray dogs and cats are fond of opening garbage bin bags and so they can cause garbage to be scattered all over the property or street.

Stray cats and dogs also might pose a threat to human by transmission of zoonotic diseases such as Toxoplasmosis and Giardiasis.

v) Which organization (govt/ non-govt) is dealing with this issue mentioned in (iv).

H.O.P.E. - Homeless & Orphan Pets Exist (Johor)

Aunty Jia Jia (Chong Siew Chin)
the founder the non-profit organization Persatuan Perlindungan dan Peliharaan Haiwan Terbiar Skudai.

Website link:
http://www.hopejb.org/usr/pagesub.aspx?pgid=3&lang=en

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i) Define the terms for mammals category: Small, Medium & Large Mammals.
Mammals: is any organisms that is warm-blooded vertebrate that is distinguished by the possession of hair or fur, the secretion of milk by females for the nourishment of the young, and (typically) the birth of live young.
- Small mammals: are small-bodied mammals in comparison to most other mammals. Eg. Bat
- Medium mammals: are medium-bodied mammals that ranges from 15 kg - 45 kg. Eg. Horse.
- Large mammals: are large-bodied mammals that weighed over 45 kg. Eg. Whale.

ii) Give one (1) example of nocturnal species  (1 species for each mammals category)

Find info about: Local name, Scientific name, Ecology, Photo
SMALL MAMMALS:
Local name: Philippine tarsier
Scientific name: Carlito syrichta
Ecology: This species stay in tropical rain forest with dense vegetation and trees in order to obtain protection and shelter. They are solitary mammals and they hunt for food independently. They feed on insects and small invertebrates. They are shy nocturnal animals that lived almost a hidden life.
Photo:

MEDIUM MAMMALS:
Local name: Pangolin
Scientific name: Manis javanica

Ecology: Pangolins provide earth with all-natural pest control and are fantastic tenders of soil, and they do these things simply through their everyday behaviour. Their large and elongated claws enable them to burrow underground for shelter and to excavate ant and termite nests for food.
Photo:
LARGE MAMMALS:
Local name: Leopard
Scientific name: Panthera pardus

Ecology: Leopards tend to be nocturnal which they active mainly at night. Leopards generally are active mainly from dusk till dawn, and rest for most of the day and for some hours at night in thickets, among rocks or over tree branches.
Photo:
iii) Give one (1) example of diurnal species (1 species for each mammals category)

Find info about: Local name, Scientific name, Ecology, Photo

SMALL MAMMALS:
Local name: Least weasel
Scientific name: Mustella nivalis
Ecology: Least weasel feeds primarily on small mammals/ They are known to be a great hunter and they might work in a group to hunt down their prey which is bigger than them. They have a typical mustelid territorial pattern consisting of exclusive male encompassing multiple females.
Photo:

MEDIUM MAMMALS:
Local name: Southern three-banded armadillo
Scientific name: Tolypeutes matacus
Ecology: One of the few armadillo species capable of rolling into a ball. Usually does not dig burrows like other armadillos, but takes refuge in abandoned burrows of other animals such as anteater. Generally solitary, but have been found 12 sharing a burrow during winter. Eats variety of invertebrates, particularly beetle larvae, ants and termites. Can run remarkably fast to escape from predator but commonly curl into a ball.
Photo:
LARGE MAMMALS:
Local name: Bornean Orangutan
Scientific Name: Pongo pygmaeus
Ecology: Largest arboreal mammal  in the world. Living in low land forests and tropical, swamp and mountain forests, they play critical role as seed dispersal in the forest, keeping the forest healthy. Their diet is primarily fruits, with 500 species recorded in their menu, but also consumes leaves, barks, flowers, and insects. Semi-solitary species, rarely aggregate in groups.
Photo:
iv) What is the issues related with stray dog and cats?

(1-2 issues only)
The growing number of the stray animals had became an issue due to their rapid reproduction.
Therefore, they transmit diseases rapidly.

v) Which organization (govt / non-govt) is dealing with this issue mentioned in (iv).
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA)

vi) Write your group members name & matric #
Alicia Prasana Santhosam 125869
Catherine Chieng Ying Ying 126119
Foo Kai Xin 125879
Ler Wei Rong 125893
Woo Pei Ling 125956

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i) Define the terms for mammals category: Small, Medium & Large Mammals

SMALL MAMMAL

small-bodied in comparison to most other mammals

weight less than 1 kg

for example rodents

MEDIUM MAMMAL

the average size between small n large mammals

the weight is less than 45 kg

LARGE MAMMAL

large-sized, warm blooded animals with hairs. For examples the deer family.

the weight is more than 45kg

ii) Give one (1) example of nocturnal species  (1 species for each mammals category)

SMALL NOCTURNAL SPECIES

Local name: American hog-nosed skunk

Scientific name: Conepatus leuconotus

Ecology:

1. Adapted for digging

2. Species occurs in canyons, stream sides, rocky terrain

3. Omnivorous(primarily on insect,vegetation and take small mammals and reptiles when available)

MEDIUM NOCTURNAL SPECIES

Local name: Tasmanian Devil

Scientific name: Sarcophilus harrisii

Ecology:

1. Carnivorous(have powerful jaws and teeth)

2. Live in coastal heath, open dry sclerophyll forest.

3. Mother's backward-opening pouch can accommodate 4 teats

LARGE NOCTURNAL SPECIES

Local name: Eastern Grey kangaroo

Scientific name: Macropus giganteus

Ecology:

1. Encountered in Australia

2. Prefer open grassland with area of bush(daytime)

3. Inhabit coastal area, woodland, sub tropical forest, inland scrubs

4. Nocturnal,crepuscular

iii) Give one (1) example of diurnal species (1 species for each mammals category)

SMALL DIURNAL SPECIES

Local name: Northern Tree Shew

Scientific name: Tupaia belangeri

Ecology:

1. Live in rainforests. They are sometimes arboreal, but are most often found on or near the ground level

2. Diurnal and territorial, marking their spots using scent gland located in the abdomen and chin

3. Eat insects, mainly coleopterans (beetles), and fruit

MEDIUM DIURNAL SPECIES

Local name: Siamang

Scientific name:  Symphalangus syndactylus

Ecology:

1. Live in the mountains of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra in rainforests and monsoon forests

2. Arboreal, highly territorial, and primarily monogamous

3. Eat fruit and new leaves and include a larger proportion of leafy matter in their diet than most other gibbons. Siamangs also eat a small amount of insects, bird eggs and small vertebrates

