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Umayyad Empire: Leaders, dates, events and 

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Umayyad Empire: Leaders, dates, events and 

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In 661 the Umayyad dynasty took control. The emperor of the Umayyad  dynasty  Muawiya was more of a king while the first four were spiritual and political.  The Umayyad Empire had initially resisted Islam, not converting until 627. Sadly in April/May 680 Muawiya's reign of ruling had ended due to death because of an illness. Another caliph that came to rule was Abu-al-Abbas who was a descendant of Muhammad's uncle. He came to rule  b. 721/722 AD – d. 10 June 754.  Unfortunately every empire must fall this dynasty fell around the year of 750 A.D. A dynasty that lasted over 89 years had now fallen it was transformed through out the years into a powerful empire that would be known for years to come.
- Mia Vargas

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The topography of the Arabian peninsula has four main features. They are mountains, deserts, coastal plains and oases. The mountains take up around one-fourth of the Arabian peninsula. The mountain ranges are mostly on the left and there are some on the right. Deserts also take up about one-fourth of the peninsula. It is located around the middle of the Arabian peninsula. Coastal plains take up approximately one-sixth to one-eighth of the whole peninsula. Coastal plains border around the peninsula on the three sides. The last one is oases. The oases are fertile spots in a desert where water can be found. The oases take up around one-sixth to one-seventh of the peninsula in all. They are located in the Eastern Arabia on the Persian Gulf side.
-Hannah Truong

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Map of the Ummayyad Empire at its height

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Map of the Ummayyad Empire at its height

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-Kenneth Vo

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MAP of the Ottoman Empire at its height.

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MAP of the Ottoman Empire at its height.

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-Mia Vargas

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The Ottoman Empire was a very powerful empire. They had great leaders to lead the people. The first person is Osman Gazi. He reigned from 1299-1324 or 1326. He was the first sultan who founded the Ottoman Empire. He built a small state in Anatolia and had a great military using gun powder. His successors formed alliances with everyone they could. Another important leader was Sultan Fatih Mehmet II ruled from 1444-1446 and 1451-1481. He captured Constantinople and puts an end to the Byzantine Empire. He spent two years building 125 ships and 100,000 foot soldiers in order to coquer Constantinople. After conquering that, he rebuild the city to make Istanbul. Selim the Grim was cruel, yet he was a very effective leader. He captured Mecca and Medina. And here are some other rulers of the Ottoman Empire. Orhan Gazi reigned from 1324 or 1326-1360. Murat I ruled from 1360-1389. Yildirim I reigned from 1389 to 1403. Celebi Mehmet I ruled from 1403-1421. Murat II reigned from 1421-1444 and 1446-1451. Fatih Mehmet II ruled from 1444-1446 and 1451-1481. Beyazid Han II reigned from 1481-1512.
Yavuz Selim I ruled from 1512 to 1520. Suleyman I reigned from 1520-1566. Selim II ruled from 1566 to 1574. Murad III reigned from 1574-1595. Mehmet III ruled from 1595-1603) Ahmed I 1603-1617. Mustafa I reigned from 1617-1618 and 1622-1623. Genc Osman II ruled from 1618-1622. Murad IV ruled from 1623-1640. Ibrahim reigned from 1640-1648. Avci Mehmed IV | (1648-1687)Beyazid Han II ruled from 1481-1512. Then there's Yavuz Selim I who reigned from 1512-1520. Suleyman I ruled from 1520-1566. Selim II reigned from 1566-1574. Murad III ruled from 1574-1595. Mehmet III reigned from 1595 to 1603. Sultan Ahmed I ruled from 1603-1617. Mustafa I ruled from 1617-1618 and 1622-1623. Genc Osaman II reigned from 1618-1622. Murad IV ruled from 1623 to 1640. Ibrahim ruled from 1640-1648. Avci Mehmed IV reigned from 1648-1687. Suleyman II ruled from 1687-1691. Ahmed II ruled from 1691-1695. Sultan Mustafa II reigned from 1695-1703. Ahmed III ruled from 1703 to 1730. Mahmud I ruled from 1730-1754. Osman III reigned from 1754-1757. Mustafa III ruled from 1757 to 1774. Sultan Abdulhamid I ruled from 1774-1789. Selim III reigned from 1789 to 1807. Mustafa IV ruled from 1807-1808.Mahmud II reigned from 1808-1839. Sultan Abdulmecit ruled from 1839 to 1861. Abdulaziz reigned from 1861-1876. Murad V ruled for only one year, 1876. Abdulhamid II ruled from 1876-1909. Mehmed V reigned from 1909-1918. The last sultan to rule was Sultan Mehmed Vahdettin VI ruled from 1918-1922. One important event that occurred was in 1326 A.D. where a new capital was formed, Bursa, and Sultan Osman Gazi died. Another important event that occurred was in 1400 A.D and 1402 A.D. Bayezid extends the empire from the Danube River in Bulgaria to the Euphrates River in the east. Mongolian raiders crush his troops in Turkey in 1402 and take him prisoner. Bayezid also died within these years of the win and loss. Also in 1402, Bayezid's sons fought for control and in 1413 A.D, Mehmed won and reunited the empire. During 1566 A.D, Selim II takes the rule after his father Suleyman's death. But, he never goes to fight battles and his government is unstable. And that leads to the Turkish fleet being crashed after the fight at the Battle of Lepanto in Greece. In 1683, the Ottomans try to conquer Venice  but they fail. In 1697, as Austrian troops push into the Ottoman territory in Hungary, the Turks are defeated at Zenta. To lessen the fighting, the Turks give most of their land in that region. And in 1821 A.D, Greece revolts against the Ottomans. A long struggle results with the Greeks getting help from Britain, France, and Russia. In 1830 A.D, they win their independence. And in 1914 A.D in World War I, the Ottoman Empire sides with the Central Powers. They lose the war, and peace treaties cause the empire to dissolve. The Republic of Turkey is established in 1923. The Ottoman Empire will best be remembered for its glory years of strong leadership and cultural influences that affected the lands they conquered. One event that led to the lost of the Ottoman Empire was the loss of central trade in the Afro-Eurasian trade. This was crucial because this was the path that led to Indian and later, Chinese trade. The armistice of 31 October 1918 ended the fighting between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies but did not bring stability or peace to the region. Another event was the importance of trade in the Mediterranean Sea vanished.. Trade routes moved to the Atlantic Ocean, sources of income dried up, the Ottoman Empire could not catch up with this new deal, and as a result the Ottoman Empire had very hard time to find money for pretty much anything, including wars. And on the picture below, here is Osman Gazi, the first sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
-Hannah Truong

