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In Greece, ancient temples (eg. Parthenon, Delphi and Sounion) are considered to have been built in triangle shapes with each other and this is thought to be a way of implementing mathematics in geodetic science and ancient navigation techniques are combined thus with GPS.

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Sarmizegetusa Regia. This place is located in the Carpathian Mountains. The Dacians used the construction as a calendar, which was proved to be almost as accurate as the modern calendars.

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Sun alignment in Abu Simbel temple, Egypt

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sun (celestial object with coordinate system)

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Sun alignment Phenomenon - Abu Simbel Temple ظاهره تعامد الشمس علي معبد أبوسمبل

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22 / October Sun alignment Phenomenon - Abu Simbel Temple ظاهره تعامد الشمس علي معبد أبوسمبل Sun alineación Fenómeno - Templo de Abu Simbel Sun alignement Phénomène - Abou Simbel Sun allineamento Fenomeno - Abu Simbel Temple

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I read about this:
In Romania many researchers have interdisciplinary preoccupations, tackling the studied matter from many points of view. Such an interdisciplinary research group was established in Cluj-Napoca. These archaeoastronomical researches investigated the Romanian territory, by using the astronomical orientation. Some of the arhaeoastronomical studied places, like sanctuaries, fortresses, and necropolises of the Neolithic time are found in Banat, Transylvania, Moldova and Muntenia. We enlisted just the well-known and published historical monuments: the Neolithic sanctuary from Parta (Banat Culture), the Neolithic necropolises from Baia-Hamangia (Hamangia Culture), Cernica (Boian Culture, Dudeşti Culture), Grădiştea Ulmilor (Gumelniţa Culture), Iclod (Iclod Cultural Aspect), Cucuteni (Cucuteni Culture), and the Dacian world from Sarmizegetusa-Regia (Romanian Stonehenge). We presented these locations, culture and the arhaeoastronomical results obtained.
Archaeoastronomy in Romania. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238588982_Archaeoastronomy_in_Romania [accessed Mar 27, 2017].

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Rosaria Maria Barone, Linguaglossa, Italy

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Rosaria Maria Barone, Linguaglossa, Italy

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The Argimusco area extends over a vast plateau between 1165 and 1230 meters s.l.m., right in the middle of abacenino territory where the harshness of the Peloritani gives way to the sweetness of the Nebrodi. It is located in the ancient Val Demona, in the province of Messina. Located near the village of Montalbano Elicona and the Natural Reserve of Bosco Malabotta, the Argimusco Fortresses represent a rare example of complex natural megalithic of entire southern Italy. On this natural site reign supreme ancient stones wrapped in a silence that is broken only by the sounds of the herds and the wind howling.
And it is the action of the weather, especially the wind and the water, which has shaped huge rocks, creating megaliths the particular human and animal figures. Then man discovered this timeless place, starting to haunt , contemplate it and to use it. Among the many reasons to visit it : the observation of the sky. So the megalithic rocks and the whole landscape were chosen to practice astronomy, to decipher the movements of the stars, coming to discover the changing of seasons and setting the stage for a practical and useful calendar. This happened thousands of years ago in different places of the Earth.
It seems that this happened just all'Argimusco, a plateau where they held sacred rites, where the earth joins the sky forming the sacred landscape par excellence. This atavistic place soon became a natural astronomical observatory, and many of the stones present in it were processed for specific purposes. And so once again Sicily, crossroads of peoples and travelers, and unique container of traditions from different cultures, also seems to have a very important site of megalithic age. A place that for many has already been defined as the 'Sicilian Stonehenge'.

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The symbol of the solar disk is to be found upon many Dacian fragments of pottery discovered during the excavations. The Andesite sun has  this name because it displays the Sun. Many ideas had arisen concerning the nature of the Andesite stone use. In the following lines, we will present few possible uses of this assembly: for a better orientation in space (the sundial, the gnomon, the astrolabe, the compass), for determining the measurement units (decagon, pentagon, golden number), for orientation in a plan (radiuses pointing to the peaks of surrounded Mountains), and for religious ceremonies (the Sun Altar of the God).  There is much evidence for the solar cult of the Getae-Dacians: the Andesite Sun from Sarmizegetusa, with a diameter of 7,1 m, worked out of Andesite plaques and having in the center a disk with a diameter of 1,5 m; the incrusted arrow pointed to the North: this was the altar where the offerings were brought and sacri�ces were made; the missing roof on the Dacian temples, in order to prevent the Sun from being hidden; the arrangement of the pillars and slabs of the rounded sanctuary from Sarmizegetusa, which proves their knowledge about the 365 day calendar and the Sun movement during the year; the use of the sacred �re and the practice of cremation.

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n Argimusco sites, Elmo and Losi are imposing megaliths, menhirs made of granite blocks that lie between the imposing sandstone rocks to mark astronomical calendars from ancestral charm. the stones of the giants were defined, interpreted as a work of Neolithic men of Sicily in ancient times and that's why some have called the site "Italian Stonehenge" equating it to large structures of northern Europe.

The megaliths are located at 1200 m, are of calcareous conglomerates easily subjected to erosion of time and weathering, because of the low hardness of the stone.

In the group there are two main megalithic menhirs, one more slender and slender (about twenty meters high), and a lower and solid (little more than 10 m.). For their shape are designated by industry experts as "sex symbols male and female."

A little further they rise three large massive stone, higher than thirty meters. These seats facing one another, have an anthropomorphic type profile, one male and the other female with hands joined in prayer (commonly known as the Orante).

Another megalite from the distinct and characteristic shape is formed by a group of stones superimposed on the silhouette of eagle with the semi-wings and the head facing south.

If equipped with compass it turns out that both the Eagle is the highest menhir are aligned exactly along the east-west axis. This means that placing with his back towards the male megalith, said "phallic", and watching the eagle you can see the sun rise behind it the day of the Spring and Autumn. Similarly, his back to the rapacious and looking menhir you can see the sun set to the west on the same days. Between the two elements is a low stone in the shape of the saddle, which represent the shadow point of arrival of the menhir at sunset of the equinox. This kind of stone-witness, placed at the center of the circular group of menhirs and megaliths with the faces could represent a point of observation, from which detect other significant astronomical phenomena.

The dating of the megaliths of Montalbano, however, is very difficult, as there is no mention of these "monuments" in any ancient source, and there is at present any findings, as there is still no excavation was made official.

Nearby are the remains of "dolmen" (burial stones) perhaps belonging to a necropolis next to the megaliths, unfortunately dismantled in times past by the shepherds in order to take construction material.