LARGE DIURNAL SPECIES

Local name: Common Chimpanzee

Scientific name: Pan troglodytes

Ecology:

1. Mainly found in rain forests and wet savannas. While they spend equal time on land and in trees, they do most of their feeding and sleeping in trees

2. Eat primarily fruits, vegetable and plants, but occasionally meat

3. Males most often hunt cooperatively in groups, preying upon some fellow primates and other small to medium-sized mammals

iv) What is the issues related with stray dog and cats?
(1-2 issues only)
Stray dog and cat cause harm to public health such as rabies, leptospirosis, scabies and toxoplasmosis.

v) Which organization (govt / non-govt) is dealing with this issue mentioned in (iv).
Society for Prevention of Cruelty of Animal (SPCA)

vi) Group Members:

1. NUR AFIEQAH BT MOHAMMAD (125915)

2. NUR ASNIDA BT A RAZAK (125919)

3. NUR AFIFAH BT SHARUDIN (127196)

4. TUAN AINUL ASYIKIN BT TUAN AZLAN (125954)

Photos
I can't upload the photos directly here.I compiled them in a PP slide. Sorry for inconvenience.

# data[].attributes.body
i) Terms for small, medium and large mammals

Small mammal- smaller-sized, warm-blooded animals with hair. These mammals have a high birth rate, a high death rate, and a short life span.

Medium mammal-  weight with average 20 kg- 45 kg.

Large mammal- large-sized, warm-blooded animals with hair. Weight eceed more than 45kg.  Can be distinguished by diet. Wolves and mountain lions eat only meat, and bears eat plants and meat.

ii) Example of Nocturnal species

SMALL NOCTURNAL SPECIES

Local name: Ricefield rat

Scientific name: Rattus argentiventer

Ecology

- Mostly found/habitat in grassland and rice fields.
-causing tremendous damage on young rice plants in rice fields.
-In oil palm estates, it feeds on insects, snails , slugs and young oil palm.
-It nests by digging burrow in well-drained soil or in the bunds between flooded puddles in rice fields.
-Terrestrial, and omnivorous animals

Photo

MEDIUM NOCTURNAL SPECIES

Local name: Common raccoon

Scientific name: Procyon lotor

Ecology

-create non-consumptive recreation for people who like to watch or photograph wildlife
-skillful food forager
-omnivorous
-+heir nimble hands enable them to gain easy access to garbage cans and bird feeders
-prefer to lice near trees and water
-adaptable animals and have been able to thrive in small towns, urban areas as their forest habitats diminish
-excellent climbers, good swimmers and often hunting food in water

Photo

LARGE NOCTURNAL SPECIES

Local name: Red Fox / European Fox

Scientific name: Vulpes vulpes

Ecology

-makes home in wooded areas, prairies and farmland
-pose threat to livestock as they prey on poultry, lambs and goat kids.
-might transfer disease such as distemper, parvo virus and mange to humans and pets
-primary cause to small and medium-sized rodents and marsupials
-originally introduced to Australia for recreational hunting and spread rapidly
-eats varieties of food (omnivores)
-it can still continue to hunt even when it is full

Photo

iii) Example of Diurnal species

SMALL DIURNAL SPECIES

Local name: Least weasel

Scientific name: Mustela nivalis

Ecology

-Weasels are carnivorous animals. They feed on small mammals.
-Weasels have a red or brown upper coat and a white belly because some populations of some species moult to a wooly white coat in winter.
- They have long, slender bodies, which enable them to follow their prey into burrows.
- In their native environments the weasels (Mustela nivalis, M. erminea, and M. frenata) are small but important members of a community of predators.
- They balance a fine line between the hunters and the hunted. They can follow their prey under snow and into their last refuges, but are also vulnerable to attack by larger predators, especially foxes and raptors.

Photo

MEDIUM DIURNAL SPECIES

Local name: Meerkats

Scientific name: Suricata suricatta

Ecology

- Meerkats are comical, small burrowing animals found throughout southern Africa.
- They are best known for the way they stand up on their hind legs to watch for predators, using their long tails like a tripod, to help them balance.
- The social Meerkats live in groups of 10 – 30, called a “mob” or “gang.”
- They live underground in large burrows and the whole gang works together as a community, with everyone helping to raise the young pups and stand guard against predators.
- Meerkats are omnivore, they eat both plants and animals such as insects, small mammals, millipedes, centipedes and small birds.
- Their speciality is the sentries use a unique, shrill call for different predators, which is the signal for everyone to run for cover and disappear underground to safety.

Photo

LARGE DIURNAL SPECIES

Local name: Rat terrier (domestic dogs)

Scientific name: Canis lupus familiaris

Ecology

- Rat Terrier is an American dog breed with a background as a farm dog and hunting companion.
- They are more of a type than a breed, they share much ancestry with the small hunting dogs known as feists.
- Rat Terriers are a type of terrier dog that are sometimes used for getting rid of rats and mice, giving them their name.
- The genetic diversity of the Rat Terrier has contributed to the overall health, keen intelligence, and soundness of the breed.
- In the Southern and Central American regions, the Rat Terrier was bred to the Beagle to create a more pack-oriented dog. This is where the Rat Terrier earned his strong sense of smell, his speed came from the Whippet.
- In the Midwest, the Rat Terrier was bred to Whippets and Italian Greyhounds to produce a more versatile and quick-footed dog who could help control the jackrabbit problem.
- The new and improved Rat Terrier was able to keep up with the fast-moving rodent and continued to prove his value

Photo

iv) Issues with stray dogs and cats

Stray dogs and cats tend to defile and sully due to the fact that no one is available to look after it. Strays often live under buildings, decks, sheds, and spread fleas there. Or worse, there are a stray dog might discover something to consume, which might cause illness to it, and it'll die under a structure, and cause a horrible rotting odor.  Stray cats are also at a higher risk for infectious diseases, parasites and fleas. If a stray cat scratch you or your pet, you could end up at the hospital to treat the infections or diseases that are passed through their saliva and scratches.

Such dogs might develop the liking to hunt and might ramble into a garden of other people and might even cause harm to home pets. When a stray dog meanders into a farm land and causes harm to livestock, there are chances that the farmer might shoot at it, since they are allowed to do so.

Stray dogs and cats are fond of opening garbage bin bags and so they can cause garbage and refuse to be scattered all over the property or street. They can also get into unsecured trash cans and leave a big mess for to clean up in the morning.

