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-denied to both state and federal governments
-Pass retroactive laws, grant nobility titles, denying a fair trial, taxing exports, passing unconstitutional laws,

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-restraint:  limits a state’s ability to regulate an area
ex.1990 Nutritional Labeling and Education Act- states no longer allowed to set their own standards for food labeling
-preemption: Congress is allowed to pass laws that allows the federal government to assume responsibility for a state government function.
- Unfunded mandates: states have to pay for the mandate if Congress doesn't.

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-Federal Grant: given by the federal government for specific purposes
-Mandates: states setting their own rules
ex. driver's licenses

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-government must respect the integrity of each state
-Enabling Act: allows people of territory to prepare a constitution if they wish to become a state
-states responsible for conducting all elections
-must pass 3/4 of the states for an amendment to be ratified

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“This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof, and all treaties made … under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby.”

—Article VI

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-Reserved Powers for the States:
ex. power to tax, to maintain courts and define crimes, and to take private property for public use
-Concurrent- powers the federal and state governments share

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Delegated Powers:
1. expressed/enumerated- directly written out in the Constitution
2. implied- not stated specifically (ex. space program, nuclear weapons)

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-Two or more governments exercise power over the same people and the same territory.
-In the U.S., state and central share some powers.