There are also features stone buildings of more recent times though still not well defined, so-called "cubburi". These are small buildings, said shelters, sheds tholos, cube or cuba (terms of Arab origin) diffused in Sicily, in particular in the area of ​​Nebrodi, formerly built in areas designed to pasture and used for the shelter of the shepherds.
imposingimˈpōziNG
Definizioni di impose
aggettivo
grand and impressive in appearance.
an imposing 17th-century manor house
sinonimi: impressive, striking, arresting, eye-catching, impactful, dramatic, spectacular, stunning, awesome, awe-inspiring, formidable, splendid, grand, grandiose, majestic, stately, august
verbo
force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place.
the decision was theirs and was not imposed on them by others
sinonimi: foist, force, inflict, press, urge, saddle someone with, land someone with
take advantage of someone by demanding their attention or commitment.
she realized that she had imposed on Miss Hatherby's kindness
sinonimi: take advantage of, exploit, take liberties with, treat unfairly, bother, trouble, disturb, inconvenience, put out, put to trouble, be a burden on, walk all over
Vedi anche
impose, imposing manner
Traduzioni di imposing
aggettivo
imponente
imposing, massive, grand, stately, towering, awesome
Google Traduttore per il Business:Translator ToolkitTraduttore di siti webStrumento a supporto dell'export

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Machu Picchu in Peru south America is a fascinating example of archaeoastronomy.
Here we can admire:
The Inti Watana stone is one of many ritual stones in South America. These stones are arranged to point directly at the sun during the winter solstice. The name of the stone (perhaps coined by Bingham) derives from Quechua language: inti means "sun", and wata-, "to tie, hitch (up)". The suffix -na derives nouns for tools or places. Hence inti watana is literally an instrument or place to "tie up the sun", often expressed in English as "The Hitching Post of the Sun". The Inca believed the stone held the sun in its place along its annual path in the sky. The stone is situated at 13°9'48" S. At midday on 11 November and 30 January, the sun stands almost exactly above the pillar, casting no shadow. On 21 June, the stone casts the longest shadow on its southern side, and on 21 December a much shorter shadow on its northern side.

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Archaeoastronomy is the study of the astronomical practices, celestial lore, mythologies, religions and world-views of all ancient cultures. In Portugal we have a very interesting megalithic complex called the Almendres Chromelech, near Évora.

It is the largest existing group of structured menhirs in the Iberian Peninsula, and one of the largest in Europe. It is from 6000 b.C (3000 years before Stonehenge). This archaeological site consists of several megalithic structures: cromlechs, and menhir stones, the first belonging to the so-called "megalithic universe of Évora".

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At Sarmizegetusa Regia there is a sundial.

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In the Basilica of St. Mary of the Angels and Martyrs, which is located in Rome, on the floor there is a sundial. All around the sundial there are boxes representing the constellations. The sundial was used as a sundial until 1846 it set the date of Easter with the motions of the sun and moon and the seasons.

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Archaeoastronomy  is the study of how people in the past "have understood the phenomena in the sky, how they used these phenomena and what role the sky played in their cultures

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Archaeoastronomy Archaeoastronomy (also spelled archeoastronomy) is the study of how people in the past "have understood the phenomena in the sky, how they used these phenomena and what role the sky played in their cultures."

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This isn't a monument, but it's important s a very important artifact which can enlighten us with regard to one of the most “magic” aspects of ancient history.
It is an accurate model of a sheep’s liver: handcrafted in bronze, it weighs 635 grammes and measures 126 x 76 x 60 millimetres. On the bottom part, slightly convex, the ligamentum coronarium is depicted; on the top part there are three protuberances which correspond to the same number of anatomical parts (the lobus caudatus represented by the pyramid, the vescica fellea, the cone, and the processus papillaris, the hemisphere). As well as being testimony to the anatomical knowledge of the time, the importance of the artifact lies above all in the numerous inscriptions of divinities’ names. In substance the liver represents a reproduction of the sky according to the Etruscans.  The outside band with 16 boxes mirrors the sectors of the sky, orientated according to the cardinal axis and grouped into four sections, according to the different layers of the universe: sky, water, earth and the underworld. On the other side, convex, on both sides of the nervous system which divides the organ in two lobes, the names of the sun and moon appear.
I  use this when I teach Etruscan people.
N.B. a very interesting trip tthrough the world, thanks everybody

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Momunmenti defying always human knowledge are not there by chance instead. Stohnenge, pyramids, Pantheon and most of the monuments have a relationship not only with the places where they are located but also with the sky above them.

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Momunmenti defying always human knowledge are not there by chance instead. Stohnenge, pyramids, Pantheon and most of the monuments have a relationship not only with the places where they are located but also with the sky above them.

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In Bulgaria there are many megalithic monuments. Many of hypotheses concerns that they are astronomical observatories.

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Entrances of dolmens built six thousand years ago around the largest mountain of Serra da Estrela (Star Mountain) are all facing the place where, on the horizon, the star Aldebaran is born in April, and explain the origin of the name of the highest mountain of Continental Portugal.
I dont exactly know how I would use it to teach a lesson (visit the dolman, make some measurements, build the tools to do it,  learn how and why they work...), but I hope, by the end of the course, I do :)

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I teach Earth science in Palermo and the revolution of the Earth is one of the most difficult topics to understand. Maybe go to Cefalu, it would help…..

The megalithic temple on the Rock of Cefalù, known as the name of the Temple of Diana, has a main entrance direct to the west, through which starts a corridor leading to the rocky cistern characterized by a dolmenic coverage. Excavations, made by Pirro Marconi in the first half of the twentieth century,  allowed to acquire more informations about the age of the temple and the cistern. The first complete archaeoastronomical study of the building, has allowed to find out how the facility would serve as vestibule to the cistern of proto-historic age, and in particular how the megalithic architecture is a real sun temple. The front door of the temple is indeed oriented to the point where the sun sets at the equinoxes.

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AngelaArchaeoastronom studies  how people in the past "have understood the phenomena in the sky, how they used these phenomena and what role the sky played in their cultures In my region (lombardia) in the past there were Celtic people

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AngelaArchaeoastronom studies  how people in the past "have understood the phenomena in the sky, how they used these phenomena and what role the sky played in their cultures In my region (lombardia) in the past there were Celtic people

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In the Celtic culture there was a tendency to concentrate all the knowledge within a restricted class of persons, the Druids, who transmitted orally a great number of mnemonic rules to their scholars over many years of training.

http://www.brera.mi.astro.it/~gaspani/celtcab.txt

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They  are not sure what they were used for. One theory is that they’re a sun-calendar similar to Stonehenge. Here one can use them to talk about the movement of the sun, and revere to the seasons.

