# data[].attributes.body
Humanism

Humanists

Abraham Maslow- Hierarchy of Needs
-Self-Actualization (realizing your full potential)

Carl Rogers- people are basically good
-unconditional positive regard
-personal growth is influenced by those around, especially those whoa re genuine and caring
-Self concept influences your perception of the world "Who am I?"

Social Theorists

Albert Bandura- When we model what we see, it shapes our personality; learn from those around us
-Bobo doll
-Social modeling

Cognitive Theorists- our thought patterns influence personality

Julian Rotter
- Locus of Control (internal vs external)
- Internal- What happens to you is based on your doing
-External 0 what happens to you is beyond your control

Martin Seligman
Learned Helplessness (dogs)

Trait Theorists- differ from personality theorists; DESCRIBE personality, not explain it

The Big 5- Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (OCEAN)

Walter Mischel- people's behavior appears consistent because of people's initial perceptions of them

# data[].attributes.body
Alfred Adler
-believes problems stem from tensions in childhood social situations- childhood feelings of inferiority
-we try to overcome these feelings of inferiority
Pros: leads to trying harder
Cons: overcompensation
-Inferiority Complex
-Later found Humanism
-Ideas of birth order- impacts our personality

Birth Order
Oldest- responsible, mature, high achiever
Middle- easy going, friendly
Youngest- immature, funny, baby-like
Only Child- much like oldest, can have difficulties sharing

Youngest born traits- risk takers, idealists, good sense of humor, hardworking immature, attention seeking, secretive, sensitive

Only born traits- responsible, perfectionist, seeking attention, difficulty sharing, use adult language, prefer adult company, self centered, mature faster

Twins (Leader) traits- resemble first borns, aggressive, loud, outspoken, opinionated, intolerant

Twins (Follower) traits- resemble shy middle child, shy, loner, quiet, undefiant

Variables that impact birth order roles
Parents- marital status, poarenting style, critical eye of parent, parents birth order, how strict parent is

Gender- double birth order

Separate families- more than a five year gap, start a new family

Adoption/Remarriage- bumped either up or down on birth order scale, all depends on age at the time and where other kids fall

Death of Parent/Sibling- bump a child either up or down, have different effects when a parent dies, "Ghost" children

# data[].attributes.body
Karen Horney

Gave women a voice, tried to discredit Freud's opinion that women had weaker superegos and penis envy

Basics anxiety are feelings of insecurity resulting from feelings

Ways of coping with anxiety
Compliant- submit to others
Aggressive- hostile towards others
Detached- withdrawn from others

# data[].attributes.body
Psycho-sexual 5 Stages of Development

Oral Stage(0-1.5)
Pleasure center in mouth
Fixations: Oral fixation and dependency

Anal Stage(1.5-3.5)
Pleasure center in anus and elimination
Fixations: Anal retentive and anal expulsive

Phallic Stage(3.5-6)
Pleasure center in genitals, jealousy of same sex parent
Fixations: Oedipus complex (replace father and marry mother)
Electra complex (K. Horney; replace mother and marry father)
Penis envy (women are jealous of men because they do not have a penis)
Cinderella Complex (fear of independence and want to be cared for by opposite sex)
Peter Pan Complex (desire to remain young forever)

Latency Period (6-12)
Lose interest in opposite sex, "Cootie" period

Genital Stage (Puberty)
Full adult sexuality, must work on "fixations", unresolved problems surface

^^^NONE OF THIS IS VALID^^^

# data[].attributes.body
Defense Mechanisms- Anna Freud

Repression- forgetting situations that would cause painful emotions

Denial- rejection of an intolerable reality

Rationalization- substituting a more acceptable but false reason for one's behavior

Reaction formation- modifying an anxiety-causing impulse by performing in ways opposite to one's true feelings

Projection- seeing one's personality traits, attitudes, or faults in others but not in oneself

Regression- retreating to an earlier developmental level involving less mature responses

Undoing- atoning for and thus counteracting desires or acts that are regrettable

Sublimation- people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities

Displacement- shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

Compensation- covering up weaknesses or frustration by over gratifying oneself in another area

Fantasy- gratifying frustrated desires in imaginary achievements

Identification- increasing one;s feeling of self-worth by identifying oneself with people or places of importance

Intellectualization- people use extensive vocabulary to explain relatively simple terms

# data[].attributes.body
Freud
Id- completely unconscious mind
Superego- sometimes conscious, sometimes unconscious
Ego- conscious and unconscious

Id- present at birth
Pleasure principle - all needs to be satisfied immediately; unsatisfied needs lead to anxiety

Wish Fulfillment - forming a mental image of a situation that satisfies the instinct (ex. Dream)

Ego- controls thinking and reasoning
Reality Principle- safely and successfully meet needs of ID; if only had ID and Ego (unsocial selfish)

Superego- Moral watchdog, not present at birth, compares ego's actions with "ego ideal"

Ego Ideal- standard of excellence for ego to strive for

Carl Jung- studied under Freud, but disagreed with importance placed on sex

Theory has 2 unconscious:
Personal- no man's land

Collective- most influential to our personality; made up of two things regardless of gender: the Anima and the Animus (any person can have different amount of Anima and Animus)

Personal Unconscious is our true self

# data[].attributes.body
Personality- sum total of characteristics that classify someone as an individual

Role- the persona you play in society (ex. son, friend)

Self Concept- your view of yourself; 3 parts

Body Self- physical traits and abilities

Social Self- how others see you; you perform how people expect you to: self-fulfilling prophecy

Private Self- your inner world, feelings and attitudes

2 Types of Personality Tests: Objective and Projective
Objective Personality Test- from outside sources/paper tests

3 types
1. Interview (Directed - structured; or non directed - unstructured/free response)
2. Observation
3. Self Interview (True/False - MMPI; Agreement Scale - Likert Scale; Adjective checklist; Aspects rating (1-10))

Strengths- Easy, fast, consistent scoring
Weaknesses- superficial, you can figure tests out

Projective Personality Test- from the inside, personal

3 Types
1. Word Association Tests- stimulus words; can explain response
2. Thematic Apperception Test- uses pictures; imagination; Henry Murray
3. Rorschach Test- Inkblots; What do you see?; Hermann Rorschach

Strengths- individualized, in depth
Weaknesses- test conditions can influence results. very subjective

# data[].attributes.body
Patient
Hard working
Generous
Grateful
Athletic

athletic
funny
smart
hard working
courageous