Organization tackle the issues in (iv)

PAWS - Animal Welfare Society

vi) Group members:

Isyriati Ishak (125884)

Khairun Ainaa Kamarudin (125886)

Ku Noor Khalidah Ku Halim (127165)

Nur Ezziati Amira Taufet Rosdi (127004)

Sharifah Shakinah Syed Aziz (127007)

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Task Week 4(b) : Mammals (updated version)

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Task Week 4(b) : Mammals (updated version)

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Sorry for posting twice, I couldn't modify the last one & I've problems to upload the photos so I'll provide alternative links for you guys to see the photos

i)  The terms for mammals  :

Small

mammal species weighing less than 500 grams

Medium

mammal species with average 5kg to 45kg

Large

mammal species with weight more than 50kg
ii) Example of nocturnal species  (1 species for each mammals category)

Small mammal

Local name : House Shrew (23-147.3g)
Scientific name : Suncus murinus
Ecology : This species is found in the forested area, in agricultural lands, and areas associated with the human area. It is active during the night, spending the day in a burrow or hiding place in human habitations. They breed throughout the year, with each female averaging two litters per year. The house shrew has a habit of moving quickly along the edges of the walls when it enters human habitations and makes incessant shrill and clattering sounds. They often fall into window wells, attack pets, feed on stored food with feces and urine and transmit diseases.

Photo:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Suncus_murinus.jpg

Medium mammal

Local name: European badger (6.6-16.7kg)
Scientific name: Meles meles
Ecology: the badger lives in social groups – “clans” – with each clan occupying its own home range. Their main diet include earthworm which they normally take off the top of the ground. However, in fry weather, worms can be reluctant to crawl out of their burrows hence badgers dig out their food and damage our gardens. Their droppings may contain eggs of intestinal parasites that can be passed to children.

Photo:

https://www.hogeveluwe.nl/system/images/images/000/000/083/gallery_zoom/dassen_plijmen_mail_Hans_Drijer.jpg?1436876239

Large mammal

Local name: wild pig(66-272kg)
Scientific name: Sus scrofa
Ecology: Feral pigs restrict their activity to the cooler parts of the day at dawn and dusk and are primarily nocturnal. Feral pigs' seasonal need for either more food, high energy or protein-rich food and are considered agricultural pests. Feral pigs will feed on almost anything and will switch food preferences depending upon availability. Succulent green vegetation is the food item of choice, however feral pigs will eat fruit, grain, and a wide variety of animal material such as frogs, fish, reptiles, birds, small mammals and carrion. Feral pigs are known to predate on lambs and occasionally newborn calves. Feral pigs are generally more susceptible to disease and parasites because of inadequate nutrition. Feral pigs can be hosts or vectors of many endemic parasites and diseases, some of which can affect animals or people. Feral pigs are considered an environmental pest due to their selective feeding, trampling and rooting for underground parts of plants and invertebrates, as well as predation on, competition with, or disturbance of a range of native animal species

Photo:

http://www.adirondackalmanack.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/feral-hogs1-nps.gov_.jpg

iii) Example of diurnal species  (1 species for each mammals category)

Small mammal

Local name:

White-tailed Antelope Squirrel

Scientific name: Ammospermophilus leucurus
Ecology:

Abundant in the deserts of California from Mono Co. south to the Mexican border, and along the northeastern border of California

Omnivore (insects, plants, carrion)

Inhabit desert scrub, sagebrush, alkali desert scrub, Joshua tree, bitterbrush, and pinyon-juniper

Prefers open areas in arid and semi-arid habitats; requires friable soil for burrowing. Uses hard-surfaced, rocky, or gravelly soils in open areas with clumps of shrubs.

Reproduction:

Nesting burrow system with a nest of dried vegetation and hair is constructed

Breeding season from February through June with a peak in births in April. The litter size ranges from 5-14, with a mean of 9. Females may have 2 litters per yr, but 1 is considered normal

Photo:

http://www.wildnatureimages.com/images%203/060525-053..jpg

Medium mammal

Local name: Sun bear
Scientific name:
Helarctos malayanus
Ecology:

Found in tropical forests of south-east Asia (Borneo, Sumatra, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)

Habitat: primary, lowland rainforest where there are not only a wide variety of foods to eat, but also plenty of cover to remain safe from predators

Carnivore, the majority of the Sun Bears diet is comprised of fruits and other plant matter that it finds in the surrounding forest

Reproduction: mate and give birth all year round, gives birth to up to three cubs (but usually only one cub is born) in a nest that female makes in a large cavity such as a hollow tree. Exhibits parental care.

Photo:

http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/content/dam/kids/photos/animals/Mammals/Q-Z/sun-bear-sleep.ngsversion.1439326776919.jpg

Large mammal

Local name: Harbor seal
Scientific name: Phoca vitulina
Ecology:

Found in coastal areas of the east and west Pacific and Atlantic Oceans in the Northern Hemisphere

Habitat: the shallow waters of coastal areas, bays, rocky islets, estuaries, and even freshwater lakes. They are typically seen near piers and beaches, as well as on intercoastal islands. They are more common in relatively cold marine waters that lack annual sea ice coverage

Reproduction: mate in aquatic habitats,Ways of attracting female: (vocal or diving capabilities and direct competition between males). The latter involves intense fighting near haul out sites and areas of high female abundance. Males are territorial. Actual mating occurs in water. Monogamous, but there have been reports in literature of slight polygamy with males mating with multiple females, but with a maximum of five successful fertilizations.

Feeding: carnivores that consume mostly fish

Photo:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Common_Seal_Phoca_vitulina.jpg/1200px-Common_Seal_Phoca_vitulina.jpg

iv) What are the issues related to stray dog and cats?

a) Rabies (Happen in Kuching recently ) > two children have died
b) Barking and Howling > sound pollution to the housing area

v)Which organization (govt / non-govt) is dealing with this issue mentioned in (iv).

SPCA
( The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ) Selangor
http://www.spca.org.my/

vi)

Chong Yong Fatt 123824
Soo Aie Ling 123848
Tang Chu Nie 123849
Muhammad Nuruddin 125904
Manmit Singh 126151

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(i) Terms for Small, Medium & Large Mammals :

* Small Mammals :
Small mammals are usually divided into small terrestrial and volant mammals (bats). Although some authors (e.g. Bourlière, 1975; Stoddart, 1979; Gaines & McClenaghan Jr., 1980) include in “small mammals” all mammal species, whose weight or size is less than a hare (3-5 kg),the others authors also include in “small mammals” only species weighing less than 500 g. There is a considerable range of species withinthis limit, including shrews, moles, most rats, mice, lemmings, gerbils, jerboas, dormice and many squirrels (Delany, 1974).