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Solar disc, andesite represents the sun and looks urano-solar character of the Geto-Dacian religion. Sarmizegetusa Regia was an important temple for them, and they studied the moves of the Sun. Can I speak to students about the movement of the sun and how it was used the solar disc, combining astronomy with history.
(Sarmizegetusa, Hunedoara, Romania)

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I visited some astronomical observatories - Stonehenge (England); The snail in Chichen Itza (Mexico) and Almendres Cromlech (Portugal).

In Portugal, there is a megalithic monument (near Évora) - the Almendres Cromlech . The menir indicates the sunrise on the summer solstice  (the greatest day of the year).

Almendres Cromeleque is the largest Neolithic plant in the Iberian Peninsula, with 92 partially worked menhirs forming circles and alignments related to astronomical ephemeris. (geographical coordinates: 38 ° 08 ° 33.45291'N 03.67664'W).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almendres_Cromlech

http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Europe/Portugal/South/Evora/Guadalupe/photo776971.htm

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Daniela Lazzaroni Italy
This is a picture of the Rocks  of Argimusco in Montalbano Elicona near Messina in Sicily. It is considered the Sicilian Stonehenge formed by mysterious megaliths used   to perform sacred and spiritual rituals, and especially as a space for astronomical observations.

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The antique GREECE

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Antikythera mechanism is not only a navigational instrument but the first computer we know. We can use the mechanism to different subject such as history , astronomy, geography. For example  in a lesson about eclipses (moon,sun)  we introduce the machanism to our students as the first machine which could predict eclipses

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I usually  use the  telescope as an example of how important this instrument was to the advancement of astronomy.

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I templi di Pompei erano allineati con le stelle?

Una indagine dei templi delle rovine di Pompei ha mostrato come molti di questi edifici sacri siano stati costruiti in modo da essere allineati al sorgere di determinate stelle o con la posizione di Sole o Luna in giorni di particolare rilevanza, in maniera piuttosto inusuale per una città dell'Antica Roma.

Infatti, essa ha rivelato che su 11 templi  pompeiani, almeno 9 di questi siano stati costruiti per essere allineati con il sorgere di determinate stelle o con la posizione di Sole o Luna in  giorni di particolare rilevanza. L’orientamento di questo tipo negli edifici religiosi è piuttosto inusuale nelle usanze romane.

La ricerca sui templi è stata condotta da Vance Tiede, dell’agenzia di ricerca Astro-Archaeology Surveys di Guilford, Connecticutis, e si è basata su modelli digitali di elevazione combinati con immagini satellitari, rilievi a terra e mappe delle passate posizioni delle stelle. Tiede ha presentato il proprio lavoro la scorsa settimana in una riunione dell’American Astronomical Society a National Harbor, in Maryland.

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In the South of Italy there is one of the most important and enigmatic example of archeoastronomy building: Castel del Monte. It was built by Federico II probably for astronomical studies. Infact it is an octagon shape that is used in the buidings with cosmic relevance. Recently it has been on of the locations of the cinema movie " The tale of tales".

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I live in the North of Italy,  not very far from Milan so I think I could show my students the magnificence of the Duomo as a good example of archaeostronomy

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As I teach history and physics, I use the ancient knowledge about astronomy the show the kids, that people weren't as naive and uninformed, as they often believe them to be. It's great to get them involved in starting to think about people being curious through all ages.

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Earth's annual orbit is The Master Clock because the common yardstick of our lives is the year. Years are divided by the seasons just as calendars are segmented by months. Mechanical and digital timepieces measure intervals that split into hours, minutes and seconds each spin of our planet on its axis. Yet, it is the earth's regular, rhythmic loop around the sun that standardizes our timeframe of reference, regardless of geographic distances separating us from our acquaintances or generational distances separating us from our ancestors.

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Previous years I have visited with my class museum that the Antikythera Mechanism occurs. This is a very attractive exhibit for students, who always want to do more research. They study the mechanism in groups and create presentations. Who and how to built such astrological knowledge and manufacturing precision that time remains a mystery and is attracting the interest of the students.

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Στιγμιότυπο οθόνης (202)

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The first time I’ve heard this word, I thought that is Pseudo-Science but I can understand it is not like that anymore. It is more multidisciplinary field. In my country there is an important location is called “Göbeklitepe”. Göbeklitepe temple is important because there is one of the most interesting archaeological sites of recent years. The discovery of the temple that appeared to have begun to be built in the years of 9600, it has been proved that religion is not after the settled life , but also before.

The archaeoastronomists think that the symbols below the reliefs that resemble the letters H and I found on one of the stitched stones that make up the Göbeklitepe are the symbols of the Sun and Moon. In these figures, Moon is depicted as a crescent and the Sun is depicted as a hollow in the center

The archeoastronomists working on the temple are discussing various theories that are similar to the constellation of Orion (Avcı) and similar astronomical evidence, since the number of the temple stones is 12, similar to H.

One of the theories on the agenda is that the Göbeklitepe temples may have been built to celebrate the birth of the Sirius star, which is "heralded by the winter months". Looking at this evidence, perhaps the Göbeklitepe temples were the first religious temple and an observatory ... The answers to these questions will be found in the developments in the field of archeoastronomy.

Other important location is the summit of Mount Nemrut in Adiyaman province, the moon and star figures on the relief of the lion from the remnants of the Commagene Kingdom, which had existed 2,000 years ago, draw attention and this remains is referred to as the "lion's horoscope".

The lion's horoscope has a crescent relief on its neck and many star reliefs on its body. In these reliefs, unlike the stars expressed in 8 beams, there are three great shapes with 16 beams, and these are determined by arkeoastronomes, which are planets of "Jupiter, Mercury and Mars", which can be seen with their naked eye and their movements can be watched easily. Again with modern astronomy techniques, the moon and the angles that these three planets made with each other are taken into consideration, and the most suitable date is calculated to match this sequence of sky is BC July 17.

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Gobeklitepe - The World's First Temple Trailer

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First of all I have learnt a new word for me - cromlech - and they are in Poland, too. However, they are considered not to be connected with astronomy. Many people involved in research in these places were not well qualified and distroyed a lot of evidence. But in 1915 Paul Stephen suggested they might have been prehistorical clocks. So my English lesson would be about calendar, seasons and time - of course I would use information about Odry Circles to inspire my students. For older students it may be a text about it.
Just an example.

