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The Great Northern War was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia. Peter the Great wanted access to the Black and Baltic Sea. However, after the 30 years war, Sweden had becaome a great power and occupied territories in Livonia and Estonia along the Baltic Coast, so Peter had no access to it. Thus, Peter formed an alliance with Saxony, Poland, and Denmark to start the Northern War in 1700. The war ended with Russia becoming a major power in Europe. Russia gained all that Peter had wanted

Image Citation:
Kraft, David Von, Dan Andersson Stawert, Pierre-Denis Martin, and Maurice Baquoi. Wikipedia. Wikipedia Foundation, 17 Apr. 2006. Web. 26 Dec. 2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Northern_War.jpg>.

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Frederick was the King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786. His reign was the longest of any Hohenzollern king. Throughout his reign, he made significant accomplishments to his country such as his military victories, the reorganization of Prussian armies, his patronage of the arts and the Enlightenment in Prussia, and his final success in the Seven Years' War. Frederick was the last King in Prussia and after he achieved full sovereignty for all historical Prussian lands. Prussia grew and increased its territories largely under his rule.

Image Citation:
Graff, Anton. "Frederick the Great." Wikipedia. Wikipedia Foundation, 21 June 2016. Web. 26 Dec. 2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Friedrich_Zweite_Alt.jpg>.

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the English Bill of Rights is an Act passed by the Parliament of England in 1689. I eat with constitutional matters and set out certain basic civil rights that every human had when they were born. The Bill lays down limits not the powers of the monarch and also lists out all of the rights of parliaments. these rights included the requirement for regular parliaments, free elections, and freedom of speech. the bill also set out individual rights. These included the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment and the reestablishment of liberty to Protestants. These ideas reflected those of enlightenment thinker John Locke.

Image Citation:
"Bill of Rights 1689." Wikipedia. Wikipedia Foundation, 3 Dec. 2005. Web. 26 Dec. 2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:English_Bill_of_Rights_of_1689.jpg>.

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Ivan the Great was the Grand Prince of Moscow and Grand Prince of all Rus' from 1462 to 1505. In his reign, he tripled the territory of his empire, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde over the Rus', renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations for future Russia state. He is also one of the longest-reigning Russian rulers in history

Image Citation:
"Ivan III of Russia." Wikipedia. Wikipedia Foundation, 17 Oct. 2012. Web. 26 Dec. 2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivan_III_of_Russia_3.jpg>.

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The restoration of the Enlighs monarchy occurred when the Enlighs, Scottish, and Irish monarchies were restored under Charles II after the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Charles II returned as King, the bishops were restored to Parliament with a strict Anglican orthodoxy. The restoration also saw the expansion in colonial trade, the Anglo-Dutch wars, the revival of drama and literature, and the reign of James II.

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22. An Unsettled Settlement: The Restoration Era, 1660-1688. Dir. YaleCourses. Perf. Professor Wrightson. 22. An Unsettled Settlement: The Restoration Era, 1660-1688. Youtube, 10 Mar. 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2016. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ceFidZi9ge4>.

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22. An Unsettled Settlement: The Restoration Era, 1660-1688

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Early Modern England: Politics, Religion, and Society under the Tudors and Stuarts (HIST 251) In this lecture Professor Wrightson discusses the Restoration settlement of 1660 and the reigns of Charles II and James II.

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The war of spanish succession was a major European conflict that was triggered by the death of the last Habsburg King of Spain. He had died childless and the question of who was next in line for the throne tore everyone. When attempts to divide the empire between eligible candidates had failed, Charles II gave the entire Spanish inheritance to his grandnephew of Phillip. With Phillip being the ruler, Louis XIV (Phillip's father) would have many advantages to his empire in France but many others felt that this choice was a threat to European stability because it put the balance of power in danger. Louis then stated that the empire of France and Spain would unite. As a result, an alliance formed between England, Holland, and Prussia to put Charles of Austria on the Spanish throne.

Image Citation:
Alaux, Jean. "War of the Spanish Succession." Wikipedia. Wikipedia Foundation, 9 Oct. 2016. Web. 26 Dec. 2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vendome-and-PhilipV.jpg>.

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Theresa was the only female ruled of the Habsburg and the very last ruler of the house of Habsburg. She was the ruler of countries including Austria, Hungary, Croatia, the Austrian Netherlands, and more. She ruled from 1740 to 1780. Her father, Charles VI, paved the way for her ascension to rule with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and spent his entire reign securing the region for her. During her rule, Theresa promulgated financial and education reforms and promoted commerce and agricultural development. She reorganized Austria's military. Although these were all positive reforms, Theresa did not allow religious toleration.

Video Citation:
Documentary: The Vienne of Maria Theresa. Documentary: The Vienne of Maria Theresa. Youtube, 26 Sept. 2015. Web. 26 Dec. 2016. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhHO3FuvAnc>.

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Documentary: The Vienne of Maria Theresa

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For Educational Purposes Only! No Copyright Infringement Intended. This video has some audio issues. Comments have been disabled due to many people stating the obvious. . Maria Theresa of Austria (May 13, 1717 - November 29, 1780) was the only female head of the Habsburg Dynasty.

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Peter the Great ruled the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire from 1682 until his death in 1725. He jointly ruled until 1696 with his older half brother Ivan V. Under his rule, many successful wars expanded the Tsardom into a huge empire that became a major European power. Peter led a cultural revolution that brought about bore modern, scientific, and westernized social and political systems. These were based the Enlightenment. All of the reforms that Peter made had a lasting impaction Russia and many current Russian government institutions can trace their origins back to Peter's reign.

Image Citation:
Delaroche, Paul. "Peter the Great." Wikipedia. Wikipedia Foundation, 1 Dec. 2016. Web. 25 Dec. 2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg>.

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Ivan the Terrible was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 o 1547. During his time as Tzar, he conquered the Khanates of Kazan and Sibir and made a multiethnic and multi continental state. As a ruler, Iva exercised autocratic control over Russia's hereditary nobility and developed a bureaucracy that would look over his new rerrirotires. Under his rule, Russia transformed from a medieval state into an empire. His title as "the terrible" was due mainly to his personality. He was described as intelligent and devout but was very prone to rages and episodic outbreaks of mental instabilities. These instabilities only increased as he grew and they got so bad that in on of these episodes, he killed his son and the heir to his throne.

Image Citation:
Shakko. "Ivan the Terrible." Wikipedia. Wikipedia Foundation, 18 Aug. 2008. Web. 25 Dec. 2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IoannIV_reconstruction_by_Gerasimov02.jpg>.

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The Glorious Revolution was the overthrow of King James II of England. The revolution was led by English Parliamentarians and the Dutch Stadtholder William II of France. This successful invasion of England allowed William to ascend the Enlighs throne as William III of England. He ruled the country jointly with his wife Mary II of England (who happened to also be the James' daughter). All of these as due to the Bill of Rights in 1689.

Image Citation:
Miller, William. "Glorious Revolution." Wikipedia. Wikipedia Foundation, 10 July 2012. Web. 25 Dec. 2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prince_of_Orange_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_Turner_R739.jpg>.