* Medium Mammals :
Medium-sized mammals is often used for small carnivores, small primates, large rodents, hyraxes, and pangolins that are not adequately covered by small mammal trapping arrays and require larger (wire mesh) traps. This group includes some of the most secretive, hard to survey, and hence still poorly known species.

* Large Mammals :
Large mammals include most diurnal primates, most carnivores larger than a fox or house cat, all perissodactyls (horses, rhinos, tapirs) and artiodactyls (including the relatively small duikers). Large mammals are large-sized, warm-blooded animals with hair. Young are nourished with milk from the mother.

ii) Example of nocturnal species :
* Small Nocturnal Mammals

Local name : Philippines tarsier, mawmag in Cebuano/Visayans, mamag in Luzon
Scientific name : Carlito syrichta, Tarsius syrichta
Ecology :
1. Eat only prey
2. Then only entirely carnivorous primates, consuming no plant matter whatsoever. However there are differences among the tarsiers in the types of animal matter that are consumed as well as seasonal changes in consumption
3.  Prey directly from air, use 3 main methods of capturing prey with overall 88% sucfess rate; reaching out and grabbing prey without moving, leaping onto prey or leaping several times towards and then onto potential prey.
4. Usually awakes before sunset, does not retire for the night until after sunrise.
5. Sleeping sites : typically dense tangles of vegetation near large trees and close to the ground. While not active, if disturbed or threatened, tarsiers will leave their sleeping sites

* Medium Nocturnal Mammals :

Local name : Leopard cat
Scientific name : Prionailurus bengalensis
Ecology :
1. Leopard cat inhabits deciduous and coniferous forests, tropical rainforests, scrublands and semi-desert areas
2. Color of the fur depends on the geographic region. It can be yellowish-brown (southern populations) or silver-grey (northern populations). Leopard cats are covered with black spots, arranged in the form of rosettes (like in leopards) or scattered all over the body. Throat and belly are white colored. Tail is covered with several black bands and it ends with black tip.
3. Leopard cats are nocturnal animals (active during the night).
4. Leopard cats are carnivores (meat-eaters). Their diet consists mainly of rodents, shrews, hares, birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles and eggs. They hunt both on the ground and in the trees.
6. Leopard cats are solitary creatures except during the mating season which takes place from March to April in the northern parts. Leopard cats that inhabit areas with warm climate can reproduce all year round.

* Large Mammals :

Local Name : Siberian Tiger/Amur Tiger
Scientific Name :
Panthera tigris altaica
Ecology :
1. The Siberian Tiger (aso called the Amur Tiger) is the largest member of the cat family.
2. These huge, territorial cats are found in the Amur-Ussuri region of Siberia (in northeastern Russia) and in northern China and Korea. They live in mountainous conifer forests at elevations up to 3,000 feet.
3. There are only about 400 of these magnificent tigers left in the wild; they are an endangered species.

iii) Exampe of diurnal species :

* Small Diurnal Mammals :

Local name : Rufous elephant shrews

Scientific name : Elephantulus refescens

Ecology :
1. Found in more arid lowlands, such as savannahs, scrublands, rocky outcrops, and deserts.
2. At low latitudes reproduction is continuous, but at higher latitudes it is seasonal.
3. Prey on invertebrates, although most soft-furred species supplement this diet with small fruits, seeds, and green plant matter.
4. Snakes, raptors, and carnivores are known predators of Rufous elephant shrews.

*Medium Diurnal Mammals :

Local Name : American Red Squirrel
Scientific Name : Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
Ecology :
1. The range of the red squirrel is from the tree line of North America south into the northern U.S., the Northeast, and continuing in the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains.

2.  Although primarily an inhabitant of coniferous and mixed forests, it may also reside in deciduous forests, especially the northern hardwoods.

3. In the Adirondacks, the red squirrel is associated with the coniferous and mixed forests at all elevations.

4. Red squirrels build nests 3-18 m (10-60 ft) above the ground inside a natural tree cavity, abandoned woodpecker nest, or on a branch. Exposed nests are usually near the trunk on a large branch, occasionally in a witch’s-broom.

5. Red squirrels may also build nests in an underground chamber which they excavate. These chambers are approximately 23 cm (9 in) long, 10-13 cm (4-5 in) in diameter, and 30 cm (12 in) beneath the surface of the ground. Buildings, logs, stumps, log piles, bird houses, and rock walls are other locations.

6. The seeds of conifer cones form the mainstay of diet of this rodent.

7. Other important foods include the buds, inner bark, sap, nuts and seeds of deciduous trees and shrubs. Fungi, even some species of the toxic genus Amonita, and fleshy fruits may form a large part of the summer diet.

8.  Red squirrels also consume invertebrates such as insects, and some vertebrates, for example, small mammals birds, and birds’ eggs.
9. During the warmest days of mid-summer, activity peaks at twilight. Midday activity is typical of cold winter days when red squirrels leave the protection of their nests to visit food stores, sometimes digging elaborate snow tunnels to reach there stockpiles.

* Large Diurnal Mammals :

Local Name : Bactrian Camel
Scientific Name : Camelus bactrianus
Ecology :
1.  Sleeping at night in an open spaces and foraging for food during the day.

2. Shrubs and grasses form the bulk of the diet, with animals being well adapted to feed on thorns, dry vegetation and salty plants.

3.  If no fresh water is available, the species can drink salty/brackish water with no ill effects.

4. Highly migratory and will travel vast distances in search of food and water sources.

5. Group size is largely dependent on the amount of food available.

6. Usually travelling in small herds of between 6 & 20 related individuals, led by single adult male, although larger group will sometimes congregate around water.