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Augusta Praetoria Salassorum, modern Aosta, was founded around 25 BC to celebrate the victory of Augustus army on the Salassi. Aosta is a city of the founder under many respects; for instance, one of the two twin temples of the forum was devoted to Augustus, and a huge triumphal arc to the ruler still welcomes the town visitors. Recently, a sculpted block has been uncovered, still in its original position, on a corner of one of the town towers. The block carries reliefs, such as a plough and a spade, which are clearly related to the town foundation ritual. As a consequence, we carried out an archaeoastronomical analysis of the original urban plan taking into account the complex natural horizon of the Alps in which Aosta valley is nested. The results show that the town was very likely oriented in such a way as to pinpoint Augustus associations with the cosmic signs of renewal: the winter solstice and the Capricorn.

From “Under Augustus sign: the role of Astronomy in the foundation of Augusta Praetoria Salassorum” by Stella Vittoria Bertarione e Giulio Magli

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64km from my home is Stonehenge. In 2011 a multi-discipline team discovered evidence of two huge pits positioned on celestial alignment at Stonehenge. This has led to speculations that these pits may have "contained tall stones, wooden posts or even fires to mark its rising and setting and could have defined a processional route used by agriculturalists to celebrate the passage of the sun across the sky at the summer solstice. " (see article link below). This was only possible with a vast array of equipment hardware and software like 3D scanners, virtual reality simulators, visualisation and imaging tools, and laboratories dedicated to archaeological visualisation including prehistoric landscapes.

I like to gather images of equipment and screens (in the case of software) and then get students to find out what these technologies do, what else they could be used for and what they would do if they could play with the kit. The really interesting follow up is the ‘if only we had technology to ….’ So the learners come up with ideas for technologies of the future that are tools of discovery.

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Archaeologists led by the University of Birmingham with the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection have discovered evidence of two huge pits positioned on celestial alignment at Stonehenge. Shedding new light on the significant association of the monument with the sun, these pits may have contained tall stones, wooden posts or even fires to mark its rising and setting and could have defined a processional route used by agriculturalists to celebrate the passage of the sun across the sky at the summer solstice.

Positioned within the Cursus pathway, the pits are on alignment towards midsummer sunrise and sunset when viewed from the Heel Stone, the enigmatic stone standing just outside the entrance to Stonehenge. For the first time, this discovery may directly link the rituals and celestial phenomena at Stonehenge to activities within the Cursus.

The international archaeological survey team, led by the University of Birmingham's IBM Visual and Spatial Technology Centre (VISTA), with the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology in Vienna (LBI ArchPro) have also discovered a previously unknown gap in the middle of the northern side of the Cursus, which may have provided the main entrance and exit point for processions that took place within the pathway. Stretching from west to east, the Cursus is an immense linear enclosure, 100 metres wide and two and a half kilometres across, north of Stonehenge.

Professor Vince Gaffney, archaeologist and project leader from the IBM Visual and Spatial Technology Centre at the University of Birmingham, explains:
"This is the first time we have seen anything quite like this at Stonehenge and it provides a more sophisticated insight into how rituals may have taken place within the Cursus and the wider landscape. These exciting finds indicate that even though Stonehenge was ultimately the most important monument in the landscape, it may at times not have been the only, or most important, ritual focus and the area of Stonehenge may have become significant as a sacred site at a much earlier date. "Other activities were carried out at other ceremonial sites only a short distance away. The results from this new survey help us to appreciate just how complex these activities were and how intimate these societies were with the natural world. The perimeter of the Cursus may well have defined a route guiding ceremonial processions which took place on the longest day of the year."
Archaeologists have understood for a long time that Stonehenge was designed to mark astronomical events, built by farming societies whose everyday concerns with growing crops linked their daily lives to the passage of the seasons and in particular the sun, on which their livelihoods depended. This new evidence raises exciting questions about how complex rituals within the Stonehenge landscape were conducted and how processions along or around the Cursus were organised at the time Stonehenge was in use.

Professor Gaffney adds:
"It now seems likely that other ceremonial monuments in the surrounding landscape were directly articulated with rituals at Stonehenge. It is possible that processions within the Cursus moved from the eastern pit at sunrise, continuing eastwards along the Cursus and, following the path of the sun overhead, and perhaps back to the west, reaching the western pit at sunset to mark the longest day of the year. Observers of the ceremony would have been positioned at the Heel Stone, of which the two pits are aligned."
Dr Henry Chapman, Senior Lecturer in Archaeology and Visualisation observes:
"If you measure the walking distance between the two pits, the procession would reach exactly half-way at midday, when the sun would be directly on top of Stonehenge. This is more than just a coincidence, indicating that the exact length of the Cursus and the positioning of the pits are of significance."
Stonehenge, while certainly the most important monument in the later Neolithic and Bronze Age landscape, was surrounded by a dense concentration of other sacred sites, some of which were already ancient when Stonehenge itself was built. The team has also revealed a new horseshoe arrangement of large pits north-east of Stonehenge which may have also contained posts and, together with the henge-like monument discovered last year and a number of other small monuments, may have functioned as minor shrines, perhaps serving specific communities visiting the ceremonial centre.

Paul Garwood, Lecturer in Prehistory at the University of Birmingham, comments:
"Our knowledge of the ancient landscapes that once existed around Stonehenge is growing dramatically as we examine the new geophysical survey results. We can see in rich detail not only new monuments, but entire landscapes of past human activity, over thousands of years, preserved in sub-surface features such as pits and ditches. This project is establishing a completely new framework for studying the Stonehenge landscape."
These new discoveries have come to light as part of the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project, which began in summer 2010 as the world's biggest-ever virtual excavation using the latest geophysical imaging techniques to reveal and visually recreate the extraordinary prehistoric landscape surrounding Stonehenge.

Professor Wolfgang Neubauer, Director of the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute, adds:
"The LBI provides the best academics, technicians and young researchers in a team of 20 people and uses multiple systems designed for use on projects where the scale of work was previously unachievable. The use of non-invasive technologies provides information for virtual archaeologies that can be disseminated to the public via the web, iPad or mobile phone."
Dr Christopher Gaffney, lecturer in Archaeological Geophysics at the University of Bradford, concludes:
"Building on our work from last year we have added even more techniques and instruments to study this remarkable landscape. It is clear that one technique is not adequate to study the complexity of the monuments and landscape surrounding our most important archaeological monument and the battery of techniques used here has significantly increased the certainty of our interpretation."
Professor Vince Gaffney explains further in his podflash (MP3 - 10MB).

Notes to editors

1. The new discoveries were made as part of the Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes Project, a study which is using multiple geophysical imaging techniques to visually recreate the iconic prehistoric monument and its surroundings. To do this it has brought together the most sophisticated geophysics team ever to be engaged in a single archaeological project in Britain, working alongside specialists in British prehistory and landscape archaeology.