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-Vanessa Tran

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The first caliph- Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr was Muhammad's father in law and was chosen by his councils.
The second caliph- Umar
Umar was Muhammad's long time friend and advisers amd was chosen because the previous caliph passed away.
The third caliph- Uthman
Uthman was Muhammad's long time friend and adviser.He was chosen to be caliph when the previous caliph died.
The fourth caliph- Ali
Ali was Muhammad's cousin and was chosen to be caliph after Uthman passed away.
After the Rightly-Guided Caliphs passed away, Muawiya became the new caliph. Muawiya moved the capital to Damascus, Syria. He was different from the first four caliphs because he was more of a king and emperor while the first four were more spiritual and political. The "flowering" of the Islamic culture was time period when Muawiya settled down and consolidated the culture and the administration.
After Muawiya's time as caliph was over, a new caliph named Abu al-Abbas took over in 750 a.d. He changed the capital to Baghdad, devoted the Islamic ways to trade, scholarship, and the arts. He also introduced Persian influence to the empire and prospered in trade. Abu al-Abbas' time ended in 1258 a.d.
-Vanessa Tran

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Important Leaders:
- Abu al-Abbas as-Saffah

Abu was a popular caliph, and he was a bloody ruler too. He has taken the rule of Abbasid and was very bloody, and he forced and massacred to get what he needed. Abu became caliph in 749 AD, after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphate.
-Mansur al
Mansur was the 2nd abbasid caliph in the reign and has done a few things. He was successfully united his kingdom even though he was under internal strife
He became caliph in 754 AD.
Important Dates and Events:
Abu al-Abbas wanted to rule differently from the Umayyads and moved eastwards. He changed the capital to Baghdad.
Also, Abu al-Abbas brought more Persian traditions to the caliphate.
The Abbasid empire became international, emphasizing membership in the community of believers rather than Arab nationality.
In 1055, the Abbasids were overpowered by the Seljuqs, who took what temporal power may have been left to the caliph but respected his position as religious leader.
In 1258 A.D., the Abbasid caliphate ended because it was destroyed by a mongol invasion.
-Kenneth Vo

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Map of the Arabian Peninsula showing Ancient Trades Routes prior to the year 630 C.E

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Map of the Arabian Peninsula showing Ancient Trades Routes prior to the year 630 C.E

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-Hannah Truong