7. Distribution is widely spread, with estimates population density as low as 5/100 sq km.

8. Their habitat ranges from rocky mountain massifs to flat and deserts, stony planes and sand dures.

iv)  Issue related to stray dog and cats? (1-2 issues only)
1. They are a health threat to people and pets. Rabid dogs are the number one cause of rabies deaths in humans.
2. Stray dogs and cats are fond of opening garbage bin bags and so they can cause a mess and the garbage will be  scattered all over the property or street.

v) Government/Non-government organization that deals with the issue(s) mentioned in (iv) :
* PAWS (PAWS Animal Welfare Society). A non-profitable organization located in Petaling Jaya that handles stray dogs and cats and vaccinate and neuter them before putting them up for adoption.
http://www.paws.org.my

vii) Group Members :
1. Ain Dania Qistina Binti Hashim (125865)
2. Atikah Binti Ali (123823)
3. Esther Anne Anak Randi (123825)
4. Nur Amalina Binti Bujang (123835)
5. Nur Eaina Tassya Binti Narudin (123836)

# data[].attributes.body
i.                    Term for mammals category

ii.                  Nocturnal

Small mammal

Local name: Sunda flying lemur

Scientific name: Galeopterus variegatus

Ecology:
This species is a forest-dependent species, but can be found in secondary habitats close to human populations. Sunda flying lemurs are mainly nocturnal. During the day, they sleep in holes in trees or high in the dense foliage of the treetops. It is mostly sleeping in coconut trees during the day, feeding on young fruits of surrounding trees. When threatened, this species either climbs higher into the trees or completely stops moving. Sunda flying lemurs are strictly arboreal and are quite helpless on the forest floor. They are able to glide over 100 m with little loss in elevation. Sunda flying lemurs live alone or in small, loosely connected groups. However, they can be territorial of sleeping and foraging areas.

Medium mammal

Local name: Aardvark

Scientific name: Orycteropus afer

Ecology:

Aardvarks occur in a broad range of habitats, including the semi-arid Karoo areas of southern Africa, grasslands, all savanna types, rainforests, woodlands and thickets. They are absent from hyper-arid habitats and avoid very rocky terrain that is difficult to dig in. They feed almost exclusively on ants and termites, but sometimes eat other insects, such as pupae of scarabaeid beetles. They obtain most, if not all, of their water requirements from their food, although they do occasionally drink. Aardvarks are anatomically adapted to dig, and they extract all their food from underground. They also dig burrows in which they rest during the day and which they use to escape predators. Aardvarks are generally nocturnal, although they may come out in the afternoon in cold weather. They are solitary, only coming together occasionally for very short periods.

Large mammal

Local name: Pygmy Hippopotamus

Scientific name: Choeropsis liberiensis

Ecology:

The Pygmy Hippopotamus does not live in herds and is in fact, largely solitary. Spending the hot days resting in the cool mud or in the burrow of another animal (such as an Otter) that it has enlarged, the Pygmy Hippopotamus spends comparatively little of its time in water and tends to use it more as a refuge if it feels threatened. The Pygmy Hippopotamus is nocturnal and forages in the forest at night for a wide variety of plant matter and fallen fruits. Like their larger cousin, the Pygmy Hippopotamus follows well-trodden and marked paths between its feeding and resting grounds and can dart through these tunnels at a remarkable pace if it feels in danger. Although Pygmy Hippopotamuses roam individual home ranges it is not uncommon for them to overlap those of others, and they are even known to tolerate the presence of other individuals in their territory.

iii.                Diurnal

Small mammal

Local name: Red Squirrel

Scientific name: Sciurus vulgaris

Ecology:

The average size of a red squirrel is 19-23 cm, head to body with an average tail length of 15-20 cm. Red Squirrels weigh between 250 and 240g.It is thought that the long tail helps the squirrel to keep its balance and steer when it is jumping from tree to tree, it may also keep the animal warm whilst it sleeps. Red squirrels shed their coats twice a year switching between a thinner coat in summer and a darker, thicker winter coat. Mating occurs in February and March and in summer between June and July.The lifespan of a red squirrel is on average 3 years although in captivity they have been known to live for 10 years. Despite the solitary nature of the red squirrels, outside of the breeding seasons they sometimes will share nests in order to keep warm. Red squirrels eat seeds of trees, fungi, bird’s eggs, berries and young shoots. Excess food is put into caches or buried in holes or nooks in the trees and eaten when food is scarce. Red squirrels cannot remember where they created caches, they have to search for them when in need and many caches are never found again.

Medium mammal

Local name: Coatimundi

Scientific name: Nasua nasua

Ecology:

Nasua nasua is omnivorous, eating predominantly invertebrates and fruit. The consumption of vertebrates has been noted, but is never common. It is essentially diurnal. Adult males are solitary, while females and immature males travel in groups up to 30 individuals. One captive coati was reported to be still alive after 17 years and 8 months. In the wild, coatis only live for about 7 to 8 years. Coatis are good climbers and swim well. They are diurnal and spend most of the day hunting for food. Although coatis are mostly terrestrial, they do sleep, mate, and give birth in trees. When disturbed, they descend from the tree and escape on the ground. Coatis have been known to enter human habitations to rummage through garbage. They typically do not prefer to move up or down a tree, but rather climb out to the end of a branch and jump to a new branch that is still on the same tree.

Large mammal

Local name: Bighorn Sheep

Scientific name: Ovis canadensis

Ecology:

They use ledges only 2 inches wide for footholds, and bounce from ledge to ledge over spans as wide as 20 feet. They can move over level ground at 30 miles per hour and scramble up mountain slopes at 15 mph. They also swim freely, despite their massive bulk and the weight of their horns. Most populations undergo seasonal movements, generally using larger upland areas in the summer and concentrating in sheltered valleys during the winter. Bighorn sheep are gregarious, sometimes gathering in herds of over 100 individuals, although small groups of 8 to 10 are more common. Mature males usually stay apart from females and young for most of the year in separate bachelor flocks. Young females generally remain in their mother's group, but males depart when two to four years old and join a group of rams. Young sheep of both sexes learn migratory paths and suitable habitats from adults in the group.

iv.  - They are a health threat to people and pets. Rabid dogs are the number one cause of rabies deaths in humans. Over 20,000 people die of rabies in India every year, many of them children, and the vast majority contract the disease from dog bites.

-They negatively impact the environment and animals in the wild. Their welfare is at risk. One study showed that over half of homeless kittens are killed by either a dog or an automobile before they reach six months of age.

v.  Society for the Prevention  of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA)

Teo Shi Huey        126202
Low Tek Joo         125897

Low Li Huie         126128

Zou Bei     123082

# data[].attributes.body
i) Terms for mammals

Small:
All mammals species weighing less than 500g as adult

Medium:
The mammals species that weight about 5kg-45 kg

Large:
Large-sized,,warmed blooded animals with hair,nourish young with milk from the mother

ii) Example of nocturnal species
Small
Local name: Northern flying squirrel
Scientific name: Glaucomys sabrinus
Ecology: The northern flying squirrel disseminates spores of the fungi that they eat.