2. The project is led by the University of Birmingham's IBM Visual and Spatial Technology Centre (VISTA) (http://www.vista.bham.ac.uk/iaa_VISTA_SPLASH.htm) and the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology in Vienna. British partners are Birmingham, the Division of Archaeological, Geographical and Environmental Sciences at the University of Bradford, and the Department of Earth Science at the University of St Andrews. European partners include Austria, Germany, Norway and Sweden.

3. The project is supported by the landowner, the National Trust, and assisted by English Heritage.

4. The IBM Visual and Spatial Technology Centre (VISTA) is a division of the Institute for Archaeology and Antiquity at the University of Birmingham. VISTA supports academic research and application development for spatial analysis, visualisation and imaging using state-of-the-art technology in one of the best-equipped archaeological visualisation laboratories in Europe. VISTA is involved in projects across the world and staff use the unparalleled opportunities provided for VISTA for research, postgraduate and professional training in archaeology, the humanities and associated sciences. Its director is Professor Vince Gaffney.

5. The Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology (www.archpro.lbg.ac.at) is a research institute of the Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft (www.lbg.ac.at) and was founded in 2010. The institute carries out its research activities together with several international partner organisations and aims to create a network of archaeological scientists supporting interdisciplinary research programmes for the development of large scale, efficient, non-invasive technologies for the discovery, documentation, visualisation and interpretation of Europe's archaeological heritage. The lead partners of the institute based in Vienna, are the University of Vienna (A), the Vienna University of Technology (A), the Austrian Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (A), the Province of Lower Austria (A), Airborne Technologies (A), RGZM-Roman-Germanic Central Museum Mainz (D), RAÄ-Swedish National Heritage Board (S); IBM VISTA-University of Birmingham (GB) and NIKU-Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research (N). Its director is Professor Wolfgang Neubauer.

6. The Division of Archaeological, Geographical and Environmental Sciences at the University of Bradford uniquely integrates archaeological sciences, geography, environmental sciences, biological anthropology and forensic sciences in a single profoundly multidisciplinary department bridging the sciences and humanities.
For more information
Please contact Amy Cory, University of Birmingham Press Office, tel: 0121 414 6029 / 07789 921163 / 07789 921164 or a.cory@bham.ac.uk.

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Discoveries provide evidence of a celestial procession at Stonehenge

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Archaeologists led by the University of Birmingham with the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection have discovered evidence of two huge pits positioned on celestial alignment at Stonehenge.

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menhir di monte Caprione: si tratta di megaliti situati sul monte Caprione, un promontorio tra Lerici ed Ameglia, in provincia della Spezia.
Secondo alcuni studiosi tali installazioni fanno parte di un sito archeoastronomico, di cui il più interessante e spettacolare aspetto è senz'altro la "farfalla di luce". Si tratta di un fenomeno che avviene nel giorno del solstizio d'estate ma può essere visibile anche nei giorni immediatamente precedenti e successivi. In quel momento il sole al tramonto passa attraverso uno spiraglio creato da una formazione megalitica denominata "Quadrilithon", detto anche "Quadrilite di San Lorenzo", e va a proiettare su un menhir, di forma fallica, un fascio di luce che assume la forma di farfalla.

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In the mid-tenth century, Saint Rudesind ordered to built a small chapel dedicated to St. Michael the Archangel, beside the Monastery of San Salvador de Celanova (Ourense, in Galicia, NW of Spain).

Both its small dimensions (just 8.5 m long, 3.85 wide and 6 high) and its architectural style mozarabic make it a singular work within the pre-Romanesque in the north of the Iberian Peninsula.

Its orientation is such that it captures the light of the rising sun at the equinoxes of spring and autumn.

It brings us an excellent opportunity to work combining Mathematics, History and Art about calendars and its construction. During the Renaissance many tables were compiled to calculate the date of Easter, some of them depending on the golden number, which is as well amazingly present in the proportions of this chapel.

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Archaeoastronomy in Roman Imperial villas:
Villa Jovi
s in Capri (Naples).

Visiting
Villa Jovis
in June of 2012 one of the authors of this article was impressed by the unusual
oblique disposition of rooms, A and B, in the so-called Hemicycle, and by the triangular shape of two other
small rooms nearby, C and D, located on both sides of a wide central corridor E (
ﬁg. 2
). At the end of the visit
by chance she wondered if the building was astronomically oriented and had an immediate conﬁrmation
from the plan on a poster in the site: a perfect East-West orientation, towards the Equinox Later on, studying the documentation on the Villa, the hypothesis of an astronomical orientation was
immediately supported by historical information about Tiberius and his passion for astronomy, reported by
Tacitus and Suetonius.

In particular, Tacitus wrote how Tiberius while living in Rhodes became fond of astronomy and
astrology, and cruelly enjoyed in testing the predictions of astronomers/astrologers, whom he considered
charlatans. Only the astronomer Thrasyllus passed unscathed the critical examination of the Emperor

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Archaeoastronomy in Roman Imperial villas: Villa Jovis in Capri (Naples)

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Archaeoastronomy in Roman Imperial villas: Villa Jovis in Capri (Naples)

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Santa Maria Novella in Florence. It's an example of a big astronomical observatory. There are two gnomonic holes made in1575 by Egnazio Danti.

Inside the church seep two beams of light flying on the floor, where once there were marbles indicating equinoxes and the winter solstice.Danti wanted to measure the exact duration of the year compared to two particular astronomical events: the spring equinox and the winter solstice.The teaching approach would be focused on the studies and geometrical measurements

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It's a project that aims to develop an interpretative approach to the

cosmological and astronomic foundations of the architecture of Neolithic and

Chalcolithic enclosures of South Portugal. This approach was, for the first time in Portugal, developed in the complex of

enclosures of Perdigões (Valera, 2008a), and we intent to extend it to a set of new

enclosures that have been recently discovered, in order to test and validate this

interpretative proposals.

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We have the Nebra Sky Disk in our museum and I would include that in a a lesson.

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Roberta, Italy.

The archaeological site "Su Nuraxi" (Sardinian term for "The Nuraghe") lies at the foot of the Parco della Giara, near Barumini. Nuraghes are the main type of megalithic edifice found in Sardinia, and the use of these beehive-like buildings still remains unknown. Most archaeologists assume they were used as religious temples, meeting halls, or military strongholds.

Built somewhere around the twelfth century BC, Su Nuraxi is located along the road that leads from Barumini to Tuili. It was declared World Heritage by UNESCO (http://whc.unesco.org/) in 1997, and it is certainly the most important monument of the old civilization in Sardinia.

