# data[].attributes.body
1. Does the case of Oxana support Nature or Nurture? Give at least two examples to support your view

Oxana's case supports nurture. This is because even though Oxana is a human, she was nurtured by dogs, and thus grew up to act like a dog. Any human that was conscious of being a human would not bark or act like a dog.

2. Which language theory is support by this view: BF Skinner or Noam Chomsky? What items from this case support this theory?

This supports Skinner's language theory, because Chomsky argued that basic grammar was hardwired into our brains, and yet the child was completely unable to muster any sounds. Due to not ever having to

# data[].attributes.body
G Stanley Hall
Storm and stress
3 Key aspects
1. Conflict with parents
2. Mood disruptions
3. Risky behavior

Margaret Mead
Easy transition
not harsh and difficult but an easy move

Erikson
Identity vs Role confusion

James Marcia
Identity Diffusion- sense of having no choices, unwilling to commit

Identity Foreclosure- willing to commit to some things, conform to expectations of others

Identity Moratorium- Crisis, ready for choices, but not sure

Identity Achievement- commitment to an identity, resolved crisis

Future Trends
Adolescnece lasting longer
1st marriages- men=31, women=28

Adulthood: Physical/Cognitive Development
-Physical changes peak in 20s, slow decline
-Menopause- the time of natural cessation of menstruation
-Slowed reactions
-Women outlive men by 3 yrs. worldwide
-Dementia/Alzheimers
Loss of brain function
-Irreversible brain disorder

Crystallized intelligence- ones accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, tends to increase with age

Fluid Intelligence- ones ability to reason speedily and abstractly, tends to decrease during late adulthood

Stages of Grief: Kubler-Ross
-Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Kohlberg Review
Stages of Moral development

# data[].attributes.body
Vygotsky
-Learning impacts development
-Development cannot be separated from its social context
-Language plays a central role in mental development

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
-Area between independent and assisted performance

# data[].attributes.body
Parenting Practices

Authoritarian
-Parents impose rules and expect obedience

Permissive
-submit to children's desires, make few demands, use little punishment

Authoritative
-both demanding and responsive
-set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open discussion

Uninvolved/detached
-Limited time/energy
-Attachment issues and deliquency

Punishment
-immediate obedience
-adult models aggression
-avoid adult

Adolescence
Primary sex characteristics
-body structures that make sexual reproduction
-Male- 1st ejaculation
-Female- Menarche (first menstrual period) <-- VOCAB

Secondary Sex characteristics
-nonreproductive sexual characteristics
-Male- voice deepens
-Female- breasts develop

Adolescence: Social Development
David Elkind
-Imaginary audience (everyone's looking at me)
-Personal fable (I'm invulnerable)

# data[].attributes.body
Preconventional level: Morality is based on self interest; to avoid punishment or gain rewards

Conventional level: morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Postconventional level: Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles; As moral development progresses, the focus of concern moves from the self to the wider social world

Gilligan- response to Kohlberg's theory

Infancy/Childhoodf: Sociocultural development
Selfteachingbytrialanderror- sensorimotor
symbolic representation

Piagest: says interaction with physical world allows us to overcome ego-centrism and learning through first hand experiences

Vygotsky: says culture and education allow delaying immediate gratification and practice self regulation- learn to think about our own world

Lev Vygotsky: Social development theory
-Social interaction and cognitive development: learning-> development is enhanced with new tasks

Scaffolding or Cognitive apprenticeship model: zone of proximal development (ZPD) help with others
-Consciousness is the product of socialization

Vygotskys view of language: Primary method of communication b/w adults and children, powerful tool of intellecutal adaptation
-Private speech (talk to self) vs Inner speech (in head)
-thoughts are a result of language

Chomsky: Language Acquisition Device
-we are born with internal mechanism

Whorf: Lingusitic relativity hypothesis
-language determines how we think
-recent research states that language influences how we think about things

Critical Period- optimal period shortly after birth when an organisms exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

Imprinting (Lorenz)- process by which certain animals (NOT HUMANS) form attachments during a critical period very early in life

Temperament- easy, difficult, or slow to warm up to new things/strangers

Ainsworth: attachment styles
-secure vs insecure attachment
-anxious-resistant insecure attachment: rage at mom when she returns
-avoidant-insecure attachment: may not notice mother is gone

# data[].attributes.headline
1/25 I can apply Erikson theory to my reunion activity

# data[].attributes.subject
1/25 I can apply Erikson theory to my reunion activity

# data[].attributes.body
Basic trust (Erik Erikson)
-a sense that the world is predicatable and trsutworth
-major task with each stage of life
-responsive caregivers

self concept- a sense of one's identity and personal worth

Erikson's 8 stages of psychosocial development

Infancy -> Trust vs Mistrust -> If needs met, infants develop sense of basic trust
(1st Year)

Toddler-> Autonomy vs Shame-> Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities
(2nd year)

Preschooler-> Initiative vs Guilt-> Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent
(3-5 years)

Elementary->Competence vs Inferiority-> Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior
(6 years to puberty)

Adolescence->Identity vs role confusion-> Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are
(teens into 20s)

Young adult->Intimacy vs isolation-> Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated
(20s to early 40s)

Middle Adult-> Generativity vs stagnation-> the middle aged discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose
(40s to 60s)

Late adult-> Integrity vs despair-> When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure
(Late 60s and up)

# data[].attributes.body
Cross sectional research- analyzes data collected from a population at a certain point in time

Advantages- inexpensive

Longitudinal studies- data gathered from same subjects repeatedly over a period of time

Advantages- generates detailed info about subjects, studies developmental changes in depth

Disadvantages- expensive, potential for high attrition rate- subjects drop out often

Prenatal Development
Rooting- automatically turn to face the stimulus when touched on face
Swallowing- When mouth touched, starts sucking immediately
Sucking- instinctively sucking on anything placed in front in order to eat
Babinski- big toe flexes and fans out to the small toe
Stepping- starts to take steps if being supported
Morrow-

Cognition- all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Schema- a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Assimilation- interpreting ones new experience in terms of ones existing schemas

Accommodation- adapting ones current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

Object permanence - concept that all objects cannot simply disappear

Stranger anxiety - Not enjoying being around strangers due to not knowing who they are

Baby Mathematics- shown a numerically impossible outcome, infants stare at it longer

Egocentrism -an inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view

Theory of mind-  ideas about your own and others' mental states: feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict

Conservation- the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

# data[].attributes.body
Laugh- 2 months
Pedal a tricycle- 2 years
Sit without support-  6 months
Feel ashamed- 2
Walk unassisted- 11 months
Stand on one foot- 4 years
Recognize mom/dad- 5 months
Kick a ball forward- 20 months
Think about unseen things- 1 year
Two word sentences- 20 months

Card Guessing
Station 6
Card A- 60
Card B- 10
Station 7
Card A- 50
Card B- 12
Station 2
Card A- 50
Card B- 13
Station 1
Card A- 90
Card B- 2
Station 3
Card A- 10
Card B- 10
Station 5
A- 15
B- 35