Medium
Local name: Red fox
Scientific name: Vulpes vulpes
Ecology:
- Living across the UK they can be found in a variety of areas including woodland, farmland, salt marsh and urban areas.
- They are however absent from many Scottish Islands.
- Red fox is the most widely distributed and populous member of the Canidae in the world, having colonised large parts of Europe, America, Asia and Africa.
- Red foxes are found throughout Canada and most of the United States where they prefer landscapes with a mixture of open fields and brushy or forested areas.

- It has the largest natural distribution of any land mammal.
-It ranges over virtually all of Europe, temperate Asia, and northern Africa; in the New World it inhabits most of North America.
- Introduced to Australia, it has established itself throughout much of the continent.

Large
Local name: Malayan Tapir
Scientific name: Tapirus indicus
Ecology:
- The Malayan tapir is a good climber, scaling steep slopes with relative ease, and when alarmed gallops off with surprising speed.
- Regularly used paths are used in these foraging excursions, and several may lead to bodies of water
- These paths and territories are marked with urine, which is sprayed on small bushes and plants

iii) Example of diurnal species

Small
Local name: Weasel
Scientific name: Mustela sp.
Ecology:
(a) Behaviour
- Dens are usually nests of former prey taken over by weasels, and may contain the remains of food from
several days meals.
- In cold climates the nests are often lined with fur from lemming prey.
- A weasel's home
range usually contains several dens and resting places that are visited at intervals.
- Weasel home ranges
vary in size according to the distribution and density of prey.
- Male and females live in separate territories,
male ranges being larger.
- Resident animals of both sexes may defend exclusive territories at times when
numbers are high and neighbours numerous.
- In spring males extend their range to seek mates.

(b) Diet and Feeding
- Weasels specialise in hunting small rodents.
- The weasel's small size enables it to search through tunnels and runways of mice and voles.
- Access to tunnels means weasels can hunt at any time of the day or year.
- They do not hibernate and can hunt even under deep snow.
- Additional prey such as birds, eggs and young rabbits may be taken, particularly if rodents are scarce.

(c) Reproduction
- Usually only one litter, of 4-6 young are born per season, but two litters in years when field voles are abundant.
- Young are weaned at 3-4 weeks and can kill efficiently at 8 weeks; in a good vole year, young females can breed at 2-3 months old.
- Family groups split up at 9-12 weeks.

Medium
Local name: Okapi
Scientific name: Okapia johnstoni
Ecology:
- Okapis are primarily diurnal but may be active for a few hours in darkness.
- They are essentially solitary, coming together only to breed.
- They have overlapping home ranges and typically occur at densities of about 0.6 animals per square kilometre.
- Male home ranges average 13 km2 (5.0 sq mi) while female home ranges average 3–5 km2 (1.2–1.9 sq mi).
- Males migrate continuously, while females are sedentary.
- Males often mark territories and bushes with their urine, while females use common defecation sites.
- Grooming is a common practice, focused at the earlobes and the neck.
- Okapis often rub their neck against trees, leaving a brown exudate.
- The male is protective of his territory but allows females to pass through the domain to forage.
- Males visit female home ranges at breeding time.
- Although generally tranquil, the okapi can kick and butt with its head to show aggression.
- Okapis are herbivores, feeding on tree leaves and buds, grasses, ferns, fruits, and fungi
- They prefer to feed in treefall gaps.
- Staple foods comprise shrubs and lianas.
- Female okapis become sexually mature at about one-and-a-half years old, while males reach maturity after two years.
- Rut in males and estrus in females does not depend on the season.
- In captivity, estrus cycles recur every 15 days.
- The male and the female begin courtship by circling, smelling and licking each other.
- The male shows his dominance by extending his neck, tossing his head and protruding one leg forward.
- This is followed by mounting and copulation.

Large
Local name: Elk, Eurasian Elk, Eurasian Moose, European Elk, Siberian Elk
Scientific name: Alces alces
Ecology:
- Alces alces is found in a range of woodland habitats, both coniferous and broadleaved, from the tundra and taiga southwards through boreal to temperate zones.
-This species prefers a mosaic of second-growth boreal forest, openings, swamps, lakes and wetlands.
-It thrives in secondary growth, and its population expansion in Scandinavia has been linked to the replacement of natural taiga forest by secondary woodland after logging (Bauer and Nygrén 1999).
- It is also found in open country in the lowlands and mountains, including farmland, if there is forest nearby.
- The species avoids hot summer conditions by utilizing dense shade or bodies of water. - Mineral licks may be an important sodium source, used in early summer in Canada and Alaska.
- It feeds on vegetative parts of various broad leaf trees, preferring birch, ashes and willow in the spring and summer and the twigs of these species as well as of fir, alpine, and juniper in the autumn and winter. - It also eats shrubs, such as blueberry and heather, dwarf shrubs, herbs, and aquatic plants and can be a pest of agriculture and forestry in at least parts of its range (Ma Yiqing pers. comm; (Ruusila and Kojola 2010).
- In the search for food, some populations migrate during the year - covering up to 180 km (110 miles) in North America and 300 km (180 miles) in Asia.
-Whether sedentary or migratory, A. alces utilize specific home ranges, varying in size from 3.6 to >259 km² (Hundertmark 1997).

iv) Issues related with stray dog and cats

a)  A dog that is out on its own can cause a collision when it runs in the road, which might even result in injury to other people and also to itself.
b) Stray cats are fond of opening garbage bin bags and so they can cause garbage and
refuse to be scattered all over the property or street.

v) Organization (govt / non-govt) is dealing with this issue

Katzen Cat Sanctuary
https://www.facebook.com/KatzenCatSanctuary/

vi) Group members
Nur Lyana bt Muhamad Ridzuan 125923
Fatin Nurul Haziera bt Abdul Hamid 125877
Qurratul Syuhada bt Ahmad Zabri 125937
Putri Zulaiha bt Khairul Bahri 125935

# data[].attributes.body
i) The terms for mammals

Small mammals: Weight more or less than 1kg, have small body & show variety successful adaptation and modes of life.

Medium mammals: Mammals that weight more than 10kg and have medium body size.