The importance of the Nuraghe of Barumini, which stands on a small plateau at a level of about 230 metres, is shown by its complexity. Su Nuraxi has an excellent state of preservation, especially the proximity of the huge fortress, which consists of several towers. A central tower is surrounded by a rampart with four towers, which in turn are surrounded by seven towers in a hexagonal.

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There are other site that are part of the Newgrange complex that are equally interesting to the Archeoastronomer: Knowth and Dowth.

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Alatri's Acropolis has a star-shaped plant, a very rare example, not detectable in Greek, Etruscan and Roman civilization.  Its Acropolis is the mirror of the constellation of Gemini. It would be interesting to show to my class its features linked to archaeoastronomy and difficulties linked to any attempt to attribute the age to this site.

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There is evidence that the Minoans constructed an observatory on the mountains of Crete, in about the same place where the new observatory is located. There is also evidence that in the Knossos palace the entrance of some important rooms whose entrance and roof-box capture sunrise on December solstice. These results have been presented in international cretological conferences.

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We have  near the sea in Lithuania Birute Hill. We know, that people lived here a long time ago is proven by discoveries of ceramics on the hill dating back to the first millennium. Settlement complex of Curonians usually consisted of a castle, one or more settlements and an oblation table. A castle and oblation table on the Birute Hill date back to 9th – 13th centuries, a village was established at the foot of the hill. At the end of 14th century – the beginning of 15th century a defensive wall was built on the hill which was probably burnt during fights with Crusaders. Later, a pagan sanctuary with paleoastronomy observatory was set up here. This sanctuary is linked with the name of the priestess Birutė, the wife of Duke Kęstutis and the mother of Vytautas. Stories tell that she lived here and kept the holy fire burning and was buried here after her death.
http://www.palangatic.lt/en/sightseeing-places/birute-s-hill/
http://www.pgm.lt/Istorija/Zulkaus_palangiskiai_pagonys.htm

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Jeane de Fatima, Rio de Janeiro - Brazil 

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Jeane de Fatima, Rio de Janeiro - Brazil 

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Rock paintings found in the Serra do Capivara National Park.
The Serra da Capivara National Park (Parna) was created through Decree No. 83,548 of June 5, 1979, with an area of 100,000 hectares. The protection of the Park was expanded by Decree No. 99,143 of March 12, 1990, with the creation of adjacent Permanent Preservation Areas with a total of 35,000 hectares. Located in the northeastern semi-arid, border between two geological formations, with mountains, valleys and plain, the park houses specific fauna and flora of the Caatinga.
Due to its historical and cultural value, the National Park of Serra da Capivara was declared by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) in 1991, World Cultural Heritage.
http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/visitacao1/unidades-abertas-a-visitacao/199-parque-nacional-da-serra-da-capivara

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Pinturas Rupestres no Parque Nacional da Serra da Capivara, Brasil

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Here in central Italy, in the Sibillini Mountains, there are 7 places where 7 churches related to Virgon Mary have been built. Their positions form the Virgo constellation. So they are thought to be on very ancients temples from an old culture.
It is an interesting way to link astronomy, geography and pre-roman history...

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Our ancestors used the astronomy for example in agriculture:
Archaeoastronomy's goal is to understand how skywatchers of the past fashioned and refined systems for regulating their primitive calendars and for memorializing celestial events, both cyclical and unique.
Resource:
http://www.archaeoastronomy.com/

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In Portugal we have the megalithic complex in the city of Évora: Almendres Cromlech.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almendres_Cromlech

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"Archaeoastronomy (also spelled archeoastronomy) is the study of how people in the past "have understood the phenomena in the sky, how they used these phenomena and what role the sky played in their cultures".
The easiest way to implement it in my subject, is making a comparison between the ancient Gemans and ancient Greecs and how they used these phenomena they observed in the sky.

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In his short history of 'Astro-archaeology' John Michell argued that the status of research into ancient astronomy had improved over the past two centuries, going 'from lunacy to heresy to interesting notion and finally to the gates of orthodoxy.'

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Also where I live  I can find a good  place for Archaestronomy..
Naquane Park in Vallecamonica, Lombardy
http://www.laricarica.net/public/Image/POSTO/SPIRITO%20DELLA%20LUCE/IMAGE0002(1).jpg

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The nearst site (but not very near) from the city where I teach is 'Cromeleque dos Almendres, near Évora.
English information: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almendres_Cromlech
Portuguese information: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromeleque_dos_Almendres

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I live in Acri, in Calabria. Many scholars think that Acri is the ancient Pandosia. Here, in fact, there are archaeological sites (in Colle Dogna, in Policaretto, in Gastia and Mucone River) dating back to the megalithic culture. They found a lot of smooth stones and a graffiti depicting a giant. The excavations are still ongoing ...

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If you like the famous and mysterious site of Stonehenge, you should come and visit this little town in south Italy, where, only in 2002, people have found a megalithic structure which goes back to prehistory. No one still knows anything about it, but for sure it was built longer before the Greek arrived and colonized the shores of Calabria, giving life to the incredible civilization that was  Magna Graecia. Scientists think that it was built for astronomical and religious reasons (as for the quite similar monument sited in the south of England). It is the only archeological site with megalith discovered in Italy.

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I live in Mantua (Italy) and here we have a good example of archaeoastronomy: the astronomical clock on the Clock Tower of Palazzo della Ragione. Moreover, next to it we can see a sundial. Since I teach English, I could support the Science teacher and connect her lessons on archaeoastronomy by connecting the sundial and the astronomical clock to some other examples of archaeoastronomy (such as, for example, Stonehenge) present in England.

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An example of archaeoastronomy in Italy is the sundial line on the color of the gothic Duomo in Milan. Near the main entrance doors three is a sundial line traced on the marble floor. On the summer and winter solstice, a ray of sunlight enters form a hole in the opposite wall and strokes the sundial line in a extremely precise way. Teaching in a small city near Milan, I could take my pupils to the Duomo for a visit and show them the sundial as a part of the cattedrale.