Large mammals: Mammals that weight more than 50kg and have large-sized, warm-blooded animals with hair. Young are nourished with milk from the mother.

ii) Examples of nocturnal species

a) Small mammal -

Local name : Sugar glider

Common name : Petaurus breviceps

Ecology : Exotic animals, Native to forest Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia. They are named after their diet which its preference for sugary nectarous foods and capability to glide through the air.  Their diet mainly consist of fruits and vegetables. They have membrane between their wrist and ankles which allowed them to glide. The large eyes of sugar gliders enhanced for night vision and excellent sense of hearing for them to locating prey in dark.

b) Medium mammal -

Local name : Racoon

Common name : Procyon lotor

Ecology : Native to North America which mainly found in wooded areas. They forage for food at night by their sense of touch and hearing as they have poorly vision ability to distinguish color. So, they eat almost anything that they found. they have beautiful dense fur with black mask which helps to reduce glare.

c) Large mammal -

Local name : Black rhinoceros

Common name : Diceros bicornis

Ecology : Native to Eastern and Southern Africa. They have two horns at skull that made of keratin with the larger front horn. They are herbivorous browser and have restricted diet which preference of few plant species and leafy species as they choose it based on quality over quantity.

iii) Examples of diurnal species

a) Small mammal -

Local name : European rabbit

Scientific name : Oryctolagus cuniculus

Ecology : Native to southwestern Europe (Spain, Portugal and Western France) and northwest Africa (Morocco and Algeria). Widely introduced elsewhere. Prefer dry areas near sea level with soft sandy soil for easy burrowing.

b) Medium sized mammal -

Local name : Capybara

Scientific name : Hydrochoerus hydrochoeris

Ecology : Semiaquatic mammals found throughout almost all countries of South America except Chile. Live in densely forested areas near water bodies such as lakes, rivers, ponds and swamps.

c) Large mammal -

Local name : Bornean Orangutan

Scientific name : Pongo pygmaeus

Ecology : Ranged throughout Southeast Asia and into southern China, as well as on the island of Java and in southern Sumatra. Widely distributed in Kalimantan, Sabah and Sarawak.  They primarily inhabit peat swamp forests, tropical health forests, and mixed dipterocarp forests.

iv) The issues related with stray dogs and cats

The fact that the population of strays has been on the rise and become worse. Even many people are adopting stray cats and dog, it doesn’t help their population to decline.

Stray cats would jump on tables at eateries to score some food, while stray dogs would urinate to claim territories, while creating a mess in rubbish bins.

Strays carry diseases that not only can spread to domesticated cats, but to humans as well.

v) Organization (govt/non-govt) is dealing with this issues mentioned in iv)

Best Friends Animal Society https://bestfriends.org

PAWS Malaysia – Paws Animal Welfare Society http://www.paws.org.my

vi) Group members

Muhammad Syahrulnizam Bin Asmee 125905

Murni Binti Abdul Wahid 125906

Siti Aishah Binti Mohd Ali 125941

Zarith Soffy Binti Muhamed Zaini 125959

Zulaikha Ilani Binti Roslan 125960

# data[].attributes.body
i)  The terms for mammals  :

Small

mammal species weighing less than 500 grams

Medium

mammal species with average 5kg to 45kg

Large

mammal species with weight more than 50kg

ii) Example of nocturnal species  (1 species for each mammals category)

Small mammal

Local name :
Scientific name :
Ecology :
Photo :

Medium mammal

Local name :
Scientific name :
Ecology :
Photo :

Large mammal

Local name:
Scientific name :
Ecology :
Photo :

iii) Example of diurnal species  (1 species for each mammals category)

Small mammal

Local name:

White-tailed Antelope Squirrel

Scientific name: Ammospermophilus leucurus
Ecology:

Abundant in the deserts of California from Mono Co. south to the Mexican border, and along the northeastern border of California

Omnivore (insects, plants, carrion)

Inhabit desert scrub, sagebrush, alkali desert scrub, Joshua tree, bitterbrush, and pinyon-juniper

Prefers open areas in arid and semi-arid habitats; requires friable soil for burrowing. Uses hard-surfaced, rocky, or gravelly soils in open areas with clumps of shrubs.

Reproduction:

Nesting burrow system with a nest of dried vegetation and hair is constructed (Grinnell and Dixon 1919, Bradley 1967).

Breeding season from February through June with a peak in births in April. The litter size ranges from 5-14, with a mean of 9. Females may have 2 litters per yr, but 1 is considered normal (Grinnell and Dixon 1919, Bradley 1967)

Photo:

Medium mammal

Local name: Sun bear
Scientific name:
Helarctos malayanus
Ecology:

Inhabit isolated habitat and dense, tropical forests of south-east Asia (Borneo, Sumatra, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)

Carnivore, the majority of the Sun Bears diet is comprised of fruits and other plant matter that it finds in the surrounding forest

Photo:

Large mammal

Local name: Harbor seal
Scientific name:
Phoca vitulina
Ecology:
Photo:

iv) What are the issues related to stray dog and cats?

a) Rabies (Happen in Kuching recently ) > two children have died
b) Barking and Howling > sound pollution to the housing area

v)Which organization (govt / non-govt) is dealing with this issue mentioned in (iv).

SPCA
( The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ) Selangor
http://www.spca.org.my/

vi)

Chong Yong Fatt 123824
Soo Aie Ling 123848
Tang Chu Nie 123849
Muhammad Nuruddin 125904
Manmit Singh 126151

# data[].attributes.body
(i) Term for mammal category
(a) Small mammals
-  Any non-flying mammal weighing less than 1kg when
adult
(b) Medium mammals
-  Any mammal whose known average weight is 5kg to 45kg
(c) Large mammals
-  Large-sized, warm-blooded animals with hair. Young are nourished with milk from the mother

(ii) Example of nocturnal species
(a) Small mammals
- Local name: European hedgehog/ Common hedgehog
- Scientific name: Erinaceus europaeus
- Ecology: It is a generally common and widely distributed species that can survive across a wide range of habitat types. It is an omnivore, they eat fruits, insect and invertebrates.
- Photo:  European hedgehog/Common hedgehog
(b) Medium mammals
- Local name: Common raccoon

- Scientific name:  Procyon lotor
- Ecology: Raccoons are common throughout North America from Canada to Panama, and they prefer lowland deciduous or mixed forests abundant with water and marsh as they got a behavior "dousing" that they often dabble for underwater food near the shore-line or pick up the food item with their front paws to examine it and rub the item to remove unwanted parts. They are an omnivore, like nuts, fruit, insects and invertebrates.
- Photo:  Common raccoon
(c) Large mammals
- Local name: Leopard

- Scientific name: Panthera pardus
- Ecology: Leopards have the largest distribution of any wild cat, occurring widely in Africa as well as eastern and.Leopards generally are active mainly from dusk until dawn, and rest for most of the day and for some hours at night in thickets, among rocks or over tree branches southern Asia. Leopards are a carnivore and are known for their ability to climb and have been observed resting on tree branches during the day, dragging their kills up trees and hanging them there.
- Photo:  Leopard

(iii) Example of diurnal species

(a) Small mammals
- Local name:  Meerkat
- Scientific name: Suricata suricatta
- Ecology: Meerkats inhabit arid, open country, characterized by short grasses and sparse woody growth. Meerkats are mainly insectivorous but will take small vertebrates, eggs, and plant matter.
- Photo: Meerkat

(b) Medium mammals
- Local name:  Coyote

- Scientific name:  Canis latrans
- Ecology:  Coyotes utilize almost all available habitats including prairie, forest, desert, mountain and tropical ecosystems. Coyotes are opportunistic, generalist predators that eat a variety of food items, typically consuming items in relation to changes in availability.
- Photo:  Coyote
(c) Large mammals
- Local name:  Western Gorilla

- Scientific name: Gorilla gorilla
- Ecology:  Western gorilla is found primarily in lowland tropical forest, particularly where there is dense ground-level herbaceous growth, and in swamp forests. Fruit forms a large part of the western gorilla's diet and they will travel further each day in search of fruiting trees than their eastern relatives.
- Photo:  Western Gorilla

(iv) Issues related to stray dogs and cats
- Flea infestations transferrable to other pets

-  Incessant breeding

(v) Organization
-PAWS Animal Welfare Society

(vi) Members
- Kee Kai Shing 126135
- Lim Pei Yee 126145
- Lee Wen Jie 126143
- Tan Jou Heng 126201
- Choong Wee Chin 126127

# data[].attributes.body
i)  Define the terms: small,medium & large mammals

Small mammal-small mammals are small-bodied in comparison to most other mammals. The mean body size of all rodent, insectivore and tree-shrew species is less than 1 kg and some species are truly small.–

Medium mammal- mammals that have the body weight between 35g and 5.5kg

Large mammal- Mammal that are large in size, warm blooded animal with hair. Their young are nourished with milk from the mother.

ii)Small nocturnal

Bank vole

Myodes glareolus

live in a wide variety of habitats at elevations ranging from sea level to high mountains. like to live in grassy areas and what they like to eat depends on the species and where they’re located. For instance, they may eat grasses, sedges, tree bark, grains, roots, seeds, berries, plants, green foliage, buds, bulbs and fruit.

medium nocturnal

OPOSSUM: (Didelphis virginiana)

Possums are nomadic and opportunistic animals. They sometimes establish a home base, especially a female with young, and often live in human structures. Adults average 10-14 lbs.

They don't live very long, rarely more than two years, three max. Opossums are omnivores, which means that they eat anything. They are nocturnal.

Large nocturnal

Beaver Castor Canadensis

Ecology : aquatic environment.  Beavers are considered a nuisance for two primary reasons: tree cutting and dam building. Tree cutting is undesirable to landowners who want to protect their trees. Dam building is a more serious matter, resulting in flooding forest and farm lands, plugged culverts and the washout of roads.

iii)  Diurnal species

1) Small mammals

a) local name         : Mountain Red-bellied squirrel

b) scientific name  : Callosciurus erythraeus

c) ecology               : -The Mountain Red-bellied squirrel (or Pallas’s Squirrel) is as its name implies, an inhabitant of montane areas.

-Though preferring primary or secondary forest habitats, it will readily  forage on the ground in clearings and cultivated areas adjacent to such forests.

-The species can be seen in forested, montane areas of Peninsular  Malaysia such as Cameron Highlands and Fraser’s Hill at elevations of  around 900 metres or higher.

-It is reported as ranging from parts of India and China, through Burma and Thailand to Peninsular Malaysia.

d)

photo                :

2) Medium mammals
a) local name        : leopard
b) scientific name : Panthera pardus
c) ecology              : -Leopards are widely distributed across Africa and Asia, but populations   have become reduced and isolated, and they are now extirpated from large portions of their historic range.
-Due to their wide geographic range, secretive nature and habitat tolerance, Leopards are difficult to categorize as a single species.
-Evidence suggests that Leopard populations have been dramatically  reduced due to continued persecution with increased human populations
(Thorn et al. 2013, Selvan et al. 2014), habitat fragmentation (UN  2014), increased illegal wildlife trade (Datta et al. 2008), excessive harvesting for ceremonial use of skins (G. Balme pers. comm. 2015),
prey base declines (Hatton et al. 2001, du Toit 2004, Fusari and
Carpaneto 2006, Datta et al. 2008, Lindsey et al. 2014, Selvan et   al. 2014) and poorly managed trophy hunting (Balme et al. 2009).
-Throughout North, East and West Africa, Middle East, East and  Southeast Asia, Leopards have suffered marked reductions and regional  extirpations due to poaching for illegal wildlife trade, habitat loss and  fragmentation, and prey loss.

d)

photo                 :

3) Large mammals
a) local name        : African bush elephant
b) scientific name : Locodonta Africana
c) ecology             : -The African Elephant is very catholic in its range, and tends to move
between a variety of habitats.
-It is found in dense forest, open and closed savanna, grassland and, at         considerably lower densities, in the arid deserts of Namibia and Mali.
-They are also found over wide altitudinal and latitudinal ranges which is  from mountain slopes to oceanic beaches, and from the northern tropics to  the southern temperate zone (approximately between 16.5° North and 34°    South).

d)

photo                :

iv) 1- Malaysian street life, a living nightmare of strays
2- parasitic infections found in stray dogs
v) Society for the Prevention  of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA)

vi) 1- Zaizatul Asyikin Binti Razali (123855)
2- Hanani binti Munir (123828)
3- Teh Suhaila binti Zuhairi (123850)
4- Fatin Suhaila binti Syukor (123826 )

# data[].attributes.body
Work in a group (4-5 members)

i)Define the terms for mammals category: Small, Medium & Large Mammals

ii)Give one (1) example of nocturnal species  (1 species for each mammals category)

Find info about: Local name, Scientific name, Ecology, Photo

iii)Give one (1) example of diurnal species (1 species for each mammals category)

Find info about: Local name, Scientific name, Ecology, Photo

iv)What is the issues related with stray dog and cats?

(1-2 issues only)

v)Which organization (govt / non-govt) is dealing with this issue mentioned in (iv).

vi)Write your group members name & matric #

# data[].attributes.body
Low TEK Joo
Teo Shi Huey
Zou Bei
Low Li Huie

ii. SUNDA COLUGOR
iii. Ratufa bicolour
Iv. Rabies
B. Spca

# data[].attributes.body
Ahmad Hadri
Muhd Iftar
Muhd hazim