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Sardinian holy well  According to some scholars, holy wells were built following a particular astronomical orientation. According to this hypothesis, the moon in its maximum declination (every 18 years) reflect herself exactly into the well through the hole in Tholos. Following this theory, through access to the source stairways, the sun would be reflected also in certain sacred wells, during the spring and autumn equinoxes, while in others, however, during the summer and winter solstices

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Sardinian holy well  According to some scholars, holy wells were built following a particular astronomical orientation. According to this hypothesis, the moon in its maximum declination (every 18 years) reflect herself exactly into the well through the hole in Tholos. Following this theory, through access to the source stairways, the sun would be reflected also in certain sacred wells, during the spring and autumn equinoxes, while in others, however, during the summer and winter solstices

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Stonehenge: a clear exemple of archaeoastronomy 

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Stonehenge: a clear exemple of archaeoastronomy 

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Stonehenge, England – Perhaps the greatest example of archaeoastronomy ever discovered, Stonehenge is one of the most famous structures and yet it is still a mystery as to who built it and why. The ancient peoples used the megalithic structure like a giant calendar to predict the solstices (the summer solstice is the longest day and the winter solstice is the shortest day), equinoxes (occur both in the spring and fall, they are the days in which night and day are the same length), half-quarter days (there are four in total taking place between the solstices and equinoxes), and various lunar movements. It is possible that there are more astronomical alignments built into Stonehenge that we have yet to discover as we are still far from knowing everything about this iconic structure.

http://geniusofancientman.blogspot.it/2013/07/archaeoastronomy.html

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In late MiddleAge it had been the centre of Padua, the place where administrative, ecomonic and juditial powers were managed in. Outside there are two marking times, inside there is a complex cycle of affrescos representing the symbols of justice, arts and crafts, constellations and zodiac signs.
All around the building there are three huge squares: piazza dei Signori, piazza delle Erbe e piazza della Frutta. On the ground floor  there were and there are grocers'. In a single, even if large, place there were all the activities which make possible to a "città-stato" to exist and be powerful. All the citizens were aware of the symbolic meaning of the pictures in the affrescos. They knew about stars, sky, travels and so on ( better than us, so many years after).

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The Pyramids of Giza, Egypt – The three Pyramids of Giza are among the most famous structures in history. They are said to be aligned with the constellation Orion and have internal shafts that point to various celestial bodies. This has led some to believe that they may have been astronomical observatories, however this is not confirmed and their purpose yet remains a mystery

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Heratosthenes (296-195 B.C.) calculated the circumference of the earth, and also described and mapped the entire world known, even divinding it into five zones according to climate. Heratosthenes' map makes use of a grid of overlapping lines over the surface of earth in order to measure distance between two points. Heratosthene's map can be used in Geography-History in order to show the birth of the geographical coordination system

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I live near Rome and it is interesting that some studies has connected the Pantheon with archeoastronomy. It seems that the hole (oculus) in the dome let the sun beams enter the structure such a sundial.
Infact on the 21st of April (the so called "birth of Rome day) the sun entered from the oculus enlightening the entrance of the temple and outside portico.

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Measuring the Size of the Earth

Lunar eclipses allowed for another key understanding about our home here on Earth. In 3rd Century B.C., Aristarchus of Samos reasoned he could figure out the size of the Earth based on information available during a lunar eclipse. The diagram at the bottom illustrates a translation of his work. The large circle is the sun, the medium circle is the Earth and the smallest circle is the moon. When the Earth is in-between the sun and the moon it causes a lunar eclipse and measuring the size of the Earth's shadow on the moon provided part of the information he needed to calculate its size.

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Monte Arabí (Murcia, Spain) "Cueva del Mediodía" wich at the moment when it is completely covered with shade indicates that it is solar noon. In fact, the locals go through the shade of this cave to return to their homes to eat a morning of work in the field. It is oriented to the East.

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As someone who doesn't live in the country of their birth, this was actually a difficult task for me. I have only lived in Sweden 6 years so have limited knowledge. But I did a quick search and found out about Ale's Stones. All I know is the information on Wiki at the moment so I am off to go find out more :)

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Ale's Stones ( Swedish: Ales stenar ) is a megalithic monument in Scania in southern Sweden. It is a stone ship, oval in outline, with the stones at each end markedly larger than the rest. It is 67 m (220 ft) long formed by 59 large boulders, weighing up to 1.8 tonnes each.

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The Mithraeum of Felicissimus at Ostia

The Roman cult of Mithras appears in the late 1st century A.D. and disappears in the 4th century. Since no ancient source preserves the mythology of Mythras, the cult of the god is only known from reliefs and sculptures.

The unique grade system of Mithras’ Mysteries had seven tutelary deities for each of the seven grades. The Mithraeum of Felicissimus at Ostia is famous for its striking mosaic pavement, which has contributed significantly to our knowledge of the Mithraic grades of initiation. The seven panels contain symbols of the Mithraic initiatory grades: (1) Raven (Corax); (2) Bridegroom (Nymphus);(3) Soldier (Miles); (4) Lion (Leo); (5) Persian (Perses); (6) Runner of the Sun (Heliodromus); (7) Father (Pater). As shows this mosaic pavement, the gods for each rank were the seven planetary deities which are found presiding over the days of the week, thought not in the same order. The symbols of the grades are juxtaposed with symbols of the tutelary planets in a sequence of squares extending ladder-like up the aisle.

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Looking for a building or a site in Milan I find that there’s a sundial in Milan’s Duomo.

Near the main entrance there’s a sundial on the floor. A ray of sunlight from a hole on the opposite wall strikes the clock, shining the bronze tongue on June 21, the summer solstice, and the meridian on the winter solstice, December 21. Though ancient (it was placed in Milan Duomo in 1768 by astronomers from the Accademia di Brera) the sundial is surprisingly precise – even used to regulate clocks throughout the city!
I could visit the Cathedral with my students and I could start telling them to think some hypotesys about the uses of that object .  Then I could help them to  discover what is and what was built for.

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CALENDAR ORION
( 2900th to 2400th BC)

http://www.ancient-origins.net/artifacts-other-artifacts/oldest-known-calendar-europe-based-orion-constellation-006296

Vučedol culture existed at the time of the Sumerian period in Mesopotamia, the Old Kingdom of Egypt (the Age of the Pyramids) and wounds three (I and II. Period). The full range of ornaments on Vučedol vessels is based on the Sun and astral symbolism and Venus and Mars.

Engraved decoration on the vessel which was found in Vučedol layer in Vinkovci and whose emergence is dated before 2600 BC shows the most complete European (Indo-European) calendar based on astral symbolism with the relevant constellations for all four seasons. The calendar was created at the same time as the Sumerian and Egyptian calendars, but in no case does not present their rebuttal because it is based on sjevernijoj, the 45th parallel. Climatic conditions that correspond to the latitude result in four seasons.

Determination of the seasons can best be understood on the basis of the position and attitude of certain of symbols that denote significant constellation of individual parts of the year.

Compared to the Sumerian-Babylonian, Egyptian, Chinese, Indian and other ancient calendars, constellations can be clearly defined, and the zones or belts that some vessels are divided, indicate the specific year period. Constellations that symbolize the different seasons are shown at the time of dusk and the first features of the evening sky (Orion, the Pleiades, Gemini, Pisces / Pegasus, Cassiopeia, Cygnus). Of course, the usual symbolism of the Sun (without any depiction of the Moon) shows the complete absence of lunar symbolism, which is Indo-European feature.

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Sant Bevignate's churchI, it is a templares' Church built in XIII century. The light draw planimetrie.

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Maria Grazia Prestigiacomo Image of Palermo Cathedral

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Maria Grazia Prestigiacomo Image of Palermo Cathedral

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Image
of Palermo Cathedral

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The construction of a sundial by students is a good method to measure time and to understand  the changing seasons respect to the sun position. In South of Italy, a lot of old buildings have a sundial on the front.

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Palermo Cathedral
Palermo cathedral is dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary and  it is characterized by the presence of different styles, due to a long history of additions, alterations and restorations, the last of which occurred in the 18th century.
The Cathedral has a meridian, which may be considered as an earlier type of heliometer (solar "observatory"), built in 1801 by the famous astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi, the director of the Observatory of Palermo who discovered the first minor planet or asteroid, Ceres. The device itself is quite simple: a tiny hole in one of the minor domes acts as pinhole camera, projecting an image of the sun onto the floor . There is a bronze line, la meridianaon the floor, running precisely N/S. At solar noon (circa 12:00 in winter, 13:00 in summer), the sun image passes through this line. At different times of the year the passage occurs at different point of the line. The ends of the line mark the positions at the summer and winter solstices; signs of the zodiac show various dates throughout the year.
The purpose of the instrument was to standardise the measurement of time and the calendar. The convention in Sicily had been that the (24-hour) day was measured from the moment of sun-rise, which of course meant that no two locations had the same time and, more importantly, did not have the same time as in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. It was also important to know when the Vernal Equinox occurred, to provide the correct date for Easter.

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From the ruins of Hercolaneum and Pompeii they have surfaced many sundials. The sundial was an instrument that the Romans used to measure  time, by detecting the position of the sun.

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We have a well-known symbol, an important prove of archaeoastronomy in our country and that's Sarmizegetusa Regia. This archaeological complex was the capital of the Dacia. The main structures are the solar disk and the andesite sanctuaries. I could use this theme in  a lesson where the students learn about our history and  I could intertwine this with the astronomy reference.

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Sarmizegetusa Regia. This place is located in the Carpathian Mountains. The Dacians used the construction as a calendar, which was proved to be almost as accurate as the modern calendars.
I would use this example to teach a topic about ancient people and the innovations they brought.

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In South/West of Sicilia at Agrigento there is Teatro della Concordia. It aligned in the direction east-west  to rise of the sun during Spring’s Equinox. We can use the archeoastronomy  in: history, science, geography.

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The meridian line inside the Basilica of San Petronio in Bologna: it is 66.8 meters long and it determines the length of the solar year

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Sundial and Analemma in Modica, S. Giorgio Church:The hole in the church roof where the Sun rays passed through shaping the position of the Sun during the month of the year, analemma, and the time hour of the day.

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The Philippines with its different ethnic tribes is teeming with a lot of information on archaeoastronomy.  A book by historian Dante Ambrosio details how different ethnic tribes used the stars for agriculture.  The Philippines has its own names for asterisms like Orion's belt (Balatik) or constellations like Pleiades (Moroporo), both of which indicates that it is time for kaingin or the ancient way of agriculture through slashing and burning of mountain sides.  This is an exciting field that should be revisited by the Philippines and used to introduce space science to the students.

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In Mexico we have a lot of nice pyramids that are studied by archeoastronomers, maybe because of their names, like the Sun Pyramid or the Moon one. One of the most important buildings was done by the Mayans: the Snail also called the Observatory, at Yucatan. They used it to study the movements of stars and planets.
Mayans also where good mathematicians (apparently they were the first to introduce the number zero) and had a numerical system, therefore I think this will be a lesson for Math but also for History.

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Roman architect Vetruvius wrote “One who professes himself as an architect should b acquainted with astronomy and the theory of the heavens. From astronomy we find the east, west, south, and north, as well as the theory of the heavens, the Equinox, Solstice and courses of the Stars.” Vance Tiede, a archaeoastronomer, argues that at least 9 temples located in the ruins of Pompeii have been built with a precise orientation regulated by the rise of the stars that were connected to the worship of the deity to whom the temple was dedicated.
Attached the photo of sundial outside the Apollo's temple in Pompeii

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Roman architect Vetruvius wrote “One who professes himself as an architect should b acquainted with astronomy and the theory of the heavens. From astronomy we find the east, west, south, and north, as well as the theory of the heavens, the Equinox, Solstice and courses of the Stars.” Vance Tiede, a archaeoastronomer, argues that at least 9 temples located in the ruins of Pompeii have been built with a precise orientation regulated by the rise of the stars that were connected to the worship of the deity to whom the temple was dedicated.
Attached the photo of sundial outside the Apollo's temple in Pompeii

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Ireland has a few examples of archaeoastronomy besides the world famous Newgrange Neolithic tomb. Drombeg stone circle which would be about an hours drive from our school is another example where the stones have been erected to complement the sun setting during the mid winter solstice. This can show students how the ancient ancestors were able to use the position of the setting sun on the horizon to mark a certain time in the year and in a sense create something of a calendar.

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SUNDIALS

In Italy, as well as in many other world countries there are a lot of sundials.
We can use this example of archeoastronomy

-          in history to introduce students to ancient cultures and societies and different strategies people applied in the past to measure time, in order to organise daily activities and jobs.

-          In science to introduce students to earth’s motions

-          In math to introduce students to angles and measure’s system.

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In my country, near my village, there is this observatory. The observation station of Cima Ekar, located in Asiago, is an astronomical observatory owned INAF, Osservatorio di Padova and managed with the largest optical instrument present on Italian soil (Copernicus 182 cm.)
Led by an astronomer, it can 'access is done in the workshop where the aluminizing of the mirrors in the telescope control room, and then climb into the dome that houses the greatest tool on Italian soil

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Saint Marc's Cathedral in Venice. It's an important and very famous"building", which sailors, painters, historians and people look at

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archaeoastronomy

is the study of how people in the past have observed the phenomena in the sky, and how they have used these phenomena to role their culture.

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Pietraperzia's Pyramid. In interior of Sicily, near Enna , there is a place called Pietraperzia where we can find the rest of a pyramid probably built by Sicani around 3000 a.C. Its sides correspond to the four